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9569 H2 Computing Theory > Networking > Flashcards

Networking Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the HTTP protocol used?

A

Worldwide Web

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2
Q

What is the SMTP protocol used for?

A

Sending/receiving emails

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3
Q

What is the FTP protocol used for?

A

File transfers over a network

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4
Q

What is the SMB protocol used for?

A

Shared folder access over a network

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5
Q

What are port numbers used for?

A

Since applications do not have direct access to network hardware, the OS will help service the network requests. The OS will assign each application a random port number, so that data packets can be passed back to the correct application.

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6
Q

What does 127.0.0.1 refer to?

A

loopback network interface/localhost

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7
Q

What is the name of the packet forwarding model used by the TCP and UDP protocols?

A

Unicasting, whereby data is forwarded from server to server, until it reaches its destination.

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8
Q

What is packet forwarding?

A

It is the process where data is sent from computer to computer until it reaches its destination.

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9
Q

How does unicast packet forwarding work?

A

Each computer on the network is connected to a gateway. When an application needs to send data to a destination (IP address), the computer checks all other computers connected to it to see if the destination is listed there. If not, the data is forwarded to the computer’s gateway. At the gateway, the process is repeated. If the destination is not in the list of computers in the gateway, the data is forwarded to the next gateway and checked again until the destination is found and the packet is sent to the destination.

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10
Q

What happens when the DNS client encounters a domain name as the destination in a request?

A
  1. DNS client initiates a DNS lookup request, which is sent to the DNS server.
  2. DNS server checks its own DNS records for the domain name. If DNS record is found, DNS server returns response with the requested IP address. Otherwise, it forwards the request to the next DNS server.
  3. DNS lookup requests which are unable to find a match in a DNS server finally end up being forwarded to the root name server (part of a network containing other root name servers), which then returns a list of the authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain
  4. This lookup request can then be forwarded to the appropriate top-level domain (TLD) server which contains the record.
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11
Q

What is the DNS cache?

A

It is a location where the computer stores the IP addresses returned for the domains. This is done so that next time a DNS lookup is requested, the computer checks in the DNS cache first, to minimize requests to the DNS server.

The DNS cache may need to be flushed if it gets outdated.

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12
Q

What do top level domains (TLDs) refer to?

A

Suffixes such as .gov, .edu and .com.

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13
Q

What is a protocol?

A

It is a set of rules for data transmission agreed upon by both the sender and receiver.

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14
Q

What is a protocol suite?

A

It is a collection of related protocols that are designed to work together.

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15
Q

What is the IP protocol?

A

It forms the Internet layer of the TCP/IP model.

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16
Q

What are 3 properties of computers in a Local Area Network (LAN)?

A

The computers in a LAN are usually in close proximity to each other

Computers which are a part of the same LAN can share files with each other over the network and utilitse the same hardware, such as printers and scanners

Computers in a LAN are typically connected using cables or wireless signals

17
Q

What is a network operating system?

A

The network operating system provides the set of instructions which all computers on the LAN must follow

18
Q

What is a server and client?

A

A server is a computer that provides services on a network

A client is a computer that requests services on a network

19
Q

How is data transferred in a circuit-switched network?

A

A route from source to destination is reserved.

Data follows the same route to its destination

The returning data follows the same route back to the source

20
Q

How is data transferred in a packet-switched network?

A

The data to be sent is broken up into packets

Packet headers determine the destination and method of transmission

Each packet may go by a different route to its destination

21
Q

How is a circuit-switched network more advantageous than packet-switched network? (2 reasons)

A

Dedicated path for transmission, with guaranteed bandwidth

Information is sent in a continuous stream; there is no need for intermediate nodes to store and retransmit information or sequence information stored in the information.

Thus, there is low overhead required for transmission + less chance for data corruption.

22
Q

How is a packet-switched network advantageous to a circuit-switched network?

A

Only the sender needs to be ready before transmission begins

If any segment of the network is disrupted, data packets can be routed around the disruption through other segments of the network

Different packets can travel in different routes, enabling greater utilisation of the network, more efficient, saves bandwidth and avoids congestion.

23
Q

How is data communicated in a client-server model?

A

A client initiates the communication by sending a request to the server

The server sends data in a response back to the client

24
Q

How is data communicated in a peer-to-peer model?

A

All computers may initiate communication by sending a request, or responding to a request.

There is no central server which contains all information

25
Q

When should a peer-to-peer model be used over a client-server model? (2 reasons)

A

The existence of a server is not guaranteed, not feasible, or too expensive

Centralisation of data is not a key required feature

26
Q

How is client-server model advantageous against peer-to-peer model? (4 reasons)

A

Server can control the access rights to files and programs

If one client fails, the server and other clients are not affected

Resources can be updated faster

It is easier to perform a backup of the resources on the server

27
Q

What port numbers are well-known and used by system processes that provide widely used types of network services?

A

0 to 1023

28
Q

What port numbers are dynamic/ephemeral ports and may be used for any purpose (usually temporary)?

A

49152 to 65535

29
Q

What does the OS do during network requests?

A

The OS assigns each application a random (internal) port number during network requests, so that data packets can be passed back to the correct application.

30
Q

What port numbers are registered ports and are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) by request?

A

1024 to 49151

31
Q

Split the following URL address to its syntax.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/screwcomputingtheory/edit

A

Template: protocol://hostname:port/path

protocol: HTTPS
hostname: docs.google.com
port: 443 (not specified here, https follows 443 by default)
path: /document/d/screwcomputingtheory/edit

32
Q

Explain the purpose of layering in TCP/IP model.

A

Enables programmers to specialize in a particular layer of the model.

Allows for standardized interfaces to be produced by networking vendors

33
Q

Describe the function of Application Layer.

A

Consists of applications/programs and processes that use the network

34
Q

Describe the function of Transport layer.

A

establish connection between applications of the sender and the receiver

35
Q

Describe the function of Internet layer.

A

finds the best route to deliver data package

36
Q

Describe the function of Link layer.

A

Transform data package to electrical signals or radio waves and transmits them to physical devices

9569 H2 Computing Theory (17 decks)

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