Network+ N10-007 Part 1 Flashcards
Prepare for CompTia's Network+ N10-007 Exam
1
Q
3G
A
Third-generation wireless data standard for cell phones and other mobile devices. 3G matured over time until Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) became the final wireless 3G data standard. It transferred at theoretical maximum speeds up to 168 megabits per second (Mbps), although real-world implementations rarely passed 10 Mbps.
2
Q
4G
A
Most popularly implemented as Long Term Evolution (LTE), a wireless data standard with theoretical download speeds of 300 Mbps and upload speeds of 75 Mbps.
3
Q
4to6
A
Internet connectivity technology that encapsulates IPv4 traffic into an IPv6 tunnel to get to an IPv6-capable router.
4
Q
6in4
A
An IPv6 tunneling protocol that doesn’t require a tunnel broker. It is generally used to directly connect two routers because it normally requires a public IPv4 address.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
5
Q
6to4
A
An IPv6 tunneling protocol that doesn’t require a tunnel broker. It is generally used to directly connect two routers because it normally requires a public IPv4 address.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
6
Q
8 Position 8 Contact (8P8C)
A
Four-pair connector used on the end of network cable. Erroneously referred to as an RJ-45 connector.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
7
Q
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE)
A
A very fast Ethernet designation, with a number of fiber-optic and copper standards.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
8
Q
10Base2
A
The last true bus-standard network where nodes connected to a common, shared length of coaxial cable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
9
Q
10BaseFL
A
Fiber-optic implementation of Ethernet that runs at 10 Mbps using baseband signaling. Maximum segment length is 2 km.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
10
Q
10BaseT
A
An Ethernet LAN designed to run on UTP cabling. Runs at 10 Mbps and uses baseband signaling. Maximum length for the cabling between the NIC and the hub (or the switch, the repeater, and so forth) is 100 m.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
11
Q
10GBaseER/10GBaseEW
A
A 10 GbE standard using 1550-nm single-mode fiber. Maximum cable length up to 40 km.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
12
Q
10GBaseLR/10GBaseLW
A
A 10 GbE standard using 1310-nm single-mode fiber. Maximum cable length up to 10 km.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
13
Q
10GBaseSR/10GBaseSW
A
A 10 GbE standard using 850-nm multimode fiber. Maximum cable length up to 300 m.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 787). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
14
Q
10GBaseT
A
A 10 GbE standard designed to run on Cat 6a UTP cabling. Maximum cable length of 100 m.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
15
Q
66 block
A
Patch panel used in telephone networks; displaced by 110 blocks in networking.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
16
Q
100BaseFX
A
An Ethernet LAN designed to run on fiber-optic cabling. Runs at 100 Mbps and uses baseband signaling. Maximum cable length is 400 m for half-duplex and 2 km for full-duplex.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
17
Q
100BaseT
A
An Ethernet LAN designed to run on UTP cabling. Runs at 100 Mbps, uses baseband signaling, and uses two pairs of wires on Cat 5 or better cabling.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
18
Q
100BaseT4
A
An Ethernet LAN designed to run on UTP cabling. Runs at 100 Mbps and uses four-pair Cat 3 or better cabling. Made obsolete by 100BaseT.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
19
Q
100BaseTX
A
The technically accurate but little-used name for 100BaseT.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
20
Q
110 block
A
Also known as a 110-punchdown block, a connection gridwork used to link UTP and STP cables behind an RJ-45 patch panel.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
21
Q
110-punchdown block
A
The most common connection used on the back of an RJ-45 jack and patch panels.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
22
Q
802 Committee
A
The IEEE committee responsible for all Ethernet standards.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
23
Q
802.1X
A
A port-authentication network access control mechanism for networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
24
Q
802.3ab
A
The IEEE standard for 1000BaseT.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
25
802.3z
The umbrella IEEE standard for all versions of Gigabit Ethernet other than 1000BaseT.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
26
802.11a
A wireless standard that operates in the frequency range of 5 GHz and offers throughput of up to 54 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
27
802.11ac
A wireless standard that operates in the frequency range of 5 GHz and offers throughput of up to 1 Gbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
28
802.11a-ht
Along with the corresponding 802.11g-ht standard, technical terms for mixed mode 802.11a/802.11g operation. In mixed mode, both technologies are simultaneously supported.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
29
802.11b
The first popular wireless standard, operates in the frequency range of 2.4 GHz and offers throughput of up to 11 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 788). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
30
802.11g
Older wireless standard that operates on the 2.4-GHz band with a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps. Superseded by 802.11n.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
31
802.11g-ht
Along with the corresponding 802.11a-ht standard, technical terms for mixed mode 802.11a/802.11g operation. In mixed mode, both technologies are simultaneously supported.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
32
802.11i
A wireless standard that added security features.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
33
802.11n
An 802.11 standard that increases transfer speeds and adds support for multiple in/multiple out (MIMO) by using multiple antennas. 802.11n can operate on either the 2.4- or 5-GHz frequency band and has a maximum throughput of 400 Mbps. Superseded by 802.11ac.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
34
1000BaseCX
A Gigabit Ethernet standard using unique copper cabling, with a 25-m maximum cable distance.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
35
1000BaseLX
A Gigabit Ethernet standard using single-mode fiber cabling, with a 5-km maximum cable distance.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
36
1000BaseSX
A Gigabit Ethernet standard using multimode fiber cabling, with a 220- to 500-m maximum cable distance.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
37
1000BaseT
A Gigabit Ethernet standard using Cat 5e/6 UTP cabling, with a 100-m maximum cable distance.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
38
1000BaseTX
Short-lived gigabit-over-UTP standard from TIA/EIA. Considered a competitor to 1000BaseT, it was simpler to implement but required the use of Cat 6 cable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
39
1000BaseX
An umbrella Gigabit Ethernet standard. Also known as 802.3z. Comprises all Gigabit standards with the exception of 1000BaseT, which is under the 802.3ab standard.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
40
"A" Records
DNS records that map host names to their IPv4 addresses.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
41
"AAAA" Records
DNS records that map host names to their IPv6 addresses.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
42
Absorption
Quality of some building materials (such as brick, sheetrock, and wood) to reduce or eliminate a Wi-Fi signal.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
43
Acceptable Use Policy
A document that defines what a person may and may not do on an organization’s computers and networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
44
Access Control
All-encompassing term that defines the degree of permission granted to use a particular resource. That resource may be anything from a switch port to a particular file to a physical door within a building.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 789). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
45
Access Control List (ACL)
A clearly defined list of permissions that specifies what actions an authenticated user may perform on a shared resource.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
46
Access Control Server (ACS)
Cisco program/process/server that makes the decision to admit or deny a node based on posture assessment. From there, the ACS directs the edge access device to allow a connection or to implement a denial or redirect.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
47
Access Port
Regular port in a switch that has been configured as part of a VLAN. Access ports are ports that hosts connect to. They are the opposite of a trunk port, which is only connected to a trunk port on another switch.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
48
Active Directory
A form of directory service used in networks with Windows servers. Creates an organization of related computers that share one or more Windows domains.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
49
Activity Light
An LED on a NIC, hub, or switch that blinks rapidly to show data transfers over the network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
50
Ad Hoc Mode
A wireless networking mode where each node is in direct contact with every other node in a decentralized free-for-all. Ad hoc mode is similar to the mesh topology.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
51
Adaptive Networking Technology (ANT+)
A low-speed, low-power networking technology; used in place of Bluetooth for connecting devices, such as smart phones and exercise machines.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
52
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
A protocol in the TCP/IP suite used with the command-line utility of the same name to determine the MAC address that corresponds to a particular IP address.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
53
Administrative Accounts
Specialized user accounts that have been granted sufficient access rights and authority to manage specified administrative tasks. Some administrative accounts exist as a default of the system and have all authority throughout the system. Others must be explicitly assigned the necessary powers to administer given resources.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
54
Advanced Encryption Standard
A block cipher created in the late 1990s that uses a 128-bit block size and a 128-, 192-, or 256-bit key size. Practically uncrackable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
55
Adware
A program that monitors the types of Web sites you frequent and uses that information to generate targeted advertisements, usually pop-up windows.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
56
Agent
In terms of posture assessment, refers to software that runs within a client and reports the client’s security characteristics to an access control server to be approved or denied entry to a system.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
57
Agent-less
In terms of posture assessment, refers to a client that has its posture checked and presented by non-permanent software, such as a Web app program, that executes as part of the connection process. Agent-less software does not run directly within the client but is run on behalf of the client.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 790). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
58
Aggregation
A router hierarchy in which every router underneath a higher router always uses a subnet of that router’s existing routes.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
59
Air Gap
The act of physically separating a network from every other network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
60
Aircrack-ng
An open source tool for penetration testing many aspects of wireless networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
61
Alert
Proactive message sent from an SNMP manager as a result of a trap issued by an agent. Alerts may be sent as e-mail, SMS message, voicemail, or other avenue.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
62
Algorithm
A set of rules for solving a problem in a given number of steps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
63
Allow
Permission for data or communication to pass through or to access a resource. Specific allowances through a firewall are called exceptions.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
64
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)
A Regional Internet Registry (RIR) that parcels out IP addresses to large ISPs and major corporations in North America.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
65
Amplification
The aspect of a DoS attack that makes a server do a lot of processing and responding.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
66
Amplified DoS Attack
The type of DoS attack that sends a small amount of traffic to a server, which produces a much larger response from the server that is sent to a spoofed IP address, overwhelming a victim machine.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
67
Angled Physical Contact (APC)
Fiber-optic connector that makes physical contact between two fiber-optic cables. It specifies an 8-degree angle to the curved end, lowering signal loss. APC connectors have less connection degradation from multiple insertions compared to other connectors.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
68
Anti-Malware Program
Software that attempts to block several types of threats to a client including viruses, Trojan horses, worms, and other unapproved software installation and execution.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
69
Antivirus
Software that attempts to prevent viruses from installing or executing on a client. Some antivirus software may also attempt to remove the virus or eradicate the effects of a virus after an infection.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
70
Anycast
A method of addressing groups of computers as though they were a single computer. Anycasting starts by giving a number of computers (or clusters of computers) the same IP address. Advanced routers then send incoming packets to the closest of the computers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
71
Apache HTTP Server
An open source HTTP server program that runs on a wide variety of operating systems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
72
Application Log
Tracks application events, such as when an application opens or closes. Different types of application logs record different events.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 791). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
73
Application Programming Interface (API)
Shared functions, subroutines, and libraries that allow programs on a machine to communicate with the OS and other programs.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
74
Application/Context Aware
Advanced feature of some stateful firewalls where the content of the data is inspected to ensure it comes from, or is destined for, an appropriate application. Context-aware firewalls look both deeply and more broadly to ensure that the data content and other aspects of the packet are appropriate to the data transfer being conducted. Packets that fall outside these awareness criteria are denied by the firewall.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
75
Approval Process
One or more decision makers consider a proposed change and the impact of the change, including funding. If the change, the impact, and the funding are acceptable, the change is permitted.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
76
Archive
The creation and storage of retrievable copies of electronic data for legal and functional purposes.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
77
Archive Bit
An attribute of a file that shows whether the file has been backed up since the last change. Each time a file is opened, changed, or saved, the archive bit is turned on. Some types of backups turn off the archive bit to indicate that a good backup of the file exists on tape.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
78
Area ID
Address assigned to routers in an OSPF network to prevent flooding beyond the routers in that particular network. See also Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
79
Areas
Groups of logically associated OSPF routers designed to maximize routing efficiency while keeping the amount of broadcast traffic well managed. Areas are assigned a 32-bit value that manifests as an integer between 0 and 4294967295 or can take a form similar to an IP address, for example, “0.0.0.0.”Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
80
ARP Cache Poisoning
A man-in-the-middle attack, where the attacker associates his MAC address with someone else’s IP address (almost always the router), so all traffic will be sent to him first. The attacker sends out unsolicited ARPs, which can either be requests or replies.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
81
arping
A command used to discover hosts on a network, similar to ping, but that relies on ARP rather than ICMP. The arping command won’t cross any routers, so it will only work within a broadcast domain. See also Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and ping.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
82
Asset Disposal
Reusing, repurposing, or recycling computing devices that follows system life cycle policies in many organizations.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
83
Asset Management
Managing each aspect of a network, from documentation to performance to hardware.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
84
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
A fully digital, dedicated connection to the telephone system that provides download speeds of up to 9 Mbps and upload speeds of up to 1 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 792). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
85
Asymmetric Key Algorithm
An encryption method in which the key used to encrypt a message and the key used to decrypt it are different, or asymmetrical.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
86
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
A network technology that runs at speeds between 25 and 622 Mbps using fiber-optic cabling or Cat 5 or better UTP.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
87
Attenuation
The degradation of signal over distance for a networking cable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
88
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)
A security philosophy wherein a computer trying to connect to a network must first present some form of credential in order to be authenticated and then must have limitable permissions within the network. The authenticating server should also record session information about the client.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
89
Authentication Server
In Kerberos, a system that hands out Ticket-Granting Tickets to clients after comparing the client hash to its own. See also Ticket-Granting Ticket (TGT).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
90
Authoritative DNS Servers
DNS servers that hold the IP addresses and names of systems for a particular domain or domains in special storage areas called forward lookup zones. They also have reverse lookup zones.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
91
Authoritative Name Servers
Another name for authoritative DNS servers. See authoritative DNS servers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
92
Authorization
A step in the AAA philosophy during which a client’s permissions are decided upon. See also Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
93
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
A networking feature in operating systems that enables DHCP clients to self-configure an IP address and subnet mask automatically when a DHCP server isn’t available.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
94
Autonomous System (AS)
One or more networks that are governed by a single protocol, which provides routing for the Internet backbone.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
95
Back Up
To save important data in a secondary location as a safety precaution against the loss of the primary data.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
96
Backup
Archive of important data that the disaster recovery team can retrieve in case of some disaster.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
97
Backup Designated Router (BDR)
A second router set to take over if the designated router fails. See also designated router (DR).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
98
Backup Generator
An onsite generator that provides electricity if the power utility fails.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
99
Badge
A card-shaped device used for authentication; something you have, a possession factor.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 793). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
100
Bandwidth
A piece of the spectrum occupied by some form of signal, whether it is television, voice, fax data, and so forth. Signals require a certain size and location of bandwidth to be transmitted. The higher the bandwidth, the faster the signal transmission, thus allowing for a more complex signal such as audio or video. Because bandwidth is a limited space, when one user is occupying it, others must wait their turn. Bandwidth is also the capacity of a network to transmit a given amount of data during a given period.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
101
Bandwidth Saturation
When the frequency of a band is filled to capacity due to the large number of devices using the same bandwidth.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
102
Bandwidth Speed Tester
Web sites for measuring an Internet connection throughput, both download and upload speeds.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
103
Banner Grabbing
When a malicious user gains access to an open port and uses it to probe a host to gain information and access, as well as learn details about running services.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
104
Baseband
Digital signaling that has only one signal (a single signal) on the cable at a time. The signals must be in one of three states: one, zero, or idle.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
105
Baseline
Static image of a system’s (or network’s) performance when all elements are known to be working properly.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
106
Basic NAT (Network Address Translation)
A simple form of NAT that translates a computer’s private or internal IP address to a global IP address on a one-to-one basis.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
107
Basic Rate Interface (BDI)
The basic ISDN configuration, which consists of two B channels (which can carry voice or data at a rate of 64 Kbps) and one D channel (which carries setup and configuration information, as well as data, at 16 Kbps).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
108
Basic Server Set (BSS)
In wireless networking, a single access point servicing a given area.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
109
Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID)
Naming scheme in wireless networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
110
Baud
One analog cycle on a telephone line.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
111
Baud Rate
The number of bauds per second. In the early days of telephone data transmission, the baud rate was often analogous to bits per second. Due to advanced modulation of baud cycles as well as data compression, this is no longer true.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
112
Bearer Channel (B Channel)
A type of ISDN channel that carries data and voice information using standard DS0 channels at 64 Kbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
113
Bidirectional (BiDi) Transceiver
Full-duplex fiber-optic connector that relies on wave division multiplexing (WDM) to differentiate wave signals on a single fiber, creating single-strand fiber transmission.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
114
Biometric
Human physical characteristic that can be measured and saved to be compared as authentication in granting the user access to a network or resource. Common biometrics include fingerprints, facial scans, retinal scans, voice pattern recognition, and others.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 794). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
115
Biometric Devices
Devices that scan fingerprints, retinas, or even the sound of the user’s voice to provide a foolproof replacement for both passwords and smart devices.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
116
Bit Error Rate Test (BERT)
An end-to-end test that verifies a T-carrier connection.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
117
Block
Access that is denied to or from a resource. A block may be implemented in a firewall, access control server, or other secure gateway. See also allow.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
118
Block Cipher
An encryption algorithm in which data is encrypted in “chunks” of a certain length at a time. Popular in wired networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
119
Blocks
Contiguous ranges of IP addresses that are assigned to organizations and end users by IANA. Also called network blocks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
120
Bluejacking
The process of sending unsolicited messages to another Bluetooth device.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
121
Bluesnarfing
Use of weaknesses in the Bluetooth standard to steal information from other Bluetooth devices.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
122
BNC Connector
A connector used for 10Base2 coaxial cable. All BNC connectors have to be locked into place by turning the locking ring 90 degrees.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
123
BNC Coupler
Passive connector used to join two segments of coaxial cables that are terminated with BNC connectors.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
124
Bonding
Two or more NICs in a system working together to act as a single NIC to increase performance.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
125
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
A component of TCP/IP that allows computers to discover and receive an IP address from a DHCP server prior to booting the OS. Other items that may be discovered during the BOOTP process are the IP address of the default gateway for the subnet and the IP addresses of any name servers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
126
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4)
An exterior gateway routing protocol that enables groups of routers to share routing information so that efficient, loop-free routes can be established.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
127
Botnet
A group of computers under the control of one operator, used for malicious purposes. See also zombie.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
128
Bottleneck
A spot on a network where traffic slows precipitously.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
129
Bounce
A signal sent by one device taking many different paths to get to the receiving systems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
130
bPS (Bits Per Second)
A measurement of how fast data is moved across a transmission medium. A Gigabit Ethernet connection moves 1,000,000,000 bps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 795). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
131
Bridge
A device that connects two networks and passes traffic between them based only on the node address, so that traffic between nodes on one network does not appear on the other network. For example, an Ethernet bridge only looks at the MAC address. Bridges filter and forward frames based on MAC addresses and operate at Layer 2 (Data Link layer) of the OSI seven-layer model.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (pp. 795-796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
132
Bridge Loop
A negative situation in which bridging devices (usually switches) are installed in a loop configuration, causing frames to loop continuously. Switches using Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) prevent bridge loops by automatically turning off looping ports.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
133
Bridged Connection
An early type of DSL connection that made the DSL line function the same as if you snapped an Ethernet cable into your NIC.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
134
Bridging Loop
A physical wiring of a circuitous path between two or more switches, causing frames to loop continuously. Implementing Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) in these devices will discover and block looped paths.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
135
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
A trend wherein users bring their own network-enabled devices to the work environment. These cell phones, tablets, notebooks, and other mobile devices must be easily and securely integrated and released from corporate network environments using on-boarding and off-boarding technologies.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
136
Broadband
Analog signaling that sends multiple signals over the cable at the same time. The best example of broadband signaling is cable television. The zero, one, and idle states exist on multiple channels on the same cable. See also baseband.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
137
Broadcast Address
The address a NIC attaches to a frame when it wants every other NIC on the network to read it. In TCP/IP, the general broadcast address is 255.255.255.255. In Ethernet, the broadcast MAC address is FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
138
Broadcast Domain
A network of computers that will hear each other’s broadcasts. The older term collision domain is the same but rarely used today.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
139
Broadcast Storm
The result of one or more devices sending a nonstop flurry of broadcast frames on the network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
140
Browser
A software program specifically designed to retrieve, interpret, and display Web pages.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
141
Brute Force
A type of attack wherein every permutation of some form of data is tried in an attempt to discover protected information. Most commonly used on password cracking.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
142
Buffer
A component of a fiber-optic cable that adds strength to the cable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
143
Building Entrance
Location where all the cables from the outside world (telephone lines, cables from other buildings, and so on) come into a building.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
144
Bus Topology
A network topology that uses a single bus cable that connects all of the computers in a line. Bus topology networks must be terminated to prevent signal reflection.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 796). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
145
Business Continuity Planning (BCP)
The process of defining the steps to be taken in the event of a physical corporate crisis to continue operations. Includes the creation of documents to specify facilities, equipment, resources, personnel, and their roles.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
146
Butt Set
Device that can tap into a 66- or 110-punchdown block to see if a particular line is working.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
147
Byte
Eight contiguous bits, the fundamental data unit of personal computers. Storing the equivalent of one character, the byte is also the basic unit of measurement for computer storage. Bytes are counted in powers of two.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
148
CAB Files
Short for “cabinet files.” These files are compressed and most commonly used during Microsoft operating system installation to store many smaller files, such as device drivers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
149
Cable Certifier
A very powerful cable testing device used by professional installers to test the electrical characteristics of a cable and then generate a certification report, proving that cable runs pass TIA/EIA standards.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
150
Cable Drop
Location where the cable comes out of the wall at the workstation location.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
151
Cable Modem
A bridge device that interconnects the cable company’s DOCSIS service to the user’s Ethernet network. In most locations, the cable modem is the demarc.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
152
Cable Stripper
Device that enables the creation of UTP cables.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
153
Cable Tester
A generic name for a device that tests cables. Some common tests are continuity, electrical shorts, crossed wires, or other electrical characteristics.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
154
Cable Tray
A device for organizing cable runs in a drop ceiling.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
155
Cache
A special area of RAM that stores frequently accessed data. In a network there are a number of applications that take advantage of cache in some way.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
156
Cached Lookup
The list kept by a DNS server of IP addresses it has already resolved, so it won’t have to re-resolve an FQDN it has already checked.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
157
Cache-Only DNS Servers (Caching-Only DNS Servers)
DNS servers that do not have any forward lookup zones. They resolve names of systems on the Internet for the network, but are not responsible for telling other DNS servers the names of any clients.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
158
Caching Engine
A server dedicated to storing cache information on your network. These servers can reduce overall network traffic dramatically.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
159
Cacti
Popular network graphing program.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
160
Campus Area Network (CAN)
A network installed in a medium-sized space spanning multiple buildings.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
161
Canonical Name (CNAME)
Less common type of DNS record that acts as a computer’s alias.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 797). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
162
Captive Portal
A Wi-Fi network implementation used in some public facilities that directs attempts to connect to the network to an internal Web page for that facility; generally used to force terms of service on users.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
163
Capture File
A file in which the collected packets from a packet sniffer program are stored.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
164
Card
Generic term for anything that you can snap into an expansion slot.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
165
Cat 3
Category 3 wire, a TIA/EIA standard for UTP wiring that can operate at up to 16 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
166
Cat 5
Category 5 wire, a TIA/EIA standard for UTP wiring that can operate at up to 100 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
167
Cat 5e
Category 5e wire, a TIA/EIA standard for UTP wiring with improved support for 100 Mbps using two pairs and support for 1000 Mbps using four pairs.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
168
Cat 6
Category 6 wire, a TIA/EIA standard for UTP wiring with improved support for 1000 Mbps; supports 10 Gbps up to 55 meters.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
169
Cat 6a
Category 6a wire, a TIA/EIA standard for UTP wiring with support for 10 Gbps up to 100 meters.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
170
Cat 7
Category 7 wire, a standard (unrecognized by TIA) for UTP wiring with support for 10+ Gbps at 600 MHz max. frequency.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
171
Category (CAT) Rating
A grade assigned to cable to help network installers get the right cable for the right network technology. Cat ratings are officially rated in megahertz (MHz), indicating the highest-frequency bandwidth the cable can handle.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
172
CCITT (Comité Consutatif Internationale Téléphonique et Télégraphique)
European standards body that established the V standards for modems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
173
CCMP-AES
A 128-bit block cipher used in the IEEE 802.11i standard.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
174
Central Office
Building that houses local exchanges and a location where individual voice circuits come together.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
175
Certificate
A public encryption key signed with the digital signature from a trusted third party called a certificate authority (CA). This key serves to validate the identity of its holder when that person or company sends data to other parties.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 798). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
176
Certifier
A device that tests a cable to ensure that it can handle its rated amount of capacity.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
177
Chain of Custody
A document used to track the collection, handling, and transfer of evidence.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
178
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
A remote access authentication protocol. It has the serving system challenge the remote client, which must provide an encrypted password.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
179
Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism-Message Digest 5 (CRAM-MD5)
A tool for server authentication in SMTP servers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
180
Change Management
The process of initiating, approving, funding, implementing, and documenting significant changes to the network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
181
Change Management Documentation
A set of documents that defines procedures for changes to the network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
182
Change Management Team
Personnel who collect change requests, evaluate the change, work with decision makers for approval, plan and implement approved changes, and document the changes.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
183
Change Request
A formal or informal document suggesting a modification to some aspect of the network or computing environment.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
184
Channel
A portion of the wireless spectrum on which a particular wireless network operates. Setting wireless networks to different channels enables separation of the networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
185
Channel Bonding
Wireless technology that enables wireless access points (WAPs) to use two channels for transmission.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
186
Channel Overlap
Drawback of 2.4-GHz wireless networks where channels shared some bandwidth with other channels. This is why only three 2.4-GHz channels can be used in the United States (1, 6, and 11).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
187
Chat
A multiparty, real-time text conversation. The Internet’s most popular version is known as Internet Relay Chat (IRC), which many groups use to converse in real time with each other.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
188
Checksum
A simple error-detection method that adds a numerical value to each data packet, based on the number of data bits in the packet. The receiving node applies the same formula to the data and verifies that the numerical value is the same; if not, the data has been corrupted and must be re-sent.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
189
Choose Your Own Device (CYOD)
Deployment model where corporate employees select among a catalog of approved mobile devices.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 799). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
190
Cipher
A series of complex and hard-to-reverse mathematics run on a string of ones and zeroes in order to make a new set of seemingly meaningless ones and zeroes.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
191
Cipher Lock
A door unlocking system that uses a door handle, a latch, and a sequence of mechanical push buttons.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
192
Ciphertext
The output when cleartext is run through a cipher algorithm using a key.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
193
Circuit Switching
The process for connecting two phones together on one circuit.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
194
Cisco IOS
Cisco’s proprietary operating system.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
195
Cladding
The part of a fiber-optic cable that makes the light reflect down the fiber.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
196
Class License
Contiguous chunk of IP addresses passed out by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
197
Class of Service (CoS)
A prioritization value used to apply to services, ports, or whatever a quality of service (QoS) device might use.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
198
Classful
Obsolete IPv4 addressing scheme that relied on the original class blocks, such as Class A, Class B, and Class C.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
199
Classless
IPv4 addressing scheme that does not rely on the original class blocks, such as Class A, Class B, and Class C.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
200
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
The basis of allocating and routing classless addresses, not restricting subnet masks to /8, /16, or /24, which classful addressing did. See also subnetting.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
201
Classless Subnet
A subnet that does not fall into the common categories such as Class A, Class B, and Class C.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
202
Cleartext
See "Plaintext"
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Cleartext Credentials
Any login process conducted over a network where account names, passwords, or other authentication elements are sent from the client or server in an unencrypted fashion.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
204
Client
A computer program that uses the services of another computer program; software that extracts information from a server. Your autodial phone is a client, and the phone company is its server. Also, a machine that accesses shared resources on a server.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
205
Client/Server
A relationship in which client software obtains services from a server on behalf of a user.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
206
Client/Server Application
An application that performs some or all of its processing on an application server rather than on the client. The client usually only receives the result of the processing.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
207
Client/Server Network
A network that has dedicated server machines and client machines.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 800). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
208
Client-to-Site
A type of VPN connection where a single computer logs into a remote network and becomes, for all intents and purposes, a member of that network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
209
Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV)
A self-contained, closed system in which video cameras feed their signal to specific, dedicated monitors and storage devices.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
210
Cloud Computing
Using the Internet to store files and run applications. For example, Google Docs is a cloud computing application that enables you to run productivity applications over the Internet from your Web browser.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
211
Cloud/Server Based
Remote storage and access of software, especially anti-malware software, where it can be singularly updated. This central storage allows users to access and run current versions of software easily, with the disadvantage of it not running automatically on the local client. The client must initiate access to and launching of the software.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
212
Cloud/Server-Based Anti-Malware
Remote storage and access of software designed to protect against malicious software where it can be singularly updated.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
213
Clustering
Multiple pieces of equipment, such as servers, connected, which appear to the user and the network as one logical device, providing data and services to the organization for both redundancy and fault tolerance.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
214
Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM)
An optical multiplexing technology in which a few signals of different optical wavelength could be combined to travel a fairly short distance.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
215
Coaxial Cable
A type of cable that contains a central conductor wire surrounded by an insulating material, which in turn is surrounded by a braided metal shield. It is called coaxial because the center wire and the braided metal shield share a common axis or centerline.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
216
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Early cellular telephone technology that used spread-spectrum transmission. Obsolete.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
217
Cold Site
A location that consists of a building, facilities, desks, toilets, parking, and everything that a business needs except computers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
218
Collision
The result of two nodes transmitting at the same time on a multiple access network such as Ethernet. Both frames may be lost or partial frames may result.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
219
Collision Light
A light on some older NICs that flickers when a network collision is detected.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
220
Command
A request, typed from a terminal or embedded in a file, to perform an operation or to execute a particular program.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
221
Common Internet File System (CIFS)
The protocol that NetBIOS used to share folders and printers. Still very common, even on UNIX/Linux systems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 801). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
222
Community Cloud
A private cloud paid for and used by more than one organization.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
223
Compatibility Issue
When different pieces of hardware or software don’t work together correctly.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
224
Compatibility Requirements
With respect to network installations and upgrades, requirements that deal with how well the new technology integrates with older or existing technologies.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
225
Complete Algorithm
A cipher and the methods used to implement that cipher.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
226
Computer Forensics
The science of gathering, preserving, and presenting evidence stored on a computer or any form of digital media that is presentable in a court of law.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
227
Concentrator
A device that brings together at a common center connections to a particular kind of network (such as Ethernet) and implements that network internally.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
228
Configuration Management
A set of documents, policies, and procedures designed to help you maintain and update your network in a logical, orderly fashion.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
229
Configuration Management Documentation
Documents that define the configuration of a network. These would include wiring diagrams, network diagrams, baselines, and policy/procedure/configuration documentation.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
230
Configurations
The settings stored in devices that define how they are to operate.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
231
Connection
A term used to refer to communication between two computers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
232
Connectionless
A type of communication characterized by sending packets that are not acknowledged by the destination host. UDP is the quintessential connectionless protocol in the TCP/IP suite.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
233
Connectionless Communication
A protocol that does not establish and verify a connection between the hosts before sending data; it just sends the data and hopes for the best. This is faster than connection-oriented protocols. UDP is an example of a connectionless protocol.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
234
Connection-Oriented
Network communication between two hosts that includes negotiation between the hosts to establish a communication session. Data segments are then transferred between hosts, with each segment being acknowledged before a subsequent segment can be sent. Orderly closure of the communication is conducted at the end of the data transfer or in the event of a communication failure. TCP is the only connection-oriented protocol in the TCP/IP suite.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
235
Connection-Oriented Communication
A protocol that establishes a connection between two hosts before transmitting data and verifies receipt before closing the connection between the hosts. TCP is an example of a connection-oriented protocol.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
236
Console Port
Connection jack in a switch used exclusively to connect a computer that will manage the switch.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 802). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
237
Content Filter
An advanced networking device that implements content filtering, enabling administrators to filter traffic based on specific signatures or keywords (such as profane language).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
238
Content Switch
Advanced networking device that works at least at Layer 7 (Application layer) and hides servers behind a single IP.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
239
Contingency Plan
Documents that set out how to limit damage and recover quickly from an incident.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
240
Contingency Planning
The process of creating documents that set out how to limit damage and recover quickly from an incident.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
241
Continuity
The physical connection of wires in a network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
242
Continuity Tester
Inexpensive network tester that can only test for continuity on a line.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
243
Convergence
Point at which the routing tables for all routers in a network are updated.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
244
Copy Backup
A type of backup similar to normal or full, in that all selected files on a system are backed up. This type of backup does not change the archive bit of the files being backed up.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
245
Core
The central glass of the fiber-optic cable that carries the light signal.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
246
Corporate Owned Business Only (COBO)
Deployment model where the corporation owns all the mobile devices issued to employees. Employees have a whitelist of preapproved applications they can install.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
247
Cost
An arbitrary metric value assigned to a network route with OSFP-capable routers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
248
Counter
A predefined event that is recorded to a log file.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
249
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
A mathematical method used to check for errors in long streams of transmitted data with high accuracy.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 803). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
250
Daily Backup
Also called a daily copy backup, makes a copy of all files that have been changed on that day without changing the archive bits of those files.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 804). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
251
Daisy-Chain
A method of connecting together several devices along a bus and managing the signals for each device.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 804). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
252
Data Backup
The process of creating extra copies of data to be used in case the primary data source fails.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 804). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
253
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
A symmetric-key algorithm developed by the U.S. government in the 1970s and formerly in use in a variety of TCP/IP applications. DES used a 64-bit block and a 56-bit key. Over time, the 56-bit key made DES susceptible to brute-force attacks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 804). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
254
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)
The unique protocol used by cable modem networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 804). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
255
Datagram
A connectionless transfer unit created with User Datagram Protocol designed for quick transfers over a packet-switched network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 804). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
256
Datagram TLS (DTLS) VPN
A virtual private network solution that optimizes connections for delay-sensitive applications, such as voice and video.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 804). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
257
DB-9
A 9-pin, D-shaped subminiature connector, often used in serial port connections.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
258
DB-25
A 25-pin, D-shaped subminiature connector, typically use in parallel and older serial port connections.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
259
Dead Spot
A place that should be covered by the network signal but where devices get no signal.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
260
De-Authentication (deauth) Attack
A form of DoS attack that targets 802.11 Wi-Fi networks specifically by sending out a frame that kicks a wireless client off its current WAP connection. A rogue WAP nearby presents a stronger signal, which the client will prefer. The rogue WAP connects the client to the Internet and then proceeds to intercept communications to and from that client.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
261
Decibel (dB)
A measurement of the quality of a signal.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
262
Dedicated Circuit
A circuit that runs from a breaker box to specific outlets.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
263
Dedicated Line
A telephone line that is an always open, or connected, circuit. Dedicated telephone lines usually do not have telephone numbers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
264
Dedicated Server
A machine that does not use any client functions, only server functions.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
265
De-Encapsulation
The process of stripping all the extra header information from a packet as the data moves up a protocol stack.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
266
Default
A software function or operation that occurs automatically unless the user specifies something else.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
267
Default Gateway
In a TCP/IP network, the IP address of the router that interconnects the LAN to a wider network, usually the Internet. This router’s IP address is part of the necessary TCP/IP configuration for communicating with multiple networks using IP.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
268
Delta Channel (D Channel)
A type of ISDN line that transfers data at 16 Kbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
269
Demarc
A device that marks the dividing line of responsibility for the functioning of a network between internal users and upstream service providers. Also, demarcation point.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
270
Demarc Extension
Any cabling that runs from the network interface to whatever box is used by the customer as a demarc.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
271
Demilitarized Zone
A lightly protected or unprotected subnet network positioned between an outer firewall and an organization’s highly protected internal network. DMZs are used mainly to host public address servers (such as Web servers).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
272
Demultiplexer
Device that can extract and distribute individual streams of data that have been combined together to travel along a single shared network cable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
273
Denial of Service (DoS)
An effort to prevent users from gaining normal use of a resource. See also denial of service (DoS) attack.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 805). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
274
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
An optical multiplexing technology in which a large number of optical signals of different optical wavelength could be combined to travel over relatively long fiber cables.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
275
Designated Router (DR)
The main router in an OSPF network that relays information to all other routers in the area.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
276
Destination Port
A fixed, predetermined number that defines the function or session type in a TCP/IP network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
277
Device Driver
A subprogram to control communications between the computer and some peripheral hardware.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
278
Device ID
The last six digits of a MAC address, identifying the manufacturer’s unique serial number for that NIC.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
279
Device Types/Requirements
With respect to installing and upgrading networks, these determine what equipment is needed to build the network and how the network should be organized.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
280
DHCP 4-Way Handshake (DORA)
DHCP process in which a client gets a lease for an IPv4 address—Discover, Offer, Request, and Ack.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
281
DHCP Lease
Created by the DHCP server to allow a system requesting DHCP IP information to use that information for a certain amount of time.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
282
DHCP Relay
A router process that, when enabled, passes DHCP requests and responses across router interfaces. In common terms, DHCP communications can cross from one network to another within a router that has DHCP relay enabled and configured.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
283
DHCP Scope
The pool of IP addresses that a DHCP server may allocate to clients requesting IP addresses or other IP information like DNS server addresses.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
284
DHCP Snooping
Switch process that monitors DHCP traffic, filtering out DHCP messages from untrusted sources. Typically used to block attacks that use a rogue DHCP server.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
285
Dial-Up Lines
Telephone lines with telephone numbers; they must dial to make a connection, as opposed to a dedicated line.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
286
Differential Backup
Similar to an incremental backup in that it backs up the files that have been changed since the last backup. This type of backup does not change the state of the archive bit.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
287
Differentiated Services (Diffserv)
The underlying architecture that makes quality of service (QoS) work.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 806). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
288
Digital Signal 1 (DS1)
The signaling method used by T1 lines, which uses a relatively simple frame consisting of 25 pieces: a framing bit and 24 channels. Each DS1 channel holds a single 8-bit DS0 data sample. The framing bit and data channels combine to make 193 bits per DS1 frame. These frames are transmitted 8000 times/sec, making a total throughput of 1.544 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
289
Digital Signature
An encrypted hash of a private encryption key that verifies a sender’s identity to those who receive encrypted data or messages.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
290
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
A high-speed Internet connection technology that uses a regular telephone line for connectivity. DSL comes in several varieties, including asymmetric (ADSL) and symmetric (SDSL), and many speeds. Typical home-user DSL connections are ADSL with a download speed of up to 9 Mbps and an upload speed of up to 1 Kbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
291
Dipole Antenna
The standard straight-wire antenna that provides most omnidirectional function.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
292
Direct Current
A type of electric circuit where the flow of electrons is in a complete circle.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
293
Directional Antenna
An antenna that focuses its signal more toward a specific direction; as compared to an omnidirectional antenna that radiates its signal in all directions equally.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
294
Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum (DSSS)
A spread-spectrum broadcasting method defined in the 802.11 standard that sends data out on different frequencies at the same time.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
295
Disaster Recovery
The means and methods to recover primary infrastructure from a disaster. Disaster recovery starts with a plan and includes data backups.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
296
Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
Authorization method based on the idea that there is an owner of a resource who may at his or her discretion assign access to that resource. DAC is considered much more flexible than mandatory access control (MAC).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
297
Disk Mirroring
Process by which data is written simultaneously to two or more disk drives. Read and write speed is decreased but redundancy, in case of catastrophe, is increased. Also known as RAID level 1. See also duplexing.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
298
Disk Striping
Process by which data is spread among multiple (at least two) drives. It increases speed for both reads and writes of data, but provides no fault tolerance. Also known as RAID level 0.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
299
Disk Striping w/ Parity
Process by which data is spread among multiple (at least three) drives, with parity information as well to provide fault tolerance. The most commonly implemented type is RAID 5, where the data and parity information is spread across three or more drives.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 807). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
300
Dispersion
Diffusion over distance of light propagating down fiber cable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
301
Distance Vector
Set of routing protocols that calculates the total cost to get to a particular network ID and compares that cost to the total cost of all the other routes to get to that same network ID.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
302
Distributed Control System (DCS)
A small controller added directly to a machine used to distribute the computing load.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
303
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
One of two methods of collision avoidance defined by the 802.11 standard and the only one currently implemented. DCF specifies strict rules for sending data onto the network media. See also Point Coordination Function (PCF).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
304
Distributed Denial of Service
Multicomputer assault on a network resource that attempts, with sheer overwhelming quantity of requests, to prevent regular users from receiving services from the resource. Can also be used to crash systems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
305
Distributed Switching
The centralized installation, configuration, and handling of every switch in a virtualized network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
306
DLL (Dynamic Link Library)
A file of executable functions or data that can be used by a Windows application. Typically, a DLL provides one or more particular functions, and a program accesses the functions by creating links to the DLL.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
307
DNS Domain
DNS domain A specific branch of the DNS name space. Top-level DNS domains include .com, .gov, and .edu.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
308
DNS Forwarding
DNS server configuration that sends (forwards) DNS requests to another DNS server.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
309
DNS Resolver Cache
A cache used by Windows DNS clients to keep track of DNS information.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
310
DNS Root Servers
The highest in the hierarchy of DNS servers running the Internet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
311
DNS Server
A system that runs a special DNS server program.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
312
DNS Tree
A hierarchy of DNS domains and individual computer names organized into a tree-like structure, the top of which is the root.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
313
Document
A medium and the data recorded on it for human use; for example, a report sheet or book. By extension, any record that has permanence and that can be read by a human or a machine.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 808). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
314
Documentation
A collection of organized documents or the information recorded in documents. Also, instructional material specifying the inputs, operations, and outputs of a computer program or system.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
315
Domain
A term used to describe a grouping of users, computers, and/or networks. In Microsoft networking, a domain is a group of computers and users that shares a common account database and a common security policy. For the Internet, a domain is a group of computers that shares a common element in their DNS hierarchical name.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
316
Domain Controller
A Microsoft Windows Server system specifically configured to store user and server account information for its domain. Often abbreviated as “DC.” Windows domain controllers store all account and security information in the Active Directory domain service.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
317
Domain Information Groper (DIG)
Command-line tool in non-Windows systems used to diagnose DNS problems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
318
Domain Name System (DNS)
A TCP/IP name resolution system that resolves host names to IP addresses, IP addresses to host names, and other bindings, like DNS servers and mail servers for a domain.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
319
Domain Users and Groups
Users and groups that are defined across an entire network domain.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
320
Door Access Controls
Methodology to grant permission or to deny passage through a doorway. The method may be computer-controlled, human-controlled, token-oriented, or many other means.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
321
Dotted Decimal Notation
Shorthand method for discussing and configuring binary IP addresses.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
322
Download
The transfer of information from a remote computer system to the user’s system. Opposite of upload.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
323
Drive Mirroring
The process of writing identical data to two hard drives on the same controller at the same time to provide data redundancy.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
324
DS0
The digital signal rate created by converting analog sound into 8-bit chunks 8000 times a second, with a data stream of 64 Kbps. This is the simplest data stream (and the slowest rate) of the digital part of the phone system.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
325
DS1
The signaling method used by T1 lines, which uses a relatively simple frame consisting of 25 pieces: a framing bit and 24 channels. Each DS1 channel holds a single 8-bit DS0 data sample. The framing bit and data channels combine to make 193 bits per DS1 frame. These frames are transmitted 8000 times/sec, making a total throughput of 1.544 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 809). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
326
DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)
A device located in a telephone company’s central office that connects multiple customers to the Internet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
327
DSL Modem
A device that enables customers to connect to the Internet using a DSL connection. A DSL modem isn’t really a modem—it’s more like an ISDN terminal adapter—but the term stuck, and even the manufacturers of the devices now call them DSL modems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
328
DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
A specialized microprocessor-like device that processes digital signals at the expense of other capabilities, much as the floating-point unit (FPU) is optimized for math functions. DSPs are used in such specialized hardware as high-speed modems, multimedia sound cards, MIDI equipment, and real-time video capture and compression.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
329
Dual Stack
Networking device, such as a router or PC, that runs both IPv4 and IPv6.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
330
Duplexing
Also called disk duplexing or drive duplexing, similar to mirroring in that data is written to and read from two physical drives for fault tolerance. In addition, separate controllers are used for each drive, for both additional fault tolerance and additional speed. Considered RAID level 1. See also disk mirroring.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
331
Dynamic Addressing
A way for a computer to receive IP information automatically from a server program. See also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
332
Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI)
Cisco process that updates a database of trusted systems. DAI then watches for false or suspicious ARPs and ignores them to prevent ARP cache poisoning and other malevolent efforts.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
333
Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
A protocol that enables DNS servers to get automatic updates of IP addresses of computers in their forward lookup zones, mainly by talking to the local DHCP server.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
334
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
A protocol that enables a DHCP server to set TCP/IP settings automatically for a DHCP client.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
335
Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN)
A virtual private network solution optimized for connections between multiple locations directly.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
336
Dynamic NAT (DNAT)
Type of Network Address Translation (NAT) in which many computers can share a pool of routable IP addresses that number fewer than the computers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
337
Dynamic Port Numbers
Port numbers 49152–65535, recommended by the IANA to be used as ephemeral port numbers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
338
Dynamic Routing
Process by which routers in an internetwork automatically exchange information with other routers. Requires a dynamic routing protocol, such as OSPF or RIP.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 810). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
339
Dynamic Routing Protocol
A protocol that supports the building of automatic routing tables, such as OSPF or RIP.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
340
E1
The European counterpart of a T1 connection that carries 32 channels at 64 Kbps for a total of 2.048 Mbps—making it slightly faster than a T1.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
341
E3
The European counterpart of a T3 line that carries 16 E1 lines (512 channels), for a total bandwidth of 34.368 Mbps—making it a little bit slower than an American T3.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
342
EAP-TTLS (Extensible Authentication Protocol w/ Tunneled Transport-Layer Security)
A protocol similar to EAP-TLS but only uses a single server-side certificate.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
343
EAP-TLS (Extensible Authentication Protocol w/ Transport Layer Security)
A protocol that defines the use of a RADIUS server as well as mutual authentication, requiring certificates on both the server and every client.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
344
Edge Device
A hardware device that has been optimized to perform a task in coordination with other edge devices and controllers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
345
Edge Router
Router that connects one Autonomous System (AS) to another.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
346
Effective Permissions
The permissions of all groups combined in any network operating system.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
347
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Interference from one device to another, resulting in poor performance in the device’s capabilities. This is similar to having static on your TV while running a hair dryer, or placing two monitors too close together and getting a “shaky” screen.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
348
Electronic Discovery
The process of requesting and providing electronic and stored data and evidence in a legal way.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
349
E-Mail (Electronic Mail)
Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer. E-mail can also be sent automatically to a large number of addresses, known as a mailing list.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
350
E-Mail Alert
Notification sent by e-mail as a result of an event. A typical use is a notification sent from an SNMP manager as a result of an out-of-tolerance condition in an SNMP managed device.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
351
E-Mail Client
Program that runs on a computer and enables a user to send, receive, and organize e-mail.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
352
E-Mail Server
Also known as a mail server, a server that accepts incoming e-mail, sorts the e-mail for recipients into mailboxes, and sends e-mail to other servers using SMTP.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
353
Emulator
Software or hardware that converts the commands to and from the host machine to an entirely different platform. For example, a program that enables you to run Nintendo games on your PC.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 811). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
354
Encapsulation
The process of putting the packets from one protocol inside the packets of another protocol. An example of this is TCP/IP encapsulation in Ethernet, which places TCP/IP packets inside Ethernet frames.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
355
Encryption
A method of securing messages by scrambling and encoding each packet as it is sent across an unsecured medium, such as the Internet. Each encryption level provides multiple standards and options.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
356
Endpoint
In the TCP/IP world, the session information stored in RAM. See also socket.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
357
Endpoints
Correct term to use when discussing the data each computer stores about the connection between two computers’ TCP/IP applications. See also socket pairs.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
358
End-to-End Principle
Early network concept that originally meant that applications and work should happen only at the endpoints in a network, such as in a single client and a single server.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
359
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Early cellular telephone technology that used a SIM card; obsolete.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
360
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Cisco’s proprietary hybrid protocol that has elements of both distance vector and link state routing.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
361
Enhanced Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP+)
Fiber-optic connector used in 10 GbE networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
362
Environment Limitations
With respect to building and upgrading networks, refers to the degree of access to facilities and physical access to physical infrastructure. The type of building or buildings must be considered. Access to the walls and ceilings will factor in the construction of the network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
363
Environmental Monitor
Device used in telecommunications rooms that keeps track of humidity, temperature, and more.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
364
Ephemeral Port
In TCP/IP communication, an arbitrary number generated by a sending computer that the receiving computer uses as a destination address when sending a return packet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
365
Equipment Limitations
With respect to installing and upgrading networks, the degree of usage of any existing equipment, applications, or cabling.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
366
Equipment Rack
A metal structure used in equipment rooms to secure network hardware devices and patch panels. Most racks are 19" wide. Devices designed to fit in such a rack use a height measurement called units, or simply U.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
367
ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)
The movement of electrons from one body to another. ESD is a real menace to PCs because it can cause permanent damage to semiconductors.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 812). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
368
Ethernet
Name coined by Xerox for the first standard of network cabling and protocols. Ethernet is based on a bus topology. The IEEE 802.3 subcommittee defines the current Ethernet specifications.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
369
Ethernet Over Power (EoP)
The IEEE 1901 standard, also known as HomePlug HD-PLC, provides high-speed home networking through the building’s existing power infrastructure.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
370
Evil Twin
An attack that lures people into logging into a rogue access point that looks similar to a legitimate access point.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
371
Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)
The final wireless 3G data standard, transferring theoretical maximum speeds up to 168 Mbps, although real-world implementations rarely passed 10 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
372
Executable Viruses
Viruses that are literally extensions of executables and that are unable to exist by themselves. Once an infected executable file is run, the virus loads into memory, adding copies of itself to other EXEs that are subsequently run.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
373
Exim
E-mail server for every major platform; fast and efficient.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
374
Exit Plan
Documents and diagrams that identify the best way out of a building in the event of an emergency. It may also define other procedures to follow.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
375
Extended Service Set (ESS)
A single wireless access point servicing a given area that has been extended by adding more access points.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
376
Extended Service Set Identifier (ESSID)
An SSID applied to an Extended Service Set as a network naming convention.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
377
Extended Unique Identifier, 48-Bit (EUI-48)
The IEEE term for the 48-bit MAC address assigned to a network interface. The first 24 bits of the EUI-48 are assigned by the IEEE as the organizationally unique identifier (OUI).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
378
Extended Unique Identifier, 64-Bit (EUI-64)
The last 64 bits of the IPv6 address, which are determined based on a calculation based on a device’s 48-bit MAC address.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
379
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
Authentication wrapper that EAP-compliant applications can use to accept one of many types of authentication. While EAP is a general-purpose authentication wrapper, its only substantial use is in wireless networks.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
380
External Connections
A network’s connections to the wider Internet. Also a major concern when setting up a SOHO network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
381
External Databus
The primary data highway of all computers. Everything in your computer is tied either directly or indirectly to the EDB.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
382
External Firewall
The firewall that sits between the perimeter network and the Internet and is responsible for bearing the brunt of the attacks from the Internet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 813). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
383
External Network Address
A number added to the MAC address of every computer on an IPX/SPX network that defines every computer on the network; this is often referred to as a network number.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
384
External Threats
Threats to your network through external means; examples include virus attacks and the exploitation of users, security holes in the OS, or weaknesses of the network hardware itself.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
385
Fail Close
Defines the condition of doors and locks in the event of an emergency, indicating that the doors should close and lock.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
386
Fail Open
Defines the condition of doors and locks in the event of an emergency, indicating that the doors should be open and unlocked.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
387
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Common abbreviation coined by BBS users and spread to Usenet and the Internet. This is a list of questions and answers that pertains to a particular topic, maintained so that users new to the group don’t all bombard the group with similar questions. Examples are “What is the name of the actor who plays X on this show, and was he in anything else?” or “Can anyone list all of the books by this author in the order that they were published so that I can read them in that order?” The common answer to this type of question is “Read the FAQ!”Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
388
Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)
Crosstalk on the opposite end of a cable from the signal’s source.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
389
Fast Ethernet
Nickname for the 100-Mbps Ethernet standards. Originally applied to 100BaseT.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
390
Fault Tolerance
The capability of any system to continue functioning after some part of the system has failed. RAID is an example of a hardware device that provides fault tolerance for hard drives.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
391
F-Connector
A screw-on connector used to terminate small-diameter coaxial cable such as RG-6 and RG-59 cables.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
392
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
In the United States, regulates public airwaves and rates PCs and other equipment according to the amount of radiation emitted.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
393
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Older technology fiber-optic network used in campus-sized installations. It transfers data at 100 Mbps and uses a token bus network protocol over a ring topology.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
394
Fiber Optic Cable
A high-speed physical medium for transmitting data that uses light rather than electricity to transmit data and is made of high-purity glass fibers sealed within a flexible opaque tube. Much faster than conventional copper wire.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 814). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
395
Fiber Channel (FC)
A self-contained, high-speed storage environment with its own storage arrays, protocols, cables, and switches. Fibre Channel is a critical part of storage area networks (SANs).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
396
File Hashing
When the download provider hashes the contents of a file and publishes the resulting message digest.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
397
File Server
A computer designated to store software, courseware, administrative tools, and other data on a local or wide area network (WAN). It “serves” this information to other computers via the network when users enter their personal access codes.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
398
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
A set of rules that allows two computers to talk to one another as a file transfer is carried out. This is the protocol used when you transfer a file from one computer to another across the Internet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
399
Fire Ratings
Ratings developed by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and the National Electrical Code (NEC) to define the risk of network cables burning and creating noxious fumes and smoke.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
400
Firewall
A device that restricts traffic between a local network and the Internet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
401
FireWire
An IEEE 1394 standard to send wide-band signals over a thin connector system that plugs into TVs, VCRs, TV cameras, PCs, and so forth. This serial bus developed by Apple and Texas Instruments enables connection of 60 devices at speeds ranging from 100 to 800 Mbps.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
402
First Responder
The person or robot whose job is to react to the notification of a possible computer crime by determining the severity of the situation, collecting information, documenting findings and actions, and providing the information to the proper authorities.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
403
Flat Name Space
A naming convention that gives each device only one name that must be unique. NetBIOS uses a flat name space. TCP/IP’s DNS uses a hierarchical name space.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
404
Flat-Surface Connector
Early fiber-optic connector that resulted in a small gap between fiber-optic junctions due to the flat grind faces of the fibers. It was replaced by Angled Physical Contact (APC) connectors.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
405
Flood Guard
Technology in modern switches that can detect and block excessive traffic.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
406
Flow
A stream of packets from one specific place to another.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
407
Flow Cache
Stores sets of flows for interpretation and analysis. See also flow.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
408
Forensics Report
A document that describes the details of gathering, securing, transporting, and investigating evidence.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
409
Forward Lookup Zones
The storage area in a DNS server to store the IP addresses and names of systems for a particular domain or domains.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 815). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
410
Forward Proxy Server
Server that acts as middleman between clients and servers, making requests to network servers on behalf of clients. Results are sent to the proxy server, which then passes them to the original client. The network servers are isolated from the clients by the forward proxy server.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
411
Fractional T1 Access
A service provided by many telephone companies wherein customers can purchase a number of individual channels in a T1 line in order to save money.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
412
Frame
A defined series of binary data that is the basic container for a discrete amount of data moving across a network. Frames are created at Layer 2 of the OSI model.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
413
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
A sequence of bits placed in a frame that is used to check the primary data for errors.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
414
Frame Relay
An extremely efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information such as voice, data, LAN, and WAN traffic quickly and cost-efficiently to many destinations from one port.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
415
FreeRADIUS
Free RADIUS server software for UNIX/Linux systems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
416
Freeware
Software that is distributed for free with no license fee.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
417
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
A process of keeping individual phone calls separate by adding a different frequency multiplier to each phone call, making it possible to separate phone calls by their unique frequency range.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
418
Frequency Mismatch
Problem in older wireless networks with manual settings where the WAP transmitted on one channel and a wireless client was set to access on a different channel.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
419
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
A spread-spectrum broadcasting method defined in the 802.11 standard that sends data on one frequency at a time, constantly shifting (or hopping) frequencies.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
420
FUBAR
Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition
421
Full Backup
Archive created where every file selected is backed up, and the archive bit is turned off for every file backed up.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
422
Full Duplex
Any device that can send and receive data simultaneously.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
423
Fully Meshed Topology
A mesh network where every node is directly connected to every other node.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
424
Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
The complete DNS name of a system, from its host name to the top-level domain name. Textual nomenclature to a domain-organized resource. It is written left to right, with the host name on the left, followed by any hierarchical subdomains within the top-level domain on the right. Each level is separated from any preceding or following layer by a dot (.).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 816). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
425
Gain
The strengthening and focusing of radio frequency output from a wireless access point (WAP).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
426
Gateway Router
A router that acts as a default gateway in a TCP/IP network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
427
General Logs
Logs that record updates to applications.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
428
Geofencing
The process of using a mobile device’s built-in GPS capabilities and mobile networking capabilities to set geographical constraints on where the mobile device can be used.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
429
Get (SNMP)
A query from an SNMP manager sent to the agent of a managed device for the status of a management information base (MIB) object.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
430
Giga
The prefix that generally refers to the quantity 1,073,741,824. One gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. With frequencies, in contrast, giga- often refers to one billion. One gigahertz is 1,000,000,000 hertz.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
431
Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC)
Modular port that supports a standardized, wide variety of gigabit interface modules.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
432
Gigabyte
1024 megabytes.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
433
Global Routing Prefix
The first 48 bits of an IPv6 unicast address, used to get a packet to its destination. See also network ID.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
434
Global System for Mobile (GSM)
Early cellular telephone networking standard; obsolete.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
435
Global Unicast Address
A second IPv6 address that every system needs in order to get on the Internet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
436
Grandfather, Father, Son (GFS)
A tape rotation strategy used in data backups.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
437
Graphing
Type of software that creates visual representations and graphs of data collected by SNMP managers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
438
Greenfield Mode
One of three modes used with 802.11n wireless networks wherein everything is running at higher speed.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
439
Ground Loop
A voltage differential that exists between two different grounding points.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
440
Group Policy
A feature of Windows Active Directory that allows an administrator to apply policy settings to network users en masse.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
441
Group Policy Object (GPO)
Enables network administrators to define multiple rights and permissions to entire sets of users all at one time.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 817). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
442
Groups
Collections of network users who share similar tasks and need similar permissions; defined to make administration tasks easier.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
443
Guest
In terms of virtualization, an operating system running as a virtual machine inside a hypervisor.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
444
Guest Network
A network that can contain or allow access to any resource that management deems acceptable to be used by insecure hosts that attach to the guest network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
445
H.320
A standard that uses multiple ISDN channels to transport video teleconferencing (VTC) over a network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
446
H.323
A VoIP standard that handles the initiation, setup, and delivery of VoIP sessions.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
447
Hackers
People who break into computer systems. Those with malicious intent are sometimes considered black hat hackers and those who do so with a positive intent (such as vulnerability testing) are regularly referred to as white hat hackers. Of course, there are middle-ground hackers: gray hats.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
448
Half-Duplex
Any device that can only send or receive data at any given moment.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
449
Hardening
Applying security hardware, software, and processes to your network to prevent bad things from happening.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
450
Hardware Appliance
Physical network device, typically a “box” that implements and runs software or firmware to perform one or a multitude of tasks. Could be a firewall, a switch, a router, a print server, or one of many other devices.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
451
Hardware Tools
Tools such as cable testers, TDRs, OTDRs, certifiers, voltage event recorders, protocol analyzers, cable strippers, multimeters, tone probes/generators, butt sets, and punchdown tools used to configure and troubleshoot a network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
452
Hash
A mathematical function used in cryptography that is run on a string of binary digits of any length that results in a value of some fixed length.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
453
HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC)
Ethernet-enabled HDMI ports that combine video, audio, and data on a single cable.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
454
Header
First section of a frame, packet, segment, or datagram.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
455
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
All of the equipment involved in heating and cooling the environments within a facility. These items include boilers, furnaces, air conditioners and ducts, plenums, and air passages.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
456
Hex (Hexadecimal)
Hex symbols based on a numbering system of 16 (computer shorthand for binary numbers), using 10 digits and 6 letters to condense zeroes and ones to binary numbers. Hex is represented by digits 0 through 9 and alpha A through F, so that 09h has a value of 9, and 0Ah has a value of 10.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
457
Hierarchical Name Space
A naming scheme where the full name of each object includes its position within the hierarchy. An example of a hierarchical name is www.totalseminars.com, which includes not only the host name, but also the domain name. DNS uses a hierarchical name space scheme for fully qualified domain names (FQDNs).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 818). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
458
High Availability (HA)
A collection of technologies and procedures that work together to keep an application available at all times.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
459
High Speed WAN Internet Cards
A type of router expansion card that enables connection to two different ISPs.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
460
History Logs
Logs that track the history of how a user or users access network resources, or how network resources are accessed throughout the network.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
461
Home Automation
The process of remotely controlling household devices, such as lights, thermostats, cameras, and washer and dryer.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
462
Home Page
Either the Web page that your browser is set to use when it starts up or the main Web page for a business, organization, or person. Also, the main page in any collection of Web pages.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
463
Honeynet
The network created by a honeypot in order to lure in hackers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
464
Honeypot
An area of a network that an administrator sets up for the express purpose of attracting a computer hacker. If a hacker takes the bait, the network’s important resources are unharmed and network personnel can analyze the attack to predict and protect against future attacks, making the network more secure.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
465
Hop
The passage of a packet through a router.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
466
Hop Count
An older metric used by RIP routers. The number of routers that a packet must cross to get from a router to a given network. Hop counts were tracked and entered into the routing table within a router so the router could decide which interface was the best one to forward a packet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
467
Horizontal Cabling
Cabling that connects the equipment room to the work areas.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
468
Host
A single device (usually a computer) on a TCP/IP network that has an IP address; any device that can be the source or destination of a data packet. Also, a computer running multiple virtualized operating systems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
469
Host ID
The portion of an IP address that defines a specific machine in a subnet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
470
Host Name
An individual computer name in the DNS naming convention.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
471
Host-Based Anti-Malware
Anti-malware software that is installed on individual systems, as opposed to the network at large.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
472
Host-Based Firewall
A software firewall installed on a “host” that provides firewall services for just that machine, such as Windows Firewall.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
473
Host Name
Command-line tool that returns the host name of the computer it is run on.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 819). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
474
Hosts File
The predecessor to DNS, a static text file that resides on a computer and is used to resolve DNS host names to IP addresses. Automatically mapped to a host’s DNS resolver cache in modern systems. The hosts file has no extension.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
475
Host-to-Host
Type of VPN connection in which a single host establishes a link with a remote, single host.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
476
Host Site
A complete backup facility to continue business operations. It is considered “hot” because it has all resources in place, including computers, network infrastructure, and current backups, so that operations can commence within hours after occupation.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
477
Hotspot
A wireless access point that is connected to a cellular data network, typically 4G. The device can route Wi-Fi to and from the Internet. Hotspots can be permanent installations or portable. Many cellular telephones have the capability to become a hotspot.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
478
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
An ASCII-based script-like language for creating hypertext documents like those on the World Wide Web.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
479
HTTP over SSL (HTTPS)
A secure form of HTTP in which hypertext is encrypted by Transport Layer Security (TLS) before being sent onto the network. It is commonly used for Internet business transactions or any time where a secure connection is required. The name reflects the predecessor technology to TLS called Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). See also Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
480
Hub
An electronic device that sits at the center of a star topology network, providing a common point for the connection of network devices. In a 10BaseT Ethernet network, the hub contains the electronic equivalent of a properly terminated bus cable. Hubs are rare today and have been replaced by switches.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
481
Human Machine Interface (HMI)
In a distributed control system (DCS), a computer or set of controls that exists between a controller and a human operator. The human operates the HMI, which in turn interacts with the controller.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
482
Hybrid Cloud
A conglomeration of public and private cloud resources, connected to achieve some target result. There is no clear line that defines how much of a hybrid cloud infrastructure is private and how much is public.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
483
Hybrid Topology
A mix or blend of two different topologies. A star-bus topology is a hybrid of the star and bus topologies.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
484
Hypertext
A document that has been marked up to enable a user to select words or pictures within the document, click them, and connect to further information. The basis of the World Wide Web.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 820). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
485
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Extremely fast protocol used for network file transfers on the World Wide Web.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
486
Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL (HTTPS)
Protocol to transfer hypertext from a Web server to a client in a secure and encrypted fashion. Uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) rather than Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to establish a secure communication connection between hosts. It then encrypts the hypertext before sending it from the Web server and decrypts it when it enters the client. HTTPS uses port 443.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
487
Hypervisor
In virtualization, a layer of programming that creates, supports, and manages a virtual machine. Also known as a virtual machine manager (VMM).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
488
ICS (Industrial Control System)
A centralized controller where the local controllers of a distributed control system (DCS) meet in order for global changes to be made.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
489
ICS (Internet Connection Sharing)
Also known simply as Internet sharing, the technique of enabling more than one computer to access the Internet simultaneously using a single Internet connection. When you use Internet sharing, you connect an entire LAN to the Internet using a single public IP address.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
490
ICS Server
Unit in a distributed control system (DCS) that can be used to manage global changes to the controllers.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
491
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
The leading standards-setting group in the United States.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
492
IEEE 802.2
IEEE subcommittee that defined the standards for Logical Link Control (LLC).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
493
IEEE 802.3
IEEE subcommittee that defined the standards for CSMA/CD (a.k.a. Ethernet).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
494
IEEE 802.11
IEEE subcommittee that defined the standards for wireless.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
495
IEEE 802.14
IEEE subcommittee that defined the standards for cable modems.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
496
IEEE 802.16
A wireless standard (also known as WiMAX) with a range of up to 30 miles.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
497
IEEE 1284
The IEEE standard for the now obsolete parallel communication.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
498
IEEE 1394
IEEE standard for FireWire communication.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
499
IEEE 1905.1
Standard that integrates Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Ethernet over power lines, and Multimedia over Coax (MoCA).Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
500
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
The primary standards organization for the Internet.Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
501
ifconfig
A command-line utility for Linux servers and workstations that displays the current TCP/IP configuration of the machine, similar to ipconfig for Windows systems. The newer command-line utility, ip, is replacing ifconfig on most systems.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 821). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
502
IMAP
An alternative to POP3. Currently in its fourth revision, IMAP4 retrieves e-mail from an e-mail server like POP3, but has a number of features that make it a more popular e-mail tool. IMAP4 supports users creating folders on the e-mail server, for example, and allows multiple clients to access a single mailbox. IMAP uses TCP port 143.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
503
Impedance
The amount of resistance to an electrical signal on a wire. It is used as a relative measure of the amount of data a cable can handle.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
504
Implicit Deny
The blocking of access to any entity that has not been specifically granted access. May also be known as implicit deny any. An example might be a whitelist ACL. Any station that is not in the whitelist is implicitly denied access.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
505
In-Band Management
Technology that enables managed devices such as a switch or router to be managed by any authorized host that is connected to that network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
506
Inbound Trafic
Packets coming in from outside the network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
507
Incident
Any negative situation that takes place within an organization.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
508
Incident Response
Reaction to any negative situations that take place within an organization that can be stopped, contained, and remediated without outside resources.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
509
Incremental Backup
Backs up all files that have their archive bits turned on, meaning they have been changed since the last backup. This type of backup turns the archive bits off after the files have been backed up.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
510
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
A basic unit of organization in wireless networks formed by two or more wireless nodes communicating in ad hoc mode.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
511
Independent Computing Architecture (ICA)
Citrix technology that defined communication between client and server in remote terminal programs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
512
Infrared (IR)
Line-of-sight networking technology that uses light pulses on the non-visible (to humans) spectrum.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
513
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Providing servers, switches, and routers to customers for a set rate. IaaS is commonly done by large-scale, global providers that use virtualization to minimize idle hardware, protect against data loss and downtime, and respond to spikes in demand. See also cloud computing.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
514
Infrastructure Mode
Mode in which wireless networks use one or more wireless access points to connect the wireless network nodes centrally. This configuration is similar to the star topology of a wired network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
515
Inheritance
A method of assigning user permissions, in which folder permissions flow downward into subfolders.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
516
Insider Threats
Potential for attacks on a system by people who work in the organization.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 822). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
517
Insulating Jacket
The external plastic covering of a fiber-optic cable.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
518
Integrity
Network process that ensures data sent to a recipient is unchanged when it is received at the destination host.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
519
Interface Identifier
The second half (64 bits) of an IPv6 address, unique to a host.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
520
Interface Monitor
A program that tracks the bandwidth and utilization of one or more interfaces on one or more devices in order to monitor traffic on a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
521
Interframe Gap (IFG)
A short, predefined silence originally defined for CSMA/CD; also used in CSMA/CA. Also known as an interframe space (IFS).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
522
Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF)
The room where all the horizontal runs from all the work areas on a given floor in a building come together.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
523
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (ISIS)
Protocol similar to, but not as popular as, OSPF, but with support for IPv6 since inception.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
524
Internal Connections
The connections between computers in a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
525
Internal Firewall
The firewall that sits between the perimeter network and the trusted network that houses all the organization’s private servers and workstations.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
526
Internal Network
A private LAN, with a unique network ID, that resides behind a router.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
527
Internal Threats
All the things that a network’s own users do to create problems on the network. Examples include accidental deletion of files, accidental damage to hardware devices or cabling, and abuse of rights and permissions.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
528
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
The organization originally responsible for assigning public IP addresses. IANA no longer directly assigns IP addresses, having delegated this to the five Regional Internet Registries. See also Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
529
Internet Authentication Service (IAS)
Popular RADIUS server for Microsoft environments.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 823). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
530
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
A TCP/IP protocol used to handle many low-level functions such as error reporting. ICMP messages are usually request and response pairs such as echo requests and responses, router solicitations and responses, and traceroute requests and responses. There are also unsolicited “responses” (advertisements) which consist of single packets. ICMP messages are connectionless.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
531
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Entity that sits at the very top of the Internet hierarchy, with the authority to create new top-level domains (TLDs) for use on the Internet.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
532
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
Protocol that routers use to communicate with hosts to determine a “group” membership in order to determine which computers want to receive a multicast. Once a multicast has started, IGMP is responsible for maintaining the multicast as well as terminating at completion.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
533
Internet Information Services (IIS)
Microsoft’s Web server program for managing Web servers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
534
Internet Layer
In the TCP/IP model, the layer that deals with the Internet Protocol, including IP addressing and routers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
535
Internet of Things
The billions of everyday objects that can communicating with each other, specifically over the Internet. These include smart home appliances, automobiles, video surveillance systems, and more.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
536
Internet Protocol (IP)
The Internet standard protocol that handles the logical naming for the TCP/IP protocol using IP addresses.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
537
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)
Network layer encryption protocol.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
538
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
Protocol in which addresses consist of four sets of numbers, each number being a value between 0 and 255, using a period to separate the numbers (often called dotted decimal format). No IPv4 address may be all 0s or all 255s. Examples include 192.168.0.1 and 64.176.19.164.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
539
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Protocol in which addresses consist of eight sets of four hexadecimal numbers, each number being a value between 0000 and ffff, using a colon to separate the numbers. No IP address may be all 0s or all ffffs. An example is fe80:ba98:7654:3210:0800:200c:00cf:1234.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
540
Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI)
A protocol that enables the SCSI command set to be transported over a TCP/IP network from a client to an iSCSI-based storage system. iSCSI is popular with storage area network (SAN) systems.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
541
interVLAN Routing
A feature on some switches to provide routing between VLANs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 824). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
542
Intranet
A private TCP/IP network inside a company or organization.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
543
Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)
An IPv6 tunneling protocol that adds the IPv4 address to an IPv6 prefix.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
544
ip
Linux terminal command that displays the current TCP/IP configuration of the machine; similar to Windows’ ipconfig and macOS’s ifconfig.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
545
IP Address
The numeric address of a computer connected to a TCP/IP network, such as the Internet. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, written as four octets of 8-bit binary. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, written as eight sets of four hexadecimal characters. IP addresses must be matched with a valid subnet mask, which identifies the part of the IP address that is the network ID and the part that is the host ID.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
546
IP Address Management (IPAM)
Software that includes at a minimum a DHCP server and a DNS server that are specially designed to work together to administer IP addresses for a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
547
IP addressing
The processes of assigning IP addresses to networks and hosts.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
548
IP Camera
Still-frame or video camera with a network interface and TCP/IP transport protocols to send output to a network resource or destination.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
549
IP Filtering
A method of blocking packets based on IP addresses.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
550
IP Helper
Command used in Cisco switches and routers to enable, disable, and manage internetwork forwarding of certain protocols such as DHCP, TFTP, Time Service, TACACS, DNS, NetBIOS, and others. The command is technically ip helper-address.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
551
ipconfig
A command-line utility for Windows that displays the current TCP/IP configuration of the machine; similar to macOS’s ifconfig and UNIX/Linux’s ip.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
552
IPSec VPN
A virtual private networking technology that uses IPsec tunneling for security.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
553
IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
An online group discussion. Also called chat.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
554
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
The CCITT (Comité Consutatif Internationale Téléphonique et Télégraphique) standard that defines a digital method for telephone communications. Originally designed to replace the current analog telephone systems. ISDN lines have telephone numbers and support up to 128-Kbps transfer rates. ISDN also allows data and voice to share a common phone line. Never very popular, ISDN is now relegated to specialized niches.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 825). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
555
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
An institution that provides access to the Internet in some form, usually for a fee.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
556
IT (Information Technology)
The business of computers, electronic communications, and electronic commerce.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
557
Java
A network-oriented programming language invented by Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle) and specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to your computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to your computer or files. Using small Java programs (called applets), Web pages can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tricks.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
558
Jitter
A delay in completing a transmission of all the frames in a message; caused by excessive machines on a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
559
Jumbo Frames
Usually 9000 bytes long, though technically anything over 1500 bytes qualifies, these frames make large data transfer easier and more efficient than using the standard frame size.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
560
JBOD (Just a Bunch of Disks)
An array of hard drives that are simply connected with no RAID implementations.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
561
K-
Most commonly used as the suffix for the binary quantity 1024. For instance, 640K means 640 × 1024 or 655,360. Just to add some extra confusion to the IT industry, K is often misspoken as “kilo,” the metric value for 1000. For example, 10KB, spoken as “10 kilobytes,” means 10,240 bytes rather than 10,000 bytes. Finally, when discussing frequencies, K means 1000. So, 1 KHz = 1000 kilohertz.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
562
kbps (Kilobits Per Second)
Data transfer rate.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
563
Kerberos
An authentication standard designed to allow different operating systems and applications to authenticate each other.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
564
Key Distribution Center (KDC)
System for granting authentication in Kerberos.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
565
Key Fob
Small device that can be easily carried in a pocket or purse or attached to a key ring. This device is used to identify the person possessing it for the purpose of granting or denying access to resources such as electronic doors.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
566
Key Pair
Name for the two keys generated in asymmetric-key algorithm systems.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
567
Keypad
The device in which an alphanumeric code or password that is assigned to a specific individual for a particular asset can be entered.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
568
Kilohertz (KHz)
A unit of measure that equals a frequency of 1000 cycles per second.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
569
LAN (Local Area Network)
A group of PCs connected together via cabling, radio, or infrared that use this connectivity to share resources such as printers and mass storage.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 826). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
570
Last Mile
The connection between a central office and individual users in a telephone system.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
571
Latency
A measure of a signal’s delay.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
572
Layer
A grouping of related tasks involving the transfer of information. Also, a particular level of the OSI seven-layer model, for example, Physical layer, Data Link layer, and so forth.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
573
Layer 2 Switch
Any device that filters and forwards frames based on the MAC addresses of the sending and receiving machines. What is normally called a “switch” is actually a “Layer 2 switch.”
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
574
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
A VPN protocol developed by Cisco that can be run on almost any connection imaginable. LT2P has no authentication or encryption but uses IPsec for all its security needs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
575
Layer 3 Switch
Also known as a router, filters and forwards data packets based on the IP addresses of the sending and receiving machines.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
576
LC (Local Connector)
A duplex type of small form factor (SFF) fiber connector, designed to accept two fiber cables. See also local connector (LC).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
577
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Solid-state device that vibrates at luminous frequencies when current is applied.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
578
Leeching
Using another person’s wireless connection to the Internet without that person’s permission.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
579
Legacy Mode
One of three modes used with 802.11n wireless networks where the wireless access point (WAP) sends out separate packets just for legacy devices.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
580
Legal Hold
The process of an organization preserving and organizing data in anticipation of or in reaction to a pending legal issue.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
581
Light Leakage
The type of interference caused by bending a piece of fiber-optic cable past its maximum bend radius. Light bleeds through the cladding, causing signal distortion and loss.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
582
Light Meter
An optical power meter used by technicians to measure the amount of light lost through light leakage in a fiber cable.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
583
Lights-Out Management
Special “computer within a computer” features built into better servers, designed to give you access to a server even when the server itself is shut off.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
584
Lightweight Access Point Protocol (LWAPP)
Protocol used in wireless networks that enables interoperability between thin and thick clients and WAPs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
585
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
A protocol used to query and change a database used by the network. LDAP uses TCP port 389 by default.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 827). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
586
Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP)
A proprietary EAP authentication used almost exclusively by Cisco wireless products. LEAP is an interesting combination of MS-CHAP authentication between a wireless client and a RADIUS server.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
587
Line Tester
A device used by technicians to check the integrity of telephone wiring. Can be used on a twisted-pair line to see if it is good, dead, or reverse wired, or if there is AC voltage on the line.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
588
Link Aggregation
Connecting multiple NICs in tandem to increase bandwidth in smaller increments. See also NIC teaming.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
589
Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)
IEEE specification of certain features and options to automate the negotiation, management, load balancing, and failure modes of aggregated ports.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
590
Link Layer
In the TCP/IP model, any part of the network that deals with complete frames.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
591
Link Light
An LED on NICs, hubs, and switches that lights up to show good connection between the devices. Called the network connection LED status indicator on the CompTIA Network+ exam.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
592
Link Segments
Segments that link other segments together but are unpopulated or have no computers directly attached to them.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
593
Link State
Type of dynamic routing protocol that announces only changes to routing tables, as opposed to entire routing tables. Compare to distance vector routing protocols. See also distance vector.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
594
Link Status
A network analyzer report on how good the connection is between two systems.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
595
Link-Local Address
The address that a computer running IPv6 gives itself after first booting. The first 64 bits of a link-local address are always FE80::/64.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
596
Linux
The popular open source operating system, derived from UNIX.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
597
List of Requirements
A list of all the things you’ll need to do to set up your SOHO network, as well as the desired capabilities of the network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
598
Listening Port
A socket that is prepared to respond to any IP packets destined for that socket’s port number.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
599
LMHOSTS File
A static text file that resides on a computer and is used to resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses. The LMHOSTS file is checked before the machine sends a name resolution request to a WINS name server. The LMHOSTS file has no extension.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
600
Load Balancing
The process of taking several servers and making them look like a single server, spreading processing and supporting bandwidth needs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 828). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
601
Local
Refers to the computer(s), server(s), and/or LAN that a user is physically using or that is in the same room or building.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
602
Local Authentication
A login screen prompting a user to enter a user name and password to log into a Windows, macOS, or Linux computer.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
603
Local Connector (LC)
One popular type of small form factor (SFF) connector, considered by many to be the predominant fiber connector. While there are several labels ascribed to the “LC” term, it is most commonly referred to as a local connector. See also LC (local connector).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
604
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
A company that provides local telephone service to individual customers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
605
Local User Accounts
The accounts unique to a single Windows system. Stored in the local system’s registry.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
606
Localhost
The hosts file alias for the loopback address of 127.0.0.1, referring to the current machine.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
607
Lock
In this context, a physical device that prevents access to essential assets of an organization, such as servers, without a key.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
608
Log
Information about the performance of some particular aspect of a system that is stored for future reference. Logs are also called counters in Performance Monitor or facilities in syslog.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
609
Log Management
The process of providing proper security and maintenance for log files to ensure the files are organized and safe.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
610
Logic Bomb
Code written to execute when certain conditions are met, usually with malicious intent.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
611
Logical Address
A programmable network address, unlike a physical address that is burned into ROM.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
612
Logical Addressing
As opposed to physical addressing, the process of assigning organized blocks of logically associated network addresses to create smaller manageable networks called subnets. IP addresses are one example of logical addressing.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
613
Logical Link Control (LLC)
The aspect of the NIC that talks to the operating system, places outbound data coming “down” from the upper layers of software into frames, and creates the FCS on each frame. The LLC also deals with incoming frames by processing those addressed to the NIC and erasing ones addressed to other machines on the network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
614
Logical Network Diagram
A document that shows the broadcast domains and individual IP addresses for all devices on the network. Only critical switches and routers are shown.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 829). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
615
Logical Topology
A network topology defined by signal paths as opposed to the physical layout of the cables. See also physical topology.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
616
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Better known as 4G, a wireless data standard with theoretical download speeds of 300 Mbps and upload speeds of 75 Mbps.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
617
Looking Glass Site
Web site that enables a technician to run various diagnostic tools from outside their network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
618
Loopback Address
Sometimes called the localhost, a reserved IP address used for internal testing: 127.0.0.1.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
619
Loopback Plug
Network connector that connects back into itself, used to connect loopback tests.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
620
Loopback Test
A special test often included in diagnostic software that sends data out of the NIC and checks to see if it comes back.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
621
MAC (Media Access Control) Address
Unique 48-bit address assigned to each network card. IEEE assigns blocks of possible addresses to various NIC manufacturers to help ensure that each address is unique. The Data Link layer of the OSI seven-layer model uses MAC addresses for locating machines.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
622
MAC Address Filtering
A method of limiting access to a wireless network based on the physical addresses of wireless NICs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
623
MAC Reservation
IP address assigned to a specific MAC address in a DHCP server.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
624
MAC-48
The unique 48-bit address assigned to a network interface card. This is also known as the MAC address or the EUI-48.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
625
Macro
A specially written application macro (collection of commands) that performs the same functions as a virus. These macros normally autostart when the application is run and then make copies of themselves, often propagating across networks.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
626
Mailbox
Special holding area on an e-mail server that separates out e-mail for each user.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
627
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
The room in a building that stores the demarc, telephone cross-connects, and LAN cross-connects.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
628
Maintenance Window
The time it takes to implement and thoroughly test a network change.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
629
Malicious User
A user who consciously attempts to access, steal, or damage resources.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
630
Malware
Any program or code (macro, script, and so on) that’s designed to do something on a system or network that you don’t want to have happen.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 830). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
631
Man in the Middle
A hacking attack where a person inserts him- or herself into a conversation between two others, covertly intercepting traffic thought to be only between those other people.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
632
Managed Devices
Networking devices, such as routers and advanced switches, that must be configured to use.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
633
Managed Network
Network that is monitored by the SNMP protocol consisting of SNMP managed devices, management information base (MIB) items, and SNMP manager(s).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
634
Management Information Base (MIB)
SNMP’s version of a server. See Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
635
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
A security model in which every resource is assigned a label that defines its security level. If the user lacks that security level, they do not get access.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
636
Mantrap
An entryway with two successive locked doors and a small space between them providing one-way entry or exit. This is a security measure taken to prevent tailgating.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
637
Manual Tunnel
A simple point-to-point connection between two IPv6 networks. As a tunnel, it uses IPsec encryption.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
638
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Document that describes the safe handling procedures for any potentially hazardous, toxic, or unsafe material.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
639
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
Specifies the largest size of a data unit in a communications protocol, such as Ethernet.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
640
MB (Megabyte)
1,048,576 bytes.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
641
MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm Version 5)
A popular hashing function.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
642
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
A factor typically applied to a hardware component that represents the manufacturer’s best guess (based on historical data) regarding how much time will pass between major failures of that component.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
643
Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR)
The estimated amount of time it takes to recover from a hardware component failure.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
644
Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack (MT-RJ)
The first type of small form factor (SFF) fiber connector, still in common use.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
645
Media Access Control (MAC)
The part of a NIC that remembers the NIC’s own MAC address and attaches that address to outgoing frames.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
646
Media Converter
A device that lets you interconnect different types of Ethernet cable.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 831). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
647
Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)
A protocol that is designed to be a complete VoIP or video presentation connection and session controller. MGCP uses TCP ports 2427 and 2727.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
648
Medianet
A network of far-flung routers and servers that provides sufficient bandwidth for video teleconferencing (VTC) via quality of service (QoS) and other tools.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
649
Mega-
A prefix that usually stands for the binary quantity 1,048,576. One megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes. One megahertz, however, is 1,000,000 hertz. Sometimes shortened to meg, as in “a 286 has an address space of 16 megs.”
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
650
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
A document that defines an agreement between two parties in situations where a legal contract is not appropriate.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
651
Mesh Topology
Topology in which each computer has a direct or indirect connection to every other computer in a network. Any node on the network can forward traffic to other nodes. Popular in cellular and many wireless networks.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
652
Metasploit
A unique tool that enables a penetration tester to use a massive library of attacks as well as tweak those attacks for unique penetrations.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
653
Metric
Relative value that defines the “cost” of using a particular route.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
654
Metro Ethernet
A metropolitan area network (MAN) based on the Ethernet standard.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
655
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Multiple computers connected via cabling, radio, leased phone lines, or infrared that are within the same city. A perfect example of a MAN is the Tennessee city Chattanooga’s gigabit network available to all citizens, the Chattanooga Gig.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
656
MHz (Megahertz)
A unit of measure that equals a frequency of 1 million cycles per second.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
657
Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA)
Microsoft-designed tool to test individual Windows-based PCs for vulnerabilities.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
658
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
A standard for attaching binary files, such as executables and images, to the Internet’s text-based mail (24-Kbps packet size).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
659
Miredo
An open source implementation of Teredo for Linux and some other UNIX-based systems. It is a NAT-traversal IPv6 tunneling protocol.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
660
Mirroring
Also called drive mirroring, reading and writing data at the same time to two drives for fault-tolerance purposes. Considered RAID level 1.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
661
Mixed Mode
Also called high-throughput, or 802.11a-ht/802.11g-ht, one of three modes used with 802.11n wireless networks wherein the wireless access point (WAP) sends special packets that support older standards yet can also improve the speed of those standards via 802.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 832). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
662
Modal Distortion
A light distortion problem unique to multimode fiber-optic cable.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
663
Model
A simplified representation of a real object or process. In the case of networking, models represent logical tasks and subtasks that are required to perform network communication.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
664
Modem (Modulator-Demodulator)
A device that converts both digital bit streams into analog signals (modulation) and incoming analog signals back into digital signals (demodulation). Most commonly used to interconnect telephone lines to computers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
665
Modulation Techniques
The various multiplexing and demultiplexing technologies and protocols, both analog and digital.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
666
Monlist
A query that asks an NTP server about the traffic between itself and peers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
667
Motion Detection System
A feature of some video surveillance systems that starts and stops recordings based on actions caught by the camera(s).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
668
Mounting Bracket
Bracket that acts as a holder for a faceplate in cable installations.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
669
MS-CHAP
Microsoft’s dominant variation of the CHAP protocol, uses a slightly more advanced encryption protocol.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
670
MTU Black Hole
When a router’s firewall features block ICMP requests, making MTU worthless.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
671
MTU Mismatch
The situation when your network’s packets are so large that they must be fragmented to fit into your ISP’s packets.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
672
Multicast
Method of sending a packet in which the sending computer sends it to a group of interested computers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
673
Multicast Addresses
A set of reserved addresses designed to go from one system to any system using one of the reserved addresses.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
674
Multifactor Authentication (MFA)
A form of authentication where a user must use two or more factors to prove his or her identity; for example, some sort of physical token that, when inserted, prompts for a password.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
675
Multilayer Switch
A switch that has functions that operate at multiple layers of the OSI seven-layer model.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
676
Multilink PPP
A communications protocol that logically joins multiple PPP connections, such as a modem connection, to aggregate the throughput of the links.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
677
Multimeter
A tool for testing voltage (AC and DC), resistance, and continuity.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 833). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
678
Multimode
Type of fiber-optic cable with a large-diameter core that supports multiple modes of propagation. The large diameter simplifies connections, but has drawbacks related to distance.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
679
Multimode Fiber (MMF)
Type of fiber-optic cable that uses LEDs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
680
Multiple In/Multiple Out
A feature in 802.11 WAPs that enables them to make multiple simultaneous connections.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
681
Multiplexer
A device that merges information from multiple input channels to a single output channel.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
682
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
A router feature that labels certain data to use a desired connection. It works with any type of packet switching (even Ethernet) to force certain types of data to use a certain path.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
683
Multisource Agreement (MSA)
A document that details the interoperability of network hardware from a variety of manufacturers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
684
Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Feature of 802.11ac networking that enables a WAP to broadcast to multiple users simultaneously.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
685
MX Records
Records within DNS servers that are used by SMTP servers to determine where to send mail.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
686
My Traceroute (mtr)
Terminal command in Linux that dynamically displays the route a packet is taking. Similar to traceroute.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
687
Name Resolution
A method that enables one computer on the network to locate another to establish a session. All network protocols perform name resolution in one of two ways: either via broadcast or by providing some form of name server.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
688
Name Server
A computer whose job is to know the name of every other computer on the network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
689
NAT Translation Table
Special database in a NAT router that stores destination IP addresses and ephemeral source ports from outgoing packets and compares them against returning packets.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
690
NAT64
A transition mechanism that embeds IPv4 packets into IPv6 packets for network traversal.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
691
Native VLAN
The specified VLAN designation that will be assigned to all untagged frames entering a trunk port in a switch.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
692
nbtstat
A command-line utility used to check the current NetBIOS name cache on a particular machine. The utility compares NetBIOS names to their corresponding IP addresses.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 834). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
693
Near Field Communication (NFC)
A low-speed, short-range networking technology designed for (among other things) small-value monetary transactions.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
694
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
Crosstalk at the same end of a cable from which the signal is being generated.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
695
Neighbor Advertisement
IPv6 packet sent in response to a multicast neighbor solicitation packet.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
696
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)
IPv6 protocol that enables hosts to configure automatically their own IPv6 addresses and get configuration information like routers and DNS servers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
697
Neighbor Solicitation
IPv6 process of finding a MAC address of a local host, given its IPv6 address.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
698
Nessus
Popular and extremely comprehensive vulnerability testing tool.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
699
NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
Microsoft’s first networking protocol, designed to work with NetBIOS. NetBEUI is long obsolesced by TCP/IP. NetBEUI did not support routing.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
700
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)
A protocol that operates at the Session layer of the OSI seven-layer model. This protocol creates and manages connections based on the names of the computers involved.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
701
NetBIOS Name
A computer name that identifies both the specific machine and the functions that machine performs. A NetBIOS name consists of 16 characters: the first 15 are an alphanumeric name, and the 16th is a special suffix that identifies the role the machine plays.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
702
NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT)
A Microsoft-created protocol that enables NetBIOS naming information to be transported over TCP/IP networks. The result is that Microsoft naming services can operate on a TCP/IP network without the need for DNS services.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
703
NetFlow
The primary tool used to monitor packet flow on a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
704
NetFlow Collector
Component process of NetFlow that captures and saves data from a NetFlow-enabled device’s cache for future NetFlow analysis.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
705
netstat
A universal command-line utility used to examine the TCP/IP connections open on a given host.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
706
Network
A collection of two or more devices interconnected by telephone lines, coaxial cables, satellite links, radio, and/or some other communication technique. A computer network is a group of computers that are connected together and communicate with one another for a common purpose. Computer networks support “people and organization” networks, users who also share a common purpose for communicating.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 835). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
707
Network Access Control (NAC)
Control over information, people, access, machines, and everything in between.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
708
Network Access Policy
Rules that define who can access the network, how it can be accessed, and what resources of the network can be used.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
709
Network Access Server (NAS)
System that controls the modems in a RADIUS network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
710
Network Address Translation (NAT)
A means of translating a system’s IP address into another IP address before sending it out to a larger network. NAT manifests itself by a NAT program that runs on a system or a router. A network using NAT provides the systems on the network with private IP addresses. The system running the NAT software has two interfaces: one connected to the network and the other connected to the larger network. The NAT program takes packets from the client systems bound for the larger network and translates their internal private IP addresses to its own public IP address, enabling many systems to share a single IP address.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
711
Network Appliance
Feature-packed network box that incorporates numerous processes such as routing, Network Address Translation (NAT), switching, intrusion detection systems, firewall, and more.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
712
Network as a Service (NaaS)
The act of renting virtual server space over the Internet. See also cloud computing.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
713
Network Attached Storage (NAS)
A dedicated file server that has its own file system and typically uses hardware and software designed for serving and storing files.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
714
Network Blocks
Also called blocks, contiguous ranges of IP addresses that are assigned to organizations and end users by IANA.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
715
Network Closet
An equipment room that holds servers, switches, routers, and other network gear.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
716
Network Design
The process of gathering together and planning the layout for the equipment needed to create a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
717
Network Diagram
An illustration that shows devices on a network and how they connect.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
718
Network ID
A number used in IP networks to identify the network on which a device or machine exists.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
719
Network Interface
A device by which a system accesses a network. In most cases, this is a NIC or a modem.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
720
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Traditionally, an expansion card that enables a PC to link physically to a network. Modern computers now use built-in NICs, no longer requiring physical cards, but the term “NIC” is still very common.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
721
Network Interface Unit (NIU)
Another name for a demarc. See demarc.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 836). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
722
Network Layer
Layer 3 of the OSI seven-layer model. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
723
Network Management Software (NMS)
Tools that enable you to describe, visualize, and configure an entire network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
724
Network Management Station (NMS)
SNMP console computer that runs the SNMP manager software.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
725
Network Map
A highly detailed illustration of a network, down to the individual computers. A network map will show IP addresses, ports, protocols, and more.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
726
Network Name
Another name for the Service Set Identifier (SSID).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
727
Network Operations Center (NOC)
A centralized location for techs and administrators to manage all aspects of a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
728
Network Prefix
The first 64 bits of an IPv6 address that identifies the network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
729
Network Protocol
Special software that exists in every network-capable operating system that acts to create unique identifiers for each system. It also creates a set of communication rules for issues like how to handle data chopped up into multiple packets and how to deal with routers. TCP/IP is the dominant network protocol today.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
730
Network Segmentation
Separating network assets through various means, such as with VLANs or with a DMZ, to protect against access by malicious actors.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
731
Network Share
A shared resource on a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
732
Network Technology
The techniques, components, and practices involved in creating and operating computer-to-computer links.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
733
Network Threat
Any number of things that share one essential feature: the potential to damage network data, machines, or users.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
734
Network Time Protocol
Protocol that gives the current time.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
735
Network Topology
Refers to the way that cables and other pieces of hardware connect to one another.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
736
Network Based Firewall
A single source server that holds current anti-malware software. Multiple systems can access and run the software from that server. The single site makes the software easier to update and administer than anti-malware installed on individual systems.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
737
Newsgroup
The name for a discussion group on Usenet.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 837). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
738
Next Hop
The next router a packet should go to at any given point.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
739
Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW)
Network protection device that functions at multiple layers of the OSI model to tackle traffic no traditional firewall can filter alone.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
740
NFS (Network File System)
A TCP/IP file system–sharing protocol that enables systems to treat files on a remote machine as though they were local files. NFS uses TCP port 2049, but many users choose alternative port numbers. Though still somewhat popular and heavily supported, NFS has been largely replaced by Samba/CIFS. See also Samba and Common Internet File System (CIFS).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
741
NIC Teaming
Connecting multiple NICs in tandem to increase bandwidth in smaller increments. See also link aggregation.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
742
Nmap
A network utility designed to scan a network and create a map. Frequently used as a vulnerability scanner.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
743
Node
A member of a network or a point where one or more functional units interconnect transmission lines.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
744
Noise
Undesirable signals bearing no desired information and frequently capable of introducing errors into the communication process.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
745
Non-Discovery Mode
A setting for Bluetooth devices that effectively hides them from other Bluetooth devices.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
746
Non-Persistent Agent
Software used in posture assessment that does not stay resident in client station memory. It is executed prior to login and may stay resident during the login session but is removed from client RAM when the login or session is complete. The agent presents the security characteristics to the access control server, which then decides to allow, deny, or redirect the connection.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
747
Nonrepudiation
Not being able to deny having sent a message.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
748
Normal Backup
A full backup of every selected file on a system. This type of backup turns off the archive bit after the backup.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
749
ns (Nanosecond)
A billionth of a second. Light travels a little over 11 inches in 1 ns.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
750
NS Records
Records that list the authoritative DNS servers for a domain.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
751
nslookup
A very handy tool that advanced techs use to query DNS servers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
752
NTFS (NT File System)
A file system for hard drives that enables object-level security, long filename support, compression, and encryption. NTFS 4.0 debuted with Windows NT 4.0. Later Windows versions continue to update NTFS.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
753
NTFS Permissions
Groupings of what Microsoft calls special permissions that have names like Execute, Read, and Write, and that allow or disallow users certain access to files.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
754
NTLDR
A Windows NT/2000/XP/2003 boot file. Launched by the MBR or MFT, NTLDR looks at the BOOT.INI configuration file for any installed operating systems.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 838). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
755
ntpdc
A command that puts the NTP server into interactive mode in order to submit queries.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
756
Object
A group of related counters used in Windows logging utilities.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
757
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer)
Contrary to the name, does not create original hardware, but rather purchases components from manufacturers and puts them together in systems under its own brand name. Dell, Inc. and Gateway, Inc., for example, are for the most part OEMs. Apple, Inc., which manufactures most of the components for its own Mac-branded machines, is not an OEM. Also known as value-added resellers (VARs).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
758
Off-Boarding
The process of confirming that mobile devices leaving the control of the organization do not store any proprietary applications or data.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
759
Offsite
The term for a virtual computer accessed and stored remotely.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
760
Ohm Rating
Electronic measurement of a cable’s or an electronic component’s impedance.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
761
Omnidirectional Antenna
Technology used in most WAPs that send wireless signals in all directions equally.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
762
On-Boarding
The process of verifying that new mobile devices appearing in the organization’s infrastructure are secure and safe to use within the organization.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
763
Onsite
The term for a virtual computer stored at your location.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
764
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
An interior gateway routing protocol developed for IP networks based on the shortest path first or link state algorithm.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
765
Open Source
Applications and operating systems that offer access to their source code; this enables developers to modify applications and operating systems easily to meet their specific needs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
766
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
An international standard suite of protocols defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that implements the OSI seven-layer model for network communications between computers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 839). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
767
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Seven Layer Model
An architecture model based on the OSI protocol suite, which defines and standardizes the flow of data between computers. The following lists the seven layers: • Layer 1 The Physical layer defines hardware connections and turns binary into physical pulses (electrical or light). Cables operate at the Physical layer. • Layer 2 The Data Link layer identifies devices on the Physical layer. MAC addresses are part of the Data Link layer. Switches operate at the Data Link layer. • Layer 3 The Network layer moves packets between computers on different networks. Routers operate at the Network layer. IP operates at the Network layer. • Layer 4 The Transport layer breaks data down into manageable chunks with TCP, at this layer. UDP also operates at the Transport layer. • Layer 5 The Session layer manages connections between machines. Sockets operate at the Session layer. • Layer 6 The Presentation layer, which can also manage data encryption, hides the differences among various types of computer systems. • Layer 7 The Application layer provides tools for programs to use to access the network (and the lower layers). HTTP, SSL/TLS, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP, and IMAP are all examples of protocols that operate at the Application layer.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (pp. 839-840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
768
OpenSSH
A series of secure programs developed by the OpenBSD organization to fix the limitation of Secure Shell (SSH) of only being able to handle one session per tunnel.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
769
Operating System (OS)
The set of programming that enables a program to interact with the computer and provides an interface between the PC and the user. Examples are Microsoft Windows 10, Apple macOS, and SUSE Linux.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
770
Operator
In a distributed control system, the operator is a human who runs the computer-controlled resources through a human machine interface. See also human machine interface (HMI).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
771
Optical Carrier (OC)
Specification used to denote the optical data carrying capacity (in Mbps) of fiber-optic cables in networks conforming to the SONET standard. The OC standard is an escalating series of speeds, designed to meet the needs of medium-to-large corporations. SONET establishes OCs from 51.8 Mbps (OC-1) to 39.8 Gbps (OC-768).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
772
Optical Power Meter
Device that measures light intensity of light pulses within or at the terminal ends of fiber-optic cables.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
773
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Tester for fiber-optic cable that determines continuity and reports the location of cable breaks.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
774
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)
The first 24 bits of a MAC address, assigned to the NIC manufacturer by the IEEE.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
775
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
A spread-spectrum broadcasting method that combines the multiple frequencies of DSSS with FHSS’s hopping capability.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
776
Oscilliscope
A device that gives a graphical/visual representation of signal levels over a period of time.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 840). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
777
Outbound Traffic
Packets leaving the network from within it.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
778
Out-of-Band Management
Method to connect to and administer a managed device such as a switch or router that does not use a standard network-connected host as the administrative console. A computer connected to the console port of a switch is an example of out-of-band management.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
779
Overlay Tunnel
Enables two IPv6 networks to connect over an IPv4 network by encapsulating the IPv6 packets within IPv4 headers, transporting them across the IPv4 network, then de-encapsulating the IPv6 data.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
780
Packet
Basic component of communication over a network. A group of bits of fixed maximum size and well-defined format that is switched and transmitted as a complete whole through a network. It contains source and destination address, data, and control information. See also frame.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
781
Packet Analyzer
A program that reads the capture files from packet sniffers and analyzes them based on monitoring needs.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
782
Packet Filtering
A mechanism that blocks any incoming or outgoing packet from a particular IP address or range of IP addresses. Also known as IP filtering.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
783
Packet Sniffer
A tool that intercepts and logs network packets.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
784
Pad
Extra data added to an Ethernet frame to bring the data up to the minimum required size of 64 bytes.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
785
Partially Meshed Topology
A mesh topology in which not all of the nodes are directly connected.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
786
Passive Optical Network (PON)
A fiber architecture that uses a single fiber to the neighborhood switch and then individual fiber runs to each final destination.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
787
Password
A series of characters that enables a user to gain access to a file, a folder, a PC, or a program.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
788
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
The oldest and most basic form of authentication and also the least safe because it sends all passwords in cleartext.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
789
Patch Antenna
Flat, plate-shaped antenna that generates a half-sphere beam; used for broadcasting to a select area.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
790
Patch Cables
Short (2 to 5 foot) UTP cables that connect patch panels to switches.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
791
Patch Management
The process of regularly updating operating systems and applications to avoid security threats.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
792
Patch Panel
A panel containing a row of female connectors (ports) that terminate the horizontal cabling in the equipment room. Patch panels facilitate cabling organization and provide protection to horizontal cabling. See also vertical cross-connect.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 841). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
793
Path MTU Discovery (PMTU)
A method for determining the best MTU setting that works by adding a new feature called the “Don’t Fragment (DF) flag” to the IP packet.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
794
Path Vector
Routing protocol in which routers maintain path information. This information gets updated dynamically. See Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
795
pathping
Command-line tool that combines the features of the ping command and the tracert/traceroute commands.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
796
Payload
The primary data that is sent from a source network device to a destination network device.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
797
PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
A private phone system used within an organization.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
798
Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
A network in which each machine can act as either a client or a server.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
799
Penetration Testing (pentesting)
An authorized, network hacking process that will identify real-world weaknesses in network security and document the findings.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
800
Performance Monitor (PerfMon)
The Windows logging utility.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
801
Peripherals
Noncomputer devices on a network; for example, fax machines, printers, or scanners.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
802
Permanent DoS (PDoS)
An attack that damages a targeted machine, such as a router or server, and renders that machine inoperable.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
803
Permissions
Sets of attributes that network administrators assign to users and groups that define what they can do to resources.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
804
Persistent Agent
In network access control systems, a small scanning program that, once installed on the computer, stays installed and runs every time the computer boots up. Composed of modules that perform a thorough inventory of each security-oriented element in the computer.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
805
Persistent Connection
A connection to a shared folder or drive that the computer immediately reconnects to at logon.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
806
Personal Area Network (PAN)
The network created among Bluetooth devices such as smartphones, tablets, printers, keyboards, mice, and so on.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
807
Phishing
A social engineering technique where the attacker poses as a trusted source in order to obtain sensitive information.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
808
Physical Address
An address burned into a ROM chip on a NIC. A MAC address is an example of a physical address.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
809
Physical Contact (PC) Connector
Family of fiber-optic connectors that enforces direct physical contact between two optical fibers being connected.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 842). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
810
Physical Network Diagram
A document that shows all of the physical connections on a network. Cabling type, protocol, and speed are also listed for each connection.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
811
Physical Topology
The manner in which the physical components of a network are arranged.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
812
Ping (Packet Internet Groper)
A small network message sent by a computer to check for the presence and response of another system. Also, a command-line utility to check the “up/down” status of an IP addressed host. A ping uses ICMP packets. See also Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
813
ping-6
A command-line utility to check the “up/down” status of an IP addressed host. The “–6” switch included on the command line, using the Windows version of ping, specifies that the host under test has an IPv6 address.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
814
ping6
Linux command-line utility specifically designed to ping hosts with an IPv6 address.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
815
Plaintext
Also called cleartext, unencrypted data in an accessible format that can be read without special utilities.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
816
Platform
Hardware environment that supports the running of a computer system.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
817
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
A complete deployment and management system that gives programmers all the tools they need to administer and maintain a Web application. See also cloud computing.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
818
Plenum
Usually a space between a building’s false ceiling and the floor above it. Most of the wiring for networks is located in this space. Plenum is also a fire rating for network cabling.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
819
Plenum Rated Cable
Network cable type that resists burning and does not give off excessive smoke or noxious fumes when burned.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
820
Point Coordination Function (PCF)
A method of collision avoidance defined by the 802.11 standard but has yet to be implemented. See also Distributed Coordination Function (DCF).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
821
Point-to-Multipoint Topology
Topology in which one device communicates with more than one other device on a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
822
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
A protocol that enables a computer to connect to the Internet through a dial-in connection and to enjoy most of the benefits of a direct connection. PPP is considered to be superior to the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) because of its error detection and data compression features, which SLIP lacks, and the capability to use dynamic IP addresses.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 843). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
823
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE)
A protocol that was originally designed to encapsulate PPP frames into Ethernet frames. Used by DSL providers to force customers to log into their DSL connections instead of simply connecting automatically.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
824
Point-to-Point Topology
Network topology in which two computers are directly connected to each other without any other intervening connection components such as hubs or switches.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
825
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
A protocol that works with PPP to provide a secure data link between computers using encryption.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
826
Pointer Record (PTR)
A record that points IP addresses to host names. See also reverse lookup zone.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
827
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
A material used for the outside insulation and jacketing of most cables. Also a fire rating for a type of cable that has no significant fire protection.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
828
Port (Logical Connection)
In TCP/IP, 16-bit numbers between 0 and 65535 assigned to a particular TCP/IP process or application. For example, Web servers use port 80 (HTTP) to transfer Web pages to clients. The first 1024 ports are called well-known ports. They have been pre-assigned and generally refer to TCP/IP processes and applications that have been around for a long time.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
829
Port (Physical Connector)
In general, the portion of a computer through which a peripheral device may communicate, such as video, USB, serial, and network ports. In the context of networking, the jacks found in computers, switches, routers, and network-enabled peripherals into which network cables are plugged.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
830
Port Address Translation (PAT)
The most commonly used form of Network Address Translation, where the NAT uses the outgoing IP addresses and port numbers (collectively known as a socket) to map traffic from specific machines in the network. See also Network Address Translation (NAT).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
831
Port Aggregation
A method for joining two or more switch ports logically to increase bandwidth.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
832
Port Authentication
Function of many advanced networking devices that authenticates a connecting device at the point of connection.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
833
Port Blocking
Preventing the passage of any TCP segments or UDP datagrams through any ports other than the ones prescribed by the system administrator.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
834
Port Bonding
The logical joining of multiple redundant ports and links between two network devices such as a switch and storage array.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
835
Port Forwarding
Preventing the passage of any IP packets through any ports other than the ones prescribed by the system administrator.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 844). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
836
Port Mirroring
The capability of many advanced switches to mirror data from any or all physical ports on a switch to a single physical port. Useful for any type of situation where an administrator needs to inspect packets coming to or from certain computers.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
837
Port Number
Number used to identify the requested service (such as SMTP or FTP) when connecting to a TCP/IP host. Some example server port numbers include 80 (HTTP), 21 (FTP), 25 (SMTP), 53 (DNS), and 67 (DHCP).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
838
Port Scanner
A program that probes ports on another system, logging the state of the scanned ports.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
839
Port Scanning
The process of querying individual nodes, looking for open or vulnerable ports and creating a report.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
840
Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3)
One of the two protocols that receive e-mail from SMTP servers. POP3 uses TCP port 110. Old and obsolete, this protocol was replaced by IMAP.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
841
PostScript
A language defined by Adobe Systems, Inc., for describing how to create an image on a page. The description is independent of the resolution of the device that will create the image. It includes a technology for defining the shape of a font and creating a raster image at many different resolutions and sizes.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
842
Posture Assessment
Process by which a client presents its security characteristics via an agent or agent-less interface to an access control server. The server checks the characteristics and decides whether to grant a connection, deny a connection, or redirect the connection depending on the security compliance invoked.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
843
Power Converter
Device that changes AC power to DC power.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
844
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
A standard that enables wireless access points (WAPs) to receive their power from the same Ethernet cables that transfer their data.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
845
Power Redundancy
Secondary source of power in the event that primary power fails. The most common redundant power source is an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
846
Power Users
A user account that has the capability to do many, but not all, of the basic administrator functions.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
847
Preamble
A 7-byte series of alternating ones and zeroes followed by a 1-byte start frame delimiter, always precedes a frame. The preamble gives a receiving NIC time to realize a frame is coming and to know exactly where the frame starts.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
848
Prefix Delegation
An IPv6 router configuration that enables it to request an IPv6 address block from an upstream source, then to disseminate it to local clients.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
849
Prefix Length
The IPv6 term for subnet mask. In most cases, it’s /64.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 845). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
850
Primary (Master) DNS Server
The name server where records are added, deleted, and modified. The primary DNS server sends copies of this zone file to secondary (slave) DNS servers in a process known as a zone transfer.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
851
Primary Lookup Zone
A forward lookup zone stored in a text file. See also forward lookup zone.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
852
Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
A type of ISDN that is actually just a full T1 line carrying 23 B channels.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
853
Primary Zone
A forward lookup zone that is managed within and by the authoritative DNS server.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
854
Private Cloud
Software, platforms, and infrastructure that are delivered via the Internet and are made available to the general public.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
855
Private IP Addresses
Groups of IP addresses set aside for internal networks; Internet routers block these addresses, such as 10.x.x.x /8, 172.(16–31).x.x /16, and 192.168.(0–255).x /24.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
856
Program
A set of actions or instructions that a machine is capable of interpreting and executing. Used as a verb, it means to design, write, and test such instructions.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
857
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
A computer that controls a machine according to a set of ordered steps.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
858
Promiscuous Mode
A mode of operation for a NIC in which the NIC processes all frames that it sees on the cable.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
859
Prompt
A character or message provided by an operating system or program to indicate that it is ready to accept input.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
860
Proprietary
Term used to describe technology that is unique to, and owned by, a particular vendor.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
861
Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP)
An authentication protocol that uses a password function based on MS-CHAPv2 with the addition of an encrypted TLS tunnel similar to EAP-TLS.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
862
Protocol
An agreement that governs the procedures used to exchange information between cooperating entities; usually includes how much information is to be sent, how often it is sent, how to recover from transmission errors, and who is to receive the information.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
863
Protocol Analyzer
A tool that monitors the different protocols running at different layers on the network and that can give Application, Session, Network, and Data Link layer information on every frame going through a network.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 846). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
864
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
Specialized type of command and control packet found in SNMP management systems (and others).
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 847). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
865
Protocol Stack
The actual software that implements the protocol suite on a particular operating system.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 847). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
866
Protocol Suite
A set of protocols that are commonly used together and operate at different levels of the OSI seven-layer model.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 847). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
867
Proximity Reader
Sensor that detects and reads a token that comes within range. The polled information is used to determine the access level of the person carrying the token.
Meyers, Mike; Meyers, Mike. CompTIA Network+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide, Seventh Edition (Exam N10-007) (p. 847). McGraw-Hill Education. Kindle Edition.
868
Proxy ARP
The process of making remotely connected computers act as though they are on the same LAN as local computers.
869
Proxy Server
A device that fetches internet resources for a client without exposing that client directly to the internet. Most proxy servers accept requests for HTTP, FTP, POP3, and SMTP resources. The proxy server often caches, or stores, a copy of the requested resource for later use.
870
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Also known as plain old telephone service (POTS), the most common type of phone connection, which takes your sounds, translated into an analog waveform by the microphone, and transmits them to another phone.
871
Public-Key Cryptography
A method of encryption and decryption that uses two different keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.
872
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
The system for creating and distributing digital certificates using sites like Comodo, Symantec, or GoDaddy.
873
Punchdown Tool
A specialized tool for connecting UTP wires to a 110-blcok. Also called a 110-puchdown tool.
874
PVC-Rated Cable
Type of network cable that offers no special fire protection; burning produces excessive smoke and noxious fumes.
875
Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable (QSFP)
BiDi fiber optic connector used in 40GBase Networks.
876
Quality of Service (QoS)
Policies that control how much bandwidth a protocol, PC, user, VLAN, or IP address may use.
877
Quarantine Network
Safe network to which are directed stations that either do not require or should not have access to protected sources.
878
Raceway
Cable organizing device that adheres to walls, making for a much simpler, though less neat, installation than running cables in the walls.
879
Rack Monitoring System
Set of sensors in an equipment closet or rack-mounted gear that can monito and alert when an out-of-tolerance condition occurs in power, temperature, and/or other environmental aspects.
880
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
The phenomenon where a Wi-Fi signal is disrupted by a radio signal from another device.
881
Radio Grade (RG) Ratings
Ratings developed by the US military to provide a quick reference for the different types of coaxial cables.
882
RADIUS Server
A system that enables remote users to connect to a network service.
883
Ransomware
Crypto-malware that uses some form of encryption to lock a user out of a system. Once the crypto-malware encrypts the computer, usually encrypting the boot drive, in most cases the malware then forces the user to pay money to get the system decrypted.
884
Real-Time Processing
The processing of transactions as they occur, rather than batching them. Pertaining to an application, processing in which response to input is fast enough to affect subsequent inputs and guide the process, and in which records are updated immediately. The lag from input time to output time must be sufficiently small for acceptable timeliness. Timeliness is a function of the total system: missile guidance requires output within a few milliseconds of input, whereas scheduling of steamships requires a response time in days. Real-time systems are those with a response time of milliseconds; interactive systems responds in seconds; and batch systems may respond in hours or days.
885
Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
Protocol that defines the type of packets used on the Internet to move voice or data from a server to clients. The vast majority of VoIP solutions available today use RTP.
886
Real-Time Video
Communication that offers both audio and video via unicast messages.
887
Reassembly
The process where a receiving system verifies and puts together packets into coherent data.
888
Recovery Point Objective (RPO)
The state of the backup when the data is recovered. It is an evaluation of how much data is lost from the time of the last backup to the point that a recovery was required.
889
Recovery Time Objective (RTO)
The amount of time needed to restore full functionality from when the organization ceases to function.
890
Reddit Hug of Death
The massive influx of traffic on a small or lesser-know web sire when it is suddenly made popular by a reference from the media.
891
Redundant Array of Independent [or Inexpensive] Disks [or devices] (RAID)
A way to create a fault-tolerant storage system. RAID has six levels. Level 0 uses byte-level striping and provides no fault tolerance. Level 1 uses mirroring or duplexing. Level 2 uses but level striping. Level 4 stores error-correcting information (such as parity) on a separate disk and data striping on the remaining drives. Level 4 is level 3 with block level striping. Level 5 uses block level and parity data striping.
892
Reflection
Used in DDOS attacks, requests are sent to normal servers as if they had come from the target server. The response from the normal servers are reflected to the target server, overwhelming it without identifying the true initiator.
893
Refraction
Bending of radio waves when transmitted through glass.
894
regedit.exe
A program used to edit the Windows registry.
895
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
Entities under the oversight of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which parcels out IP addresses.
896
Registered Jack (RJ)
Type of connector used on the end of telephone and networking cables.
897
Registered Ports
Port numbers from 1024 to 49151. The IANA assigns these ports for anyone to use for their applications.
898
Regulations
Rules of law or policy that govern behavior in the workplace, such as what to do when a particular event occurs.
899
Remote
Refers to the computer(s), server(s), and/or LAN that cannot be physically used due to its distance from the user.
900
Remote Access
The capability to access a computer from outside a building in which it is housed. Remote access requires communications hardware, software, and actual physical links.
901
Remote Access Server (RAS)
Refers to both the hardware component (servers built to handle the unique stresses of a large number of clients calling in) and the software component (programs that work with the OS to allow remote access to the network) of a remote access solution.
902
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
A AAA standard created to support ISPs with hundreds if not thousands of modems in hundreds of computers to connect to a single central DB. RADIUS consists of three devices: The RADIUS server that has access to a database of user names and passwords, a number of network access servers (NASs) that control the modems, and a group of systems that dial into the network.
903
Remote Copy Protocol (RCP)
Provides the capability to copy files to and from the remote server without the need to resort to FTP or Network File System (NFS, a UNIX form of folder sharing). RCP can also be used in scripts and shares TCP port 514 with RSH.
904
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
A Microsoft created remote terminal protocol.
905
Remote Installation Services (RIS)
A tool introduced with Windows 2000 that can be used to initiate either a scripted installation or an installation of an image of an OS onto a PC.
906
Remote Login (rlogin)
Program in UNIX that enables you to log into a server remotely. Unlike Telnet, rlogin can be configured to login automatically.
907
Remote Shell (RSH)
Allows you to send single commands to the remote server. Whereas rlogin is designed to be used interactively, RSH can be easily integrated into a script.
908
Remote Terminal
A connection on a faraway computer that enables you to control that computer as if you were sitting in front of it and logged in. Remote terminal programs all require a server and a client. The server is the computer to be controlled. The client is the computer from which you do the controlling.
909
Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
In a SCADA environment, has the same functions as a controller plus additional autonomy to deal with connection loss. It is also designed to take advantage of some form of long distance communication.
910
Repeater
A device that takes all of the frames it receives on one Ethernet segment and recreates them on another Ethernet segment. Repeaters operate at Layer 1 (Physical) of the OSI seven layer model. They do not check the integrity of the Layer 2 (Data Link) frame so they may repeat incorrectly formed frames. They were replaced in the early 1980's by bridges which perform frame integrity checking before repeating a frame.
911
Replication
A process where multiple computers might share complete copies of a database and constantly update each other.
912
Resistance
The tendency for a physical medium to impede electron flow. It is classically measured in a unit called ohms.
913
Resource
Anything that exists on another computer that a person wants to use without going to that computer. Also an online information set or an online interactive option. An online library catalog and the local school lunch menu are examples of information sets. Online menus or graphical user interfaces, internet email, online conferences, Telnet, FTP, and Gopher are examples of interactive options.
914
Response
Answer from an agent upon receiving a Get protocol data unit (PDU) from an SNMP manager.
915
Reverse Lookup Zone
A DNS setting that resolves IP addresses to FQDNs (Fully Qualified Domain Name). In other words, it does exactly the reverse of what DNS normally accomplishes using forward lookup zones.
916
Reverse Proxy Server
A connectivity solution that gathers information from its associated servers and shares that information to clients. The clients don't know about the servers bbehind the scenes. The revers proxy server is the only machine with which they interact.
917
RF Emanation
The transmission, intended or unintended, of radio frequencies. These transmissions may come from components that are intended to transmit RF, such as a WiFi network card, or something less expected, such as a motherboard or keyboard. These emanations may be detected and intercepted, posing a potential threat to security.
918
RG-6
A grade of coaxial cable used for cable television and modern cable modem internet connections. RG-6 had a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms.
919
RG-58
A grade of small diameter coaxial cable used in 10Base2 Ethernet networks. RG-58 has a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms.
920
RG-59
A grade of coaxial cable used for cable television and early cable modem internet connections. RG-59 has a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms.
921
Ring Topology
A network topology in which all the computers on the network attach to a central ring of cable.
922
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
The first version of RIP, which had several shortcomings, such as a maximum hop count of 15 and a routing table update interval of 30 seconds, which was a problem because every router on a network would send out its table at the same time.
923
RIPv2
The second version of RIP. It fixed many problems of RIP, but the maximum hop count of 15 still applies.
924
Riser
Fire rating that designates the proper cabling to use for vertical runs between floors of a building.
925
Risk Management
The process of how organizations evaluate, protect, and recover from threats and attacks that take place on their networks.
926
Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4)
A streaming symmetric-key algorithm.
927
RJ (Registered Jack)
Connectors used for UTP cable on both telephone and network connections.
928
RJ-11
Type of connector with four-wire UTP connections; usually found in telephone connections.
929
RJ-45
Type of connector with eight-wire UTP connections; usually found in network connections and used for 10/100/1000BaseT networking.
930
Roaming
A process where clients seamlessly change wireless access pint (WAP) connections, depending on whichever WAP has the strongest signal covered by the broadcast area.
931
Rogue Access Point (Rogue AP)
An unauthorized wireless access point installed in a computer network.
932
Rogue DHCP Server
An unauthorized DHCP server installed in a computer network.
933
Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
The most popular authentication model used in file sharing, defines a user's access to a resource based on the roles the user plays in the network environment. This leads to the idea of creation of groups. A group in most networks is nothing more than a name that has clearly defined accesses to different resources. User accounts are placed into various groups.
934
Rollback
The process of downgrading-undoing-a recently applied patch or update.
935
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
The generic term for nonvolatile memory that can be read from but not written to. This means that code and data stored in ROM cannot be corrupted by accidental erasure. Additionally, ROM retains its data when power is removed, which makes it the perfect medium for storing BIOS data or information such as scientific constants.
936
Root Directory
The directory that contains all other directories.
937
Rootkit
A Trojan horse that takes advantage of very low level operating system functions to hide itself from all but the most aggressive anti-malware tools.
938
Route
A command that enables a user to display and edit the local system's routing table.
939
Route Redistribution
Occurs in a multiprotocol router. A multiprotocol router learns route information using one routing protocol and disseminates that information using another routing protocol.
940
Router
A device that connects separate networks and forwards a packet from one network to another based only on the network address for the protocol being used. For example, an IP router looks only at the IP network number. Routers operate at Layer 3 (Network) of the OSI seven-layer model.
941
Router Advertisement
A router's response to a client's router solicitation, also sent at regular intervals, that gives the client information to configure itself (prefix, prefix length, and more).
942
Router Solicitation
In IPv6, a query from a host to find routers and get information to configure itself.
943
Routing and Remote Access Server (RRAS)
A special remote access server program, originally only available on Windows Server, on which a PPTP endpoint is p[laced in Microsoft networks.
944
Routing Loop
A situation where interconnected routers look traffic, causing the routers to respond slowly or not respond at all.
945
Routing Table
A list of paths to various networks required by routers. This table can be built either manually or automatically.
946
RS-232
The recommended standard (RS) upon which all serial communications take place on a PC.
947
RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman)
An improved asymmetric cryptography algorithm that enables secure digital signatures.
948
Run
A single piece of installed horizontal cabling.
949
Samba
An application that enables UNIX systems to communicate using Server Message Blocks (SMBs). This, in turn, enables them to act as Microsoft clients and servers on the network,.
950
SC Connector
Fiber optic connector used to terminate single-mode and multimode fiber. It is characterized by its push-pull, snap mechanical coupling, known as "stick and click". Commonly referred to as subscriber connector, standard connector, and sometimes, square connector.
951
Scalability
The capability to support network growth.
952
Scanner
A device that senses alterations of light and dark. It enables the user to import photographs, other physical images, and text into the computer in digital form.
953
Secondary (Slave) DNS Server
Authoritative DNS Server for a domain. Unlike a primary (master) DNS server, no additions, deletions, or modifications can be made to the zones on a secondary DNS server, which always gets all information from the primary DNS server in a process known as a zone transfer.
954
Secondary Lookup Zone
A backup lookup zone stored on another DNS server.
955
Secondary Zone
A backup of a primary zone. It is used to provide fault tolerance and load balancing. It gets its information from the primary zone, and is considered authoritative.
956
Secure Copy Protocol (SCP)
One of the first SSH-enabled programs top appear after the introduction of SSH. SCP was one of the first protocols used to transfer data securely between two hosts and thus might have replace FTP. SCP works well but lacks features such as a directory listing.
957
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)
A popular cryptographic hash.
958
Secure Shell (SSH)
A terminal emulation program that looks exactly like Telnet but encrypts the data. SSH has replaced Telnet on the internet.
959
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
A protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents over the internet. SSL worked by using a public key to encrypt sensitive data. This encrypted data was sent over an SSL connection and then decrypted at the receiving end using a private key. Deprecated in favor of TLS.
960
Security
A network's resilience against unwanted access or attack.
961
Security Considerations
In network design and construction, planning how to keep data protected from unapproved access. Security of physical computers and network resources is also considered.
962
Security Guard
Person responsible for controlling access to physical resources such as building, secure rooms, and other physical assets.
963
Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)
A two part process consisting of security event monitoring (SEM), which performs real time monitoring of security events, and security information management (SIM), where the monitoring log files are reviewed and analyzed by automated and human interpreters.
964
Security Log
A log that tracks anything that affects security, such as successful and failed logons and logoffs.
965
Security Policy
A set of procedures defining actions employees should perform to protect the network's security.
966
Segment
The bus cable to which the computers on an Ethernet network connect
967
Segmentationm
In a TCP/IP network, the process of chopping requested data into chunks that will fit into a packet (and eventually into the NIC's frame), organizing the packets for the benefit of the receiving system, and handing them to the NIC for sending.
968
Sequential
A method of storing and retrieving information that requires data to be written and read sequentially. Accessing any portion of the data requires reading all the preceding data.
969
Server
A computer that shares its resources, such as printers and files, with other computers on the network. An example of this is a Network File System server that shares its disk space with a workstation that has no disk drive of its own.
970
Server-Based Network
A network in which one or more systems function as dedicated file, print, or application servers, but do not function as clients.
971
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
A document between a customer and a service provider that defines the scope, quality, and terms of the service to be provided.
972
Service Set Identifier (SSID)
A 32-bit identification string, sometimes called a network name, that's inserted into the header of each data packet processed by a wireless access point.
973
Services
Background programs in an OS that do the behind the scenes grunt work that users don't need to interact with on a regular basis.
974
Session
A networking term used to refer to the logical stream of data flowing between two programs and being communicated over a network. Many different sessions may be emanating from any one node on a network.
975
Session Hijacking
The interception of a valid computer session to get authentication information.
976
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
A signaling protocol for controlling voice and video calls over IP. SIP competes with H.323 for VoIP dominance.
977
Session Software
Handles the process of differentiating among various types of connections on a PC.
978
Set
The PDU with which a network management station commands an agent to make a change to a management information base (MIB) object
979
Share Level Security
A security system in which each resource has a password assigned to it; access to the resource is based on knowing the password.
980
Share Permissions
Permissions that only control the access of other users on the network with whom you share your resource. They have no impact on you (or anyone else) sitting at the computer whose resource is being shared.
981
Shareware
Software that is protected by copyright, but the copyright holder allows (encourages!) you to make and distribute copies, under the condition that those who adopt the software after preview pay a fee. Derivative works are not allowed, and you may make an archival copy.
982
Shell
Generally refers to the user interface of an OS. A shell is the command processor that is the actual interface between the kernel and the user.
983
Shielded Twisted Pari (STP)
A cabling for networks composed of pairs of wires twisted around each other at specific intervals. The twists server to reduce interference (also called crosstalk). The more twists, the less interference. The cable has metallic shielding to protect the wires from external interference.
984
Short Circuit
Allows electricity to pass between two conductive elements that weren't designed to interact together. Also called a "short".
985
Short Message Service (SMS) Alert
A proactive message regarding an out of tolerance condition of an SNMP managed device sent as an SMS text.
986
Shortest Path First
Networking algorithm for directing router traffic.
987
Signal Strength
A measurement of how well your wireless device is connecting to other devices.
988
Signaling Topology
Another name for logical topology.
989
Signature
Specific pattern of bits or bytes that is unique to a particular virus. Virus scanning software maintains a library of signatures and compares the contents of scanned files against this library to detect infected files.
990
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
The main protocol used to send email on the internet.
991
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
A set of standards for communication with network devices (switches, routers, WAPs) connected to a TCP/IP network. Used for network management.
992
Single Point of Failure
One component or system that, if it fails, will bring down an entire process, workflow, or organization.
993
Single Sign On
A process whereby a client performs a one time login to a gateway system. That system, in turn, takes care of the client's authentication to any other connected systems for which the client is authorized to access.
994
Single Mode Fiber (SMF)
Fiber optic cables that use lasers.
995
Site Survey
A process that enables you to determine any obstacles to creating the wireless network you want.
996
Site to Site
A type of VPN connection using two Cisco VPN concentrators to connect two separate LANs permanently.
997
Slashdotting
The massive influx of traffic on a small or lesser known web site when it is suddenly made popular by a reference from the media. See also "Reddit Hug of Death".
998
Small Form Factor
A description of later generation fiber optic connectors designed to be much smaller that the first iterations of connectors.
999
Small Form Factor Pluggable
A Cisco module that enables you to add additional features to its routers.
1000
Smart Card
A device (such as a credit card) that you insert into your PC or use on a door pad for authentication.
1001
Smart Device
A device (such as a credit card, USB key, etc.) that you insert into your PC in lieu of entering a password.
1002
Smart Jack
Type of network interface unit (NIU) that enables ISPs or telephone companies to test for faults in a network, such as disconnections and loopbacks.
1003
SMB (Server Message Block)
Protocol used by Microsoft clients and servers to share file and print resources.
1004
Smurf
A type of hacking attack in which an attacker floods a network with ping packets sent to the broadcast address. The trick that makes this attack special is that the return address of the pings is spoofed to that of the intended victim. When all the computers on the network respond to the initial ping, they send their response to the intended victim.
1005
Snap-Ins
Small utilities that can be used with the Microsoft Management Console.
1006
Snapshot
A tool that enables you to save an extra copy of a VM as it is exactly at the moment the snapshot is taken.
1007
Sneakernet (Shoelace Express)
Saving a file on a portable medium and walking it over to another computer.
1008
Sniffer
Diagnostic program that can order a NIC to run in promiscuous mode.
1009
SNMP Manager
Software and station that communicates with SNMP agents to monitor and manage management information base (MIB) objects.
1010
snmpwalk
SNMP manager PDU that collects management information base (MIB) information in a tree-oriented hierarchy of a MIB object and any of its subordinate objects. The snmpwalk command queries the object and then automatically queries all of the objects that are subordinated to the root object being queried.
1011
Social Engineering
The process of using or manipulating people inside the networking environment to gain access to that network from the outside.
1012
Socket
A combination of a port number and an IP address that uniquely identifies a connection.
1013
Software
Programming instructions or data stored on some type of binary storage device.
1014
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Centralized applications that are accessed over a network.
1015
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
Programming that allows a master controller to determine how network components will move traffic though the network. Used in virtualization.
1016
SOHO (Small Office/Home Office)
Refers to a classification of networking equipment, usually marketed to consumers or small businesses, which focuses on low price and ease of configuration. SOHO networks differ from enterprise networks, which focus on flexibility and maximum performance.
1017
SOHO Firewall
Firewall, typically simple, that is built into the firmware of a SOHO router.
1018
Solid Core
A cable that uses a single solid wire to transmit signals.
1019
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
An American fiber carrier standard for connecting fiber-optic transmission systems. SONET was proposed in the mid 1980s and is now am ANSI standard. SONET defines interface standards at the Physical Layer of the OSI seven layer model.
1020
Source Address Table (SAT)
A table stored by a switch, listing the MAC addresses and port of each connected device.
1021
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
A protocol that enables switches to detect and prevent bridge loops automatically.
1022
Speed Test Site
A web site used to check and internet connection's throughput, such as speedtest.net.
1023
Split Pair
A condition that occurs when signals on a pair of wires within a UTP cable interfere with the signals on another wire pair within that same cable.
1024
Spoofing
A security threat where an attacker makes some data seem as though it came from somewhere else, such as sending an email with someone else's email address in the sender field.
1025
Spyware
Any program that sends info about your system or your actions over the internet.
1026
SQL (Structured Query Language)
A language created by IBM that relies on simple English statements to perform database queries. SQL enables DBs from different manufacturers to be queried using a standard syntax.
1027
SRV Record
A generic DNS record that supports any type of server.
