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Comptia A+ 1001 > Networking > Flashcards

Networking Flashcards

1
Q

UDP Name

A

User Datagram Protocol

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2
Q

UDP Protocol

A
  • Connectionless
  • No formal open or close to the connection
  • “Unreliable” delivery
  • No error recovery
  • No reordering of data or retransmissions
  • No flow control
  • Sender determines the amount of data transmitted
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3
Q

TCP & UDP

A
  • Transported inside of IP
  • Encapsulated by the IP protocol
  • Two ways to move data from place to place
  • Different features for different applications
  • OSI Layer 4
  • The transport layer
  • Multiplexing
  • Use many different applications at the same time
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4
Q

TCP Name

A

Transmission Control Protocol

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5
Q

TCP Protocol

A
  • Connection-oriented
  • A formal connection setup and close
  • “Reliable” delivery
  • Recovery from errors
  • Can manage out-of-order messages or retransmissions
  • Flow control
  • The receiver can manage how much data is sent
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6
Q

IPv4 sockets

A

Server IP address, protocol,
server application port number
• Client IP address, protocol, client port number

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7
Q

Non-ephemeral ports

A

permanent port numbers

• Ports 0 through 1,023

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8
Q

Ephemeral ports

A

– temporary port numbers
• Ports 1,024 through 65,535
• Determined in real-time by the client

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9
Q

FTP Name

A

File Transfer Protocol

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10
Q

FTP Protocol

A
  • tcp/20 (active mode data), tcp/21 (control)
  • Transfers files between systems
  • Authenticates with a username and password
  • Some systems use a generic/anonymous login
  • Full-featured functionality
  • List, add, delete, etc.
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11
Q

SSH Name

A

Secure Shell

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12
Q

SSH Protocol

A
  • Encrypted communication link - tcp/22

* Looks and acts the same as Telnet

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13
Q

Telnet

A
  • Telnet – Telecommunication Network - tcp/23
  • Login to devices remotely
  • Console access
  • In-the-clear communication
  • Not the best choice for production systems
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14
Q

SMTP Name

A

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

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15
Q

SMTP Protocol

A

• Server to server email transfer - tcp/25
• Also used to send mail from a device to a mail server
• Commonly configured on mobile devices
and email clients

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16
Q

DNS Name

A

Domain Name System

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17
Q

DNS Protocol

A
  • Converts names to IP addresses - udp/53
  • www.professormesser.com = 162.159.246.164
  • These are very critical resources
  • Usually multiple DNS servers are in production
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18
Q

HTTP & HTTPS

A
  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol - tcp/80
  • Communication in the browser
  • And by other applications
  • In the clear or encrypted - HTTPS - tcp/443
  • Supported by nearly all web servers and clients
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19
Q

RDP Name

A

Remote Desktop Protocol

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20
Q

RDP Name

A

Remote Desktop Protocol

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21
Q

RDP Protocol

A

• Share a desktop from a remote location over tcp/3389
• Remote Desktop Services on many Windows versions
• Can connect to an entire desktop
or just an application
• Clients for Windows, macOS, Linux, Unix,
iPhone, Android, and others

22
Q

SMB Name

A

Server Message Block

23
Q

SMB Protocol

A

• Direct over tcp/445 (NetBIOS-less)
• Direct SMB communication over TCP
without the NetBIOS transport.

  • Protocol used by Microsoft Windows
  • File sharing, printer sharing
  • Also called CIFS (Common Internet File System)
24
Q

NetBIOS name services

A

udp/137 Register, remove, and find windows services by name.

25
Q

NetBIOS Datagram service

A

udp/138 Windows connection-less data transfer

26
Q

NetBIOS Session Service

A

tcp/139 Windows connection oriented data transfer.

27
Q

AFP Name

A

Apple Filing Protocol

28
Q

AFP Protocol

A
  • File services in macOS
  • tcp/548
  • Works with SLP (Service Location Protocol)
  • tcp/427 and udp/427
  • Populates the list of available devices
  • File management
  • Copy, move, delete files
29
Q

DHCP Name

A
  • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
30
Q

DHCP Protocol

A

• Automated configuration of IP address, subnet mask
and other options
• udp/67, udp/68
• Requires a DHCP server
• Server, appliance, integrated into a SOHO router, etc.
• Dynamic / pooled
• IP addresses are assigned in real-time from a pool
• Each system is given a lease and must renew
at set intervals
• DHCP reservation
• Addresses are assigned by MAC address
in the DHCP server
• Quickly manage addresses from one location

31
Q

LDAP Name

A

(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

32
Q

LDAP Protocol

A

tcp/389
• Store and retrieve information in a network directory
• Commonly used in Microsoft Active Directory

33
Q

SNMP Name

A

Simple Network Management Protocol

34
Q

SNMP Protocol

A
  • Gather statistics/ metrics from network devices to manage devices.
  • Queries: udp/161
  • Traps: udp/162
  • v1 – The original
  • Structured tables, in-the-clear
  • v2 – A good step ahead
  • Data type enhancements
  • Bulk transfers, still in-the-clear
  • v3 – A secure standard
  • Message integrity
  • Authentication, encryption
35
Q

ASIC

A

Application-specific integrated circuit

36
Q

802.11a

A

5 Ghz 54megabits per second (Mbit/s) 1/3 range of 2.4 Ghz

37
Q

802.11b

A

2.4 Ghz 11 megabits (Mbits/s)

Frequency conflict. 22 Mhz channel

38
Q

802.11g

A

2.Ghz 54 megabits (Mbits/s)

Frequency conflict. 20 Mhz channel

39
Q

802.11n

A 
• Operates at 5 GHz and/or 2.4 GHz
• 40 MHz channel widths
• 600 megabits per second (Mbit/s)
• 40 MHz mode and 4 antennas
• 802.11n uses 4 MIMO 
• Multiple-input multiple-output
• Multiple transmit and receive antennas
4MIMO 150Mbit/s               600	Mbit/s
20 or 40 Mhz (bonded)
40
Q

802.11ac

A

• Operates in the 5 GHz band
• Less crowded, more frequencies
(up to 160 MHz channel bandwidth)
• Increased channel bonding - Larger bandwidth usage
• Denser signaling modulation - Faster data transfers
• 8 MU-MIMO streams
• Twice as many streams as 802.11n

8MU-MIMO 866.7Mbit/s ~6.8 Gbit/s

40Mhz for 802.11n stations
80 Mhz for 802.11ac stations
160 Mhz optional.

41
Q

Zigbee

A
  • Internet of Things networking
  • Open standard - IEEE 802.15.4 PAN
  • Alternative to WiFi and Bluetooth
  • Longer distances than Bluetooth
  • Less power consumption than WiFi
  • Mesh network of all Zigbee devices in your home
  • Light switch communicates to light bulbs
  • Tell Amazon Echo to lock the door
  • Uses the ISM band
  • Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
  • 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies in the US
42
Q

Z-Wave

A 
• Proprietary home automation networking
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Control lights, locks, garage doors, etc.
• Wireless mesh networking
• Nodes can hop through
other nodes on
the way to the destination
• Uses the ISM band
• Industrial, Scientific,
and Medical
• 900 MHz frequencies in the US
• No conflicts with 802.11
43
Q 
• The fundamental network device
• Every device on the network has a NIC
• Computers, servers, printers, routers, switches, phones,
tablets, cameras, etc.
• Specific to the network type
• Ethernet, WAN, wireless, etc.
• Often built-in to the motherboard
• Or added as an expansion card
• Many options
• Single port, multi-port, copper, fiber
A

Network Interface Card (NIC)

44
Q 
Receive signal, regenerate, resend
• No forwarding decisions to make
• Common use
• Boost copper or fiber connections
• Convert one network media to another
• Extend wireless network reach
A

Repeater

45
Q
  • “Multi-port repeater”
  • Traffic going in one port is repeated to every other port
  • Everything is half-duplex
  • Becomes less efficient as network speeds increase
  • 10 megabit / 100 megabit
  • Difficult to find today
A

Hub

46
Q

• Imagine a switch with two to four ports
• Makes forwarding decisions in software
• Connects different physical networks
• Can connect different topologies
• Gets around physical network size limitations /
collisions
• Distributes traffic based on MAC address
• A modern bridge is a wireless access point
• Bridges wired Ethernet to wireless

A

Bridge

47
Q
  • Bridging done in hardware
  • Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
  • Forwards traffic based on data link address
  • Many ports and features
  • The core of an enterprise network
  • May provide Power over Ethernet (PoE)
  • Multilayer switch - Includes routing functionality
A

Switches

48
Q
  • Very few configuration options
  • Plug and play
  • Fixed configuration
  • No VLANs
  • Very little integration with other devices
  • No management protocols
  • Low price point
  • Simple is less expensive
A

Unmanaged switches

49
Q
  • VLAN support
  • Interconnect with other switches via 802.1Q
  • Traffic prioritization
  • Voice traffic gets a higher priority
  • Redundancy support
  • Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
  • External management
  • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
  • Port mirroring
  • Capture packets
A

Managed Switches

50
Q

• Routes traffic between IP subnets
• Makes forwarding decisions based on IP address
• Routers inside of switches sometimes called
“layer 3 switches”
• Often connects diverse network types
• LAN, WAN, copper, fiber

A

Routers

Comptia A+ 1001 (2 decks)

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