NETWORKING 1 Flashcards
A network administrator is troubleshooting connectivity issues on a server. Using a tester, the administrator notices that the signals generated by the server NIC are distorted and not usable. In which layer of the OSI model is the error categorized?
physical layer
A large corporation has modified its network to allow users to access network resources from their personal laptops and smart phones. Which networking trend does this describe?
bring your own device
What three application layer protocols are part of the TCP/IP protocol suite?
DHCP
DNS
FTP
Which name is assigned to the transport layer PDU?
segment
What process involves placing one PDU inside of another PDU?
encapsulation
Which PDU format is used when bits are received from the network medium by the NIC of a host?
frame
Which networking trend involves the use of personal tools and devices for accessing resources on a business or campus network?
BYOD (bring your own devices)
Which type of attack involves an adversary attempting to gather information about a network to identify vulnerabilities?
reconnaissance
How does BYOD change the way in which businesses implement networks?
BYOD provides flexibility in where and how users can access network resources.
An employee wants to access the network of the organization remotely, in the safest possible way. What network feature would allow an employee to gain secure remote access to a company network?
VPN
What is the Internet?
It provides connections through interconnected global networks.
What are two functions of end devices on a network?
- They originate the data that flows through the network.
- They are the interface between humans and the communication network.
In which scenario would the use of a WISP be recommended?
a farm in a rural area without wired broadband access
What characteristic of a network enables it to quickly grow to support new users and applications without impacting the performance of the service being delivered to existing users?
scalability
A college is building a new dormitory on its campus. Workers are digging in the ground to install a new water pipe for the dormitory. A worker accidentally damages a fiber optic cable that connects two of the existing dormitories to the campus data center. Although the cable has been cut, students in the dormitories only experience a very short interruption of network services. What characteristic of the network is shown here?
fault tolerance
What are two characteristics of a scalable network?
- grows in size without impacting existing users
- suitable for modular devices that allow for expansion
Which device performs the function of determining the path that messages should take through internetworks?
a router
Which two Internet connection options do not require that physical cables be run to the building?
- cellular
- satellite
What type of network must a home user access in order to do online shopping?
the Internet
During a routine inspection, a technician discovered that software that was installed on a computer was secretly collecting data about websites that were visited by users of the computer. Which type of threat is affecting this computer?
spyware
Which term refers to a network that provides secure access to the corporate offices by suppliers, customers and collaborators?
extranet
What is an ISP?
It is an organization that enables individuals and businesses to connect to the Internet.
Which two protocols function at the internet layer?
ICMP
IP
What process is used to receive transmitted data and convert it into a readable message?
decoding
What is done to an IP packet before it is transmitted over the physical medium?
It is encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame.
What process is used to place one message inside another message for transfer from the source to the destination?
encapsulation
A web client is sending a request for a webpage to a web server. From the perspective of the client, what is the correct order of the protocol stack that is used to prepare the request for transmission?
HTTP, TCP, IP, Ethernet
What are two benefits of using a layered network model?
- It assists in protocol design.
- It prevents technology in one layer from affecting other layers.
What is the purpose of protocols in data communications?
providing the rules required for a specific type of communication to occur
Which logical address is used for delivery of data to a remote network?
destination IP address
What is the general term that is used to describe a piece of data at any layer of a networking model?
protocol data unit
Which layer of the OSI model defines services to segment and reassemble data for individual communications between end devices?
transport
Which type of communication will send a message to a group of host destinations simultaneously?
multicast
Which three acronyms/initialisms represent standards organizations?
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
What type of communication will send a message to all devices on a local area network?
broadcast
In computer communication, what is the purpose of message encoding?
to convert information to the appropriate form for transmission
Which message delivery option is used when all devices need to receive the same message simultaneously?
broadcast
What three requirements are defined by the protocols used in network communcations to allow message transmission across a network?
message encoding
message size
delivery options
What type of delivery uses data link layer addresses?
local delivery
What layer of the TCP/IP protocol model determines the best path through the network?
internet
Which standards organization oversees development of wireless LAN standards?
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
A network administrator is designing a new network infrastructure that includes both wired and wireless connectivity. Under which situation would a wireless connection be recommended?
The end-user device needs mobility when connecting to the network.
A network administrator is troubleshooting connectivity issues on a server. Using a tester, the administrator notices that the signals generated by the server NIC are distorted and not usable. In which layer of the OSI model is the error categorized?
physical layer
What type of cable is used to connect a workstation serial port to a Cisco router console port?
rollover
Which type of UTP cable is used to connect a PC to a switch port?
straight-through
What is the definition of bandwidth?
the amount of data that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time
Which statement correctly describes frame encoding?
It converts bits into a predefined code in order to provide a predictable pattern to help distinguish data bits from control bits.
What is a characteristic of UTP cabling?
cancellation
A wireless LAN is being deployed inside the new one room office that is occupied by the park ranger. The office is located at the highest part of the national park. After network testing is complete, the technicians report that the wireless LAN signal is occasionally affected by some type of interference. What are two possible causes of the signal distortion?
the microwave oven
the cellular phones that are used by the employees
What is indicated by the term throughput?
the measure of the bits transferred across the media over a given period of time
What is one advantage of using fiber optic cabling rather than copper cabling?
It is able to carry signals much farther than copper cabling.
What is the purpose of the OSI physical layer?
transmitting bits across the local media
Why are two strands of fiber used for a single fiber optic connection?
They allow for full-duplex connectivity.
Which characteristic describes crosstalk?
the distortion of the transmitted messages from signals carried in adjacent wires
Which procedure is used to reduce the effect of crosstalk in copper cables?
twisting opposing circuit wire pairs together
Which statement describes a characteristic of the frame header fields of the data link layer?
They vary depending on protocols.
Which two factors influence the method that is used for media access control?
how the connection between nodes appears to the data link layer
how nodes share the media
What is a characteristic of a WAN hub-and-spoke topology?
The branch sites are connected to a central site through point-to-point links.
What is the decimal equivalent of 0xC9?
201 (Explanation: C has a value of 12 (Hexadecimal). 12 x 16 = 192. 192 + 9 (from 0xC9) = 201.
What is the binary representation of 0xCA?
`11001010 (Explanation: C = 1100 and A = 1010)
How many bits are in an IPv4 address?
32 (IPv4 address is comprised of 4 octets of binary digits)
Which two statements are correct about IPv4 and IPv6 addresses?
IPv6 addresses are represented by hexadecimal numbers.
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits in length.
Which IPv4 address format was created for ease of use by people and is expressed as 201.192.1.14?
dotted decimal
What is the dotted decimal representation of the IPv4 address 11001011.00000000.01110001.11010011?
203.0.113.211
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 10010101?149
149
What is the decimal equivalent of the hex number 0x3F?
63
What is the dotted decimal representation of the IPv4 address which is represented as the binary string 00001010.01100100.00010101.00000001?
10.100.21.1
What is the binary representation for the decimal number 173?
10101101
Given the binary address of 11101100 00010001 00001100 00001010, which address does this represent in dotted decimal format?
236.17.12.10
How many binary bits exist within an IPv6 address?
128
What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 232?
11101000
What are two services performed by the data link layer of the OSI model?
It accepts Layer 3 packets and encapsulates them into frames.
It provides media access control and performs error detection.
What does a router do after de-encapsulating a received frame?
determines the best path
What attribute of a NIC would place it at the data link layer of the OSI model?
MAC address
Although CSMA/CD is still a feature of Ethernet, why is it no longer necessary?
the use of full-duplex capable Layer 2 switches
What type of physical topology can be created by connecting all Ethernet cables to a central device?
star
A technician has been asked to develop a physical topology for a network that provides a high level of redundancy. Which physical topology requires that every node is attached to every other node on the network?
mesh
Which statement describes the half-duplex mode of data transmission?
Data that is transmitted over the network flows in one direction at a time.
Which is a function of the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer?
to identify which network layer protocol is being used
Which data link layer media access control method does Ethernet use?
CSMA/CD
What are the two sublayers of the OSI model data link layer?
LLC
MAC
What method is used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network?
CSMA/CA
What identifier is used at the data link layer to uniquely identify an Ethernet device?
MAC address
Which two engineering organizations define open standards and protocols that apply to the data link layer?
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for specifying the encapsulation method used for specific types of media?
data link
What is true concerning physical and logical topologies?
Logical topologies refer to how a network transfers data between devices.
What will a host on an Ethernet network do if it receives a frame with a destination MAC address that does not match its own MAC address?
It will discard the frame.
What is auto-MDIX?
a feature that detects Ethernet cable type
Which two functions or operations are performed by the MAC sublayer?
It is responsible for Media Access Control.
It adds a header and trailer to form an OSI Layer 2 PDU.
What type of address is 01-00-5E-0A-00-02?
an address that reaches a specific group of hosts
What happens to runt frames received by a Cisco Ethernet switch?
The frame is dropped.
What are the two sizes (minimum and maximum) of an Ethernet frame?
64 bytes (minimum)
1518 (maximum)
What addressing information is recorded by a switch to build its MAC address table?
the source Layer 2 address of incoming frames
Which two characteristics describe Ethernet technology?
It is supported by IEEE 802.3 standards.
It uses the CSMA/CD access control method.
What statement describes a characteristic of MAC addresses?
They must be globally unique.
What is the special value assigned to the first 24 bits of a multicast MAC address?
01-00-5E
Which network device makes forwarding decisions based on the destination MAC address that is contained in the frame?
switch
Which network device has the primary function to send data to a specific destination based on the information found in the MAC address table?
switch
Which function or operation is performed by the LLC sublayer?
It communicates with upper protocol layers.
Which statement is true about MAC addresses?
The first three bytes are used by the vendor assigned OUI.
Which command can be used on a Windows host to display the routing table?
netstat -r
What information is added during encapsulation at OSI Layer 3?
source and destination IP address
How does the network layer use the MTU value?
The MTU is passed to the network layer by the data link layer.
Which characteristic describes an IPv6 enhancement over IPv4?
The IPv6 header is simpler than the IPv4 header is, which improves packet handling.
When a connectionless protocol is in use at a lower layer of the OSI model, how is missing data detected and retransmitted if necessary?
Upper-layer connection-oriented protocols keep track of the data received and can request retransmission from the upper-level protocols on the sending host.
What was the reason for the creation and implementation of IPv6?
to relieve IPv4 address depletion
Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of IPv4?
IPv4 has a 32-bit address space.
Which field in an IPv4 packet header will typically stay the same during its transmission?
Destination Address
When a router receives a packet, what information must be examined in order for the packet to be forwarded to a remote destination?
destination IP address
Which field in an IPv6 packet is used by the router to determine if a packet has expired and should be dropped?
Hop Limit
Which information is used by routers to forward a data packet toward its destination?
destination IP address
A computer has to send a packet to a destination host in the same LAN. How will the packet be sent?
The packet will be sent directly to the destination host.
A router receives a packet from the Gigabit 0/0 interface and determines that the packet needs to be forwarded out the Gigabit 0/1 interface. What will the router do next?
create a new Layer 2 Ethernet frame to be sent to the destination
Which IPv4 address can a host use to ping the loopback interface?
127.0.0.1
Which destination address is used in an ARP request frame?
FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
What addresses are mapped by ARP?
destination MAC address to a destination IPv4 address
What will a Layer 2 switch do when the destination MAC address of a received frame is not in the MAC table?
It forwards the frame out of all ports except for the port at which the frame was received.
Which two ICMPv6 messages are used during the Ethernet MAC address resolution process?
neighbor solicitation
neighbor advertisement
Which router component holds the routing table, ARP cache, and running configuration file?
RAM
What type of information is contained in an ARP table?
IP address to MAC address mappings
A PC is configured to obtain an IP address automatically from network 192.168.1.0/24. The network administrator issues the arp –a command and notices an entry of 192.168.1.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff. Which statement describes this entry?
This is a static map entry.
A cybersecurity analyst believes an attacker is spoofing the MAC address of the default gateway to perform a man-in-the-middle attack. Which command should the analyst use to view the MAC address a host is using to reach the default gateway?
arp -a
What is a function of ARP?
resolving IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses
What is the purpose of ARP in an IPv4 network?
to obtain a specific MAC address when an IP address is known
Which action is taken by a Layer 2 switch when it receives a Layer 2 broadcast frame?
It sends the frame to all ports except the port on which it received the frame.
When an IP packet is sent to a host on a remote network, what information is provided by ARP?
the MAC address of the router interface closest to the sending host
How does the ARP process use an IP address?
to determine the MAC address of a device on the same network
The ARP table in a switch maps which two types of address together?
Layer 3 address to a Layer 2 address
What is one function of the ARP protocol?
resolving an IPv4 address to a MAC address
Which number or set of numbers represents a socket?
192.168.1.1:80
Which two services or protocols use the preferred UDP protocol for fast transmission and low overhead?
DNS
VoIP
Both ends of the connection can send and receive simultaneously.
Full-duplex
Only one end of the connection can send at a time.
Half-duplex
A compromise between the high latency and high integrity of
store-and-forward switching and the low latency and reduced integrity of fast-forward
switching, the switch stores and performs an error check on the first 64 bytes of the frame
before forwarding.
Fragment free forward
Offers the lowest level of latency by immediately forwarding a
packet after reading the destination address.
Fast forward
What is the default SVI on a Cisco switch?
VLAN1
Which functionality is provided by DHCP?
automatic assignment of an IP address to each host
Which two functions are provided to users by the context-sensitive help feature of the Cisco IOS CLI?
displaying a list of all available commands within the current mode
determining which option, keyword, or argument is available for the entered command
Which memory location on a Cisco router or switch stores the startup configuration file?
NVRAM
To what subnet does the IP address 10.1.100.50 belong if a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0 is used?
10.1.0.0
When a hostname is configured through the Cisco CLI, which three naming conventions are part of the guidelines?
the hostname should be fewer than 64 characters in length
the hostname should contain no spaces
the hostname should begin with a letter
What is the function of the shell in an OS?
It interfaces between the users and the kernel.
A router with a valid operating system contains a configuration file stored in NVRAM. The configuration file has an enable secret password but no console password. When the router boots up, which mode will display?
user EXEC mode
An administrator has just changed the IP address of an interface on an IOS device. What else must be done in order to apply those changes to the device?
Nothing must be done. Changes to the configuration on an IOS device take effect as soon as the command is typed correctly and the Enter key has been pressed.
Which memory location on a Cisco router or switch will lose all content when the device is restarted?
RAM
Why would a technician enter the command copy startup-config running-config?
to copy an existing configuration into RAM
Which statement is true about the running configuration file in a Cisco IOS device?
It affects the operation of the device immediately when modified.
Which two statements are true regarding the user EXEC mode?
The device prompt for this mode ends with the “>” symbol.
Only some aspects of the router configuration can be viewed.
Which type of access is secured on a Cisco router or switch with the enable secret command?
privileged EXEC
For Subnet Mask of IPv4
255, 254, 252, 248, 240, 224, 192, 128
What is the purpose of the banner motd command?
It provides a way to make announcements to those who log in to a router.
A technician is configuring a router to allow for all forms of management access. As part of each different type of access, the technician is trying to type the command login. Which configuration mode should be entered to do this task?
any line configuration mode
What is stored in the NVRAM of a Cisco router?
the startup configuration
Which statement regarding the service password-encryption command is true?
As soon as the service password-encryption command is entered, all currently set passwords formerly displayed in plain text are encrypted.
An administrator is configuring a new router to permit out-of-band management access. Which set of commands will allow the required login using a password of cisco?
Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# password cisco
Router(config-line)# login
Which command can be used on a Cisco router to display all interfaces, the IPv4 address assigned, and the current status?
show ip interface brief
Which CLI mode allows users to access all device commands, such as those used for configuration, management, and troubleshooting?
privileged EXEC mode
What is the purpose of the startup configuration file on a Cisco router?
to contain the commands that are used to initially configure a router on startup
Which characteristic describes the default gateway of a host computer?
the logical address of the router interface on the same network as the host computer
A router boots and enters setup mode. What is the reason for this?
The configuration file is missing from NVRAM.
Which command is used to encrypt all passwords in a router configuration file?
Router_A (config)# service password-encryption
Company policy requires using the most secure method to safeguard access to the privileged exec and configuration mode on the routers. The privileged exec password is trustknow1. Which of the following router commands achieves the goal of providing the highest level of security?
enable secret trustknow1
What will be the response from the router after the command, “router(config)# hostname portsmouth” is entered?
portsmouth(config)#
What does the IP address 172.17.4.250/24 represent?
host address
If a network device has a mask of /28, how many IP addresses are available for hosts on this network?
14
What is the purpose of the subnet mask in conjunction with an IP address?
to determine the subnet to which the host belongs
A network administrator is variably subnetting a network. The smallest subnet has a mask of 255.255.255.224. How many usable host addresses will this subnet provide?
30
What subnet mask is represented by the slash notation /20?
255.255.240.0
Which statement is true about variable-length subnet masking?
The size of each subnet may be different, depending on requirements.
Why does a Layer 3 device perform the ANDing process on a destination IP address and subnet mask?
to identify the network address of the destination network
How many usable IP addresses are available on the 192.168.1.0/27 network?
30
Which subnet mask would be used if exactly 4 host bits are available?
255.255.255.240
Which two parts are components of an IPv4 address?
network portion
host portion
If a network device has a mask of /26, how many IP addresses are available for hosts on this network?
62
What is the prefix length notation for the subnet mask 255.255.255.224?
/27
How many valid host addresses are available on an IPv4 subnet that is configured with a /26 mask?
62
Which subnet mask would be used if 5 host bits are available?
255.255.255.224
A network administrator subnets the 192.168.10.0/24 network into subnets with /26 masks. How many equal-sized subnets are created?
4
What is the subnet address for the IPv6 address 2001:D12:AA04:B5::1/64?
2001:D12:AA04:B5::/64
Which type of IPv6 address is not routable and used only for communication on a single subnet?
link-local address
Which address type is not supported in IPv6?
broadcast
What is the minimum configuration for a router interface that is participating in IPv6 routing?
to have only a link-local IPv6 address
What is the interface ID of the IPv6 address 2001:DB8::1000:A9CD:47FF:FE57:FE94/64?
A9CD:47FF:FE57:FE94
What is the prefix for the host address 2001:DB8:BC15:A:12AB::1/64?
2001:DB8:BC15:A
Which three IP addresses are private ?
10.1.1.1
172.16.4.4
192.168.5.5
Range of Private IP Addresses
Class A - 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B - 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C - 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Which of these addresses is the shortest abbreviation for the IP address:
3FFE:1044:0000:0000:00AB:0000:0000:0057?
3FFE:1044:0:0:AB::57
What are two types of IPv6 unicast addresses?
loopback
link-local
What type of address is automatically assigned to an interface when IPv6 is enabled on that interface?
link-local
What is the most compressed representation of the IPv6 address 2001:0000:0000:abcd:0000:0000:0000:0001?
2001:0:0:abcd::1
How many usable IP addresses are available on the 192.168.1.0/27 network?
30 (Explanation: A /27 mask is the same as 255.255.255.224. This leaves 5 host bits. With 5 host bits, 32 IP addresses are possible, but one address represents the subnet number and one address represents the broadcast address. Thus, 30 addresses can then be used to assign to network devices.)
What does the IP address 172.17.4.250/24 represent?
host address (Explanation: The /24 shows that the network address is 172.17.4.0. The broadcast address for this network would be 172.17.4.255. Useable host addresses for this network are 172.17.4.1 through 172.17.4.254.)
Which two IPv4 to IPv6 transition techniques manage the interconnection of IPv6 domains?
dual stack
tunneling
What are three parts of an IPv6 global unicast address?
- a global routing prefix that is used to identify the network portion of the address that has been provided by an ISP
- a subnet ID that is used to identify networks inside of the local enterprise site
- an interface ID that is used to identify the local host on the network
What is the valid most compressed format possible of the IPv6 address 2001:0DB8:0000:AB00:0000:0000:0000:1234?
2001:DB8:0:AB00::1234
What is the prefix associated with the IPv6 address 2001:CA48:D15:EA:CC44::1/64?
2001:CA48:D15:EA::/64
What type of address is automatically assigned to an interface when IPv6 is enabled on that interface?
link-local
Which IPv6 network prefix is only intended for local links and can not be routed?
FE80::/10
Your organization is issued the IPv6 prefix of 2001:0000:130F::/48 by your service provider. With this prefix, how many bits are available for your organization to create subnetworks if interface ID bits are not borrowed?
16
What is indicated by a successful ping to the ::1 IPv6 address?
IP is properly installed on the host.
What is the purpose of the command ping ::1?
It tests the internal configuration of an IPv6 host.
At a minimum, which address is required on IPv6-enabled interfaces?
link-local
What is the most compressed representation of the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:0000:abcd:0000:0000:0000:0001?
2001:db8:0:abcd::1
What part of the URL, http://www.cisco.com/index.html, represents the top-level DNS domain?
.com
Which three protocols or standards are used at the application layer of the TCP/IP model?
HTTP
MPEG
GIF
Which protocol uses encryption?
HTTPS
An author is uploading one chapter document from a personal computer to a file server of a book publisher. What role is the personal computer assuming in this network model?
client
What is the usable number of host IP addresses on a network that has a /26 mask?
62
Given IPv6 address prefix 2001:db8::/48, what will be the last subnet that is created if the subnet prefix is changed to /52?
2001:db8:0:f000::/52
Which two OSI model layers are considered to be included in the top layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack?
presentation
session
What subnet mask is required to support 512 subnets on networks 172.28.0.0/16?
255.255.255.128
What is the binary equivalent of the decimal number 232?
11101000
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 10010101?
149
The binary equivalent of the decimal number 232 is
11101000
