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Network + > Network+ Professor Messer Video Notes > Flashcards

Network+ Professor Messer Video Notes Flashcards

1
Q

OSI Model

A

Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model describes how traffic moves across the network

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2
Q

Layer 1 - Physical Layer

A

signaling, cabling, connectors
not about porotocls

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3
Q

Layer 2 - Data Link Layer

A

The “switching” layer
basic network language
-the foundation of communication at the data link layer
Data Link Control (DLC) protocols
-MAC address on Ethernet
NIC , ethernet, switch

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4
Q

Layer 3 -Network Layer

A

The routing layer
-IP, router, firewall, packet
fragments frame to traverse different networks

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5
Q

Layer 4 - Transport Layer

A

The “post office” layer
-parcels and letters
-TCP and UDP

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6
Q

Layer 5 -Session

A

communication management between devices
-start, stop, restart
Control Protocols, tunneling protocols

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7
Q

Layer 6 - Presentation

A

character encoding
application encryption SSL/TLS
often combined with application layer

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8
Q

Layer 7 - Application Layer

A

the layer we see
HTTP, FTP, DNS, POP3

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9
Q

OSI in the real world example:

A

Application: https://mail.google.com
Presentation: SSL encryption
Session: Link the presentation to the transport
Transport: TCP encapsulation
Network: IP encapsulation
Data Link: Ethernet
Physical: Electrical Signals

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10
Q

PDU (Protocol Data Unit)

A

data moved from one part to another relies on PDU

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11
Q

Frame

A

each layer of the OSI model has a header and payload

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12
Q

TCP flags

A

how to process data going through network
flags control the payload
SYN - synchronize sequence numbers
PSH - push the data to the app without buffering
RST - reset the connection
FIN - last packet from sender

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13
Q

MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)

A

maximum IP packet to transmit but not fragment

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14
Q

fragmentation

A

slows down traffic
losing fragment looses entire packet
requires overhead along path

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15
Q

IP fragmentation

A

if data needs to be sent but MTU is not enough single frames gets split up to send data

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16
Q

Troubleshooting MTU

A

MTU usually set when network created
troubleshoot using ping
-ex: Test google server
ping with DF and force max size1472 bytes
1500 bytes - 8 byte ICMP header - 20 bytes IP address = 1472
Windows ping -f -l 1472 8.8.8.8
Linux and macOS ping -D -s 1472 8.8.8.8

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17
Q

Star Topology

A

referred to as hub and spoke
all devices connected to a central device
switched ethernet network-switch is in the middle
used in most large and small networks

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18
Q

Ring Topology

A

used in many MAN and WAN networks
dual-rings
built in fault tolerance
traffic loops back if network severred

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19
Q

Bus Topology

A

early LANs
coax cable was the bus
simple but prone to errors
one break disables entire network

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20
Q

Mesh Topology

A

multiple links to the same place
fully and partially connected
redundancy, fault-tolerance, load balancing
used in WANs

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21
Q

Hybrid Topology

A

combination of one or more topologies

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22
Q

Wireless Topologies

A

Infrastructure
-all devices communicate through AP
-most common wireless communication mode
Ad hoc networking(if no AP)
-no pre existing infrastructure
-devices communicate amongst themselves
Mesh
-ad hoc devices work together to form a mesh ‘cloud’
-self form and self heal

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23
Q

Peer to Peer Network

A

every device is a server and a client
everyone talks to everyone
advantages: easy to deploy, low cost
disavantages: difficult to administer and secure

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24
Q

Client Server Network

A

clients talk to server
no client to client communication
advantages: performance, administration
disadvantage: cost, complexity

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25
Q

LAN Network

A

Local Area Network
a building or group of buildings
Ethernet and 802.11 wireless
any slower isnt local

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26
Q

MAN Network

A

a network in your city
larger than LAN smaller than WAN
common to see government ownerships

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27
Q

WAN Network

A

Wide Area Network
spanning the globe
connects LAN across distance slower than LAN
point to point, MPLS examples of WAN

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28
Q

WLAN

A

wireless LAN
802.11 networks
within a bldg
in a limited geo area
expand coverage with access points

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29
Q

PAN

A

Personal Area Network
-own private network
-Bluetooth, IR, NFC
Automobile
-audio output
-integrate with phone
Mobile Phone
-wireless headset
Health
-workout telemetry, daily reports

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30
Q

CAN

A

Campus Area Network
-corporate area network
limited geo area
-a group of bldgs
LAN tech
-fiber connected
-high speed ethernet
your fiber in the ground
- no third party provider

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31
Q

NAS vs SAN

A

Network Attached Storage - file level access - connects to local storage
Storage Area Network - looks and feels like local storage device
-block level access
-very efficient reading and writing
-requires a lot of bandwidth

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32
Q

MPLS

A

Multiprotocol Label Switching - communication through the WAN uses labels how we route and forward traffic through WAN
-any transport medium any protocol inside
-labels are pushed onto packets as they enter MPLS cloud
-labels are popped off on the way out

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33
Q

mGRE

A

Multipoint Generic Router Encapsulation
-used extensively for Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN)
-common on cisco routers
-VPN builds itself
-tunnels are built dynamically on demand
-dynamic mesh

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34
Q

SD-WAN

A

Software Defined WAN
-WAN built for the cloud
-cloud base apps communicate directly to cloud
-

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35
Q

demarcation point

A

point where you connect with the outside world
Ex; can be as simple as RJ - 45 connection

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36
Q

smartjack

A

Network interface unit(NIU)
on the wall
locked
blinking light
owned by the network provider
determines the demarc

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37
Q

NFV

A

network function virtualization
replace physical with virtual networks

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38
Q

vSwitch

A

move physical switch to virtual environment

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39
Q

1000BASE-T

A

Category 5 - 100meters

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40
Q

1000BASE-T

A

Category 5e -100meters

41
Q

10GBASE-T

A

Category 6 - unshielded is 55 meters and shielded is 100m

42
Q

10GBASE-T

A

Category 6a - 100m

43
Q

10GBASE-T

A

Category 7(shielded only) - 100m

44
Q

40GBASE-T

A

Category 8 (shielded only) - 30 m

45
Q

IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Standards

A

1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-T, 40GBASE-T

46
Q

T568A

A

pin out to horizontal cabling
starts with green

47
Q

T568B

A

traditionally used difficult to change midstream
starts with orange

48
Q

core

A

highly reflective core inside fiber

49
Q

cladding

A

low reflective protects fiber core

50
Q

multimode fiber MMF

A

short range up to 2km
core is larger than light

51
Q

single mode fiber SMF

A

smaller core one mode of light transmits through core
used for long distances up to 100km
laser beams
more expensive than MMF

52
Q

LC

A

Local Connect
push down pull

52
Q

ST

A

straight tip connector
plug and twist

53
Q

SC

A

subscriber connector
square connector
locking mechanism pushed in it locks

54
Q

MT RJ

A

Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack
push down pull
max amount of fiber in the smallest connector

55
Q

UPC

A

Ultra Polished Connector
high return loss
ferrule 0 degree angle

56
Q

APC

A

Angle Polished Connector
lower return loss
ferrule 8 degree angle

57
Q

return loss

A

how much light is reflected back to the source

58
Q

RJ 11

A

6 position 2 conductor 6P2C
Telephone and DSL connection

59
Q

RJ 45

A

8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C)

60
Q

F-connector

A

coax connector found on a cable modem typically
RG-6 cable and threaded
insert and twist

61
Q

Media Converter

A

operates at physical layer 1
can extend a copper wire over a long distance and convert it to fiber

62
Q

trasciever

A

transmitter and receiver in a single component

63
Q

Bi-Directional trancievers (Bi-Di)

A

send and receive traffic over a single strand of fiber

64
Q

SFP Small From Factor Pluggable

A

commonly used to provide 1 Gbit/s fiber

65
Q

SFP+ Enhanced Small Form Factor Pluggable

A

enhanced to increase throughput supports rates up to 16 Gbits
common with 10Gb internet

66
Q

QSFP Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable

A

4 channel SFP four 1 Gbits for a total of 4 Gbits

67
Q

QSFP+ Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable

A

four channel SFP+ = four 10 Gibit = 40 Gibit

68
Q

66 block

A

patch panel for analog voice
left side is patched to the right
wire is punched into the block using a punchdown tool

69
Q

110 blocks

A

wire to wire patch panel
patch cat 5 and cat 6
wires are punched into the block

70
Q

krone block

A

used in Europe alternative to 110 block
analog and digital communication

71
Q

BIX building industry cross connect block

A

can support cat 6 and better updated through the years since 1970

72
Q

Private IPv4 address (RFC 1918)

A

10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

73
Q

Network Address Translation (NAT)

A

translates private IP addresses to public IP address through the router and vice versa

74
Q

NAT overload/PAT port address translation

A

through router translates IP address and port number

75
Q

unicast

A

one to one

76
Q

broadcast

A

one to all

77
Q

multicast

A

one to many of many

78
Q

anycast

A

one to one of many
IPv4 and IPv6

79
Q

classful subnetting

A

class A, B, C, D, E

80
Q

Class E

A

reserved range 1111(240-254)

81
Q

Class D

A

multicast 1110 (224-239)

82
Q

Class C

A

110 (192-223)

83
Q

Class B

A

10 (128-191)

84
Q

subnet mask

A

contiguous series of ones
ex: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

85
Q

/24

A

CIDR block notation/slash notation/prefix notation

86
Q

CIDR block notation

A

how many 1s are/how many bits are in binary

87
Q

network vs host bits

A

in a binary notation 1s are network bits and 0s are host bits

88
Q

Why subnet a network?

A

very difficult to connect all devices in the network

89
Q

VLSM Variable Length Subnet Masks

A

customize subnet mask to specific requirements

90
Q

powers of two

A

2^16 = 65,536
2^15 = 32,768
2^14 = 16,384
2^13 = 8,192
2^12 = 4,096
2^11 = 2,048
2^10 = 1,024
2^9 = 512
2^8 = 256
2^7 = 128
2^6 = 64
2^5 = 32
2^4 = 16
2^3 = 8
2^2 = 4
2^1 = 2

91
Q

number of subnets =

A

2^subnet bits

92
Q

hosts per subnet =

A

2^hosts bits - 2

93
Q

What other address never changes?

A

MAC Address

94
Q

EUI

A

Extended Unique Identifier 48-bit

95
Q

converting EUI 48 to EUI 64

A

split the MAC (24 bits) and put FFFE in the middle (the missing 16 bits)

96
Q

flipping the 7th bit (MAC address)

A

create a chart and change it to to the other value

97
Q
A

Network + (4 decks)

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