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Network Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Host?

A

Device at the edge of the network that’s creating the data and receiving

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2
Q

Everything Between sending and receiving is called?

A

Network Infrastructure

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3
Q

What is a logical topology?

A

How devices appear connected to the user

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4
Q

What is a Bus Topology?

A

All devices are aware of each other on the network and talk directly

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5
Q

What is a Star Topology and what are they connected to?

A

All devices connected to an access device. IE a switch

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6
Q

What is a Ring Topology?

A

Big loop where devices can see each other and can talk to each other.

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7
Q

What does fully meshed mean?

A

Everyone connected to the network can talk with each other

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8
Q

What is partially meshed?

A

The topology is segmented to where only certain subnets are able to talks with each other.

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9
Q

What is the 3 layer Topology design?

A
  1. Access Layer: Device that gives the Frontline (computers, laptops) connectivity.
  2. Distribution Layer: Routers mainly, network infrastructure devices, sub divide networks and routing
  3. Core Layer: network backbone, high speed network connection
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10
Q

What is a firewall?

A

Inline system that enforce an access control policy between various network segments defined as security zones.

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11
Q

What is a protocol?

A

Rules of operation

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12
Q

What are the 7 layers of the OSI model and what acronym do you use to remember them?

A
  1. Physical, Please
  2. Data Link, Do
  3. Network, Not
  4. Transport, Throw
  5. Session, Sausage
  6. Presentation, Pizza
  7. Application, Away
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13
Q

What happens in the application layer(7)?

A
  1. Interacts with user applications
  2. provides initial network connection for use applications.
  3. Manages the application connection between host
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14
Q

What all happens in the presentation layer (6)?

A
  1. Performs encryption within an application.
  2. Ensures that data is presented correctly
  3. performs translation of cross-platform standards that may be understood by the local machine. IE .jpg to .png and .wav to .mp3
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15
Q

What all happens in the session layer (5)?

A
  1. Helps establish session with reserved port numbers.
  2. Session identifier is assigned
  3. Tracks connections between host and remote computer/servers
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16
Q

What are the well known port ranges?

A

0 - 1023

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17
Q

What is the registered port range?

A

1024 - 65535

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18
Q

What is an ephemeral port?

A

Random one time port that’s used in a session. IE: having chrome open with multiple tabs to the same site. Each tab has it’s own ephemeral port as an identifier.

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19
Q

What is the HTTP port?

A

Port 80

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20
Q

What is the HTTPS port?

A

Port 443

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21
Q

What is the DNS port?

A

Port 53

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22
Q

What are the FTP ports?

A

Port 20 and 21

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23
Q

What is the Telnet port?

A

Port 23

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24
Q

What layer does TCP run at?

A

Layer 4, transport layer

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25
Q

What all happens at the transport layer (4)?

A
  1. Fragmentation
  2. Sequencing and reassembling
  3. Windowing, buffering, congestion avoidance
  4. Error Correction
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26
Q

What is TCP?

A

Transmission control Protocol

  1. Connection Oriented - Verifies destination exist first
  2. Reliable
  3. Protocol #6
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27
Q

What is UDP?

A

User Datagram Protocol

  1. Connection-less - just sends the data regardless
  2. Unreliable
  3. Protocol #17
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28
Q

What all happens at the network layer (3)?

A
  1. Segmentation of network topology into logical portions
  2. Logical addressing
  3. Path Discovery and Selection
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29
Q

What is a routed protocol and examples of them?

A

Protocols that are used for identification.

  1. IP
  2. IPS
  3. AppleTalk

Routed - Where I am on the network and where the data needs to be sent

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30
Q

What is a routing protocol and examples of them?

A

Protocols that get the best path for the routed protocols

  1. EIGRP
  2. OSPF

Routing - Learns about about other networks and where they are and the best path to it

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31
Q

What all happens in the data link layer(2)?

A
  1. Media Access Control - The rules of putting stuff on the wire and when it’s ok to start or stop.
  2. Link layer addressing - On this link/wire how do we address ourself?
  3. Error Checking
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32
Q

What devices are used at the data link layer?

A

Switches and bridges

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33
Q

What all happens at the physical layer (1)?

A
  1. Electrical signals carried over cable.
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34
Q

What devices are used at the physical layer?

A

Hubs
Repeaters
NIC’s
Cabling

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35
Q

What is a PDU?

A

Protocol Data Unit - the final structured data unit created by an OSI layer

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36
Q

How are PDU’s received?

A

PDU’s that are created at a certain layer are meant to be received by the same layer on the receiving device

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37
Q

What is a layer 4 TCP PDU called?

A

Segment

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38
Q

What is a layer 4 UDP PDU called?

A

Datagram

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39
Q

What is a layer 3 PDU called?

A

Packet

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40
Q

What is a layer 2 PDU called?

A

Frame

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41
Q

What is encapsulation?

A

As each layer receives a PDU from the layer above it headers are added

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42
Q

What is decapsulation?

A

As each layer receives a PDU from the layer below it headers are then inspected and removed.

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43
Q

What layer does IPv4 Reside at?

A

Layer 3 (network Layer)

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44
Q

What is needed for a layer 3 protocol to be considered routed?

A

It has to be able to give a node (your computer/laptop) an address and that address has to be part network and part host and also has to provide a destination address.

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45
Q

A single 1 or 0 is called?

A

Bit

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46
Q

What are 8 bits called?

A

Byte

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47
Q

What happens when a sent packet is too large for a protocols MTU?

A

It can be fragmented down to an acceptable size. Each fragment is given a number in the identification field that it know that it was fragmented and also what order to put things back together in.

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48
Q

What helps put the packet fragments back in order if too large for a MTU?

A

Flag and fragment offset

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49
Q

What is time to live?

A

How many times a packet can pass a router before being discarded. Each router pass decrements the number by 1 until it reaches 0

50
Q

What are some common IP Protocols and their values?

A

ICMP - 1
IGMP - 2
TCP - 6
UDP - 17

51
Q

What does a checksum do?

A

checks if there has been a problem with the packet to see if it’s been modified or not

52
Q

What is a payload?

A

The layer 4 segment behind the header

53
Q

What is a Unicast?

A

One to one communication

54
Q

What is a multicast?

A

Has a special multicast address, one to many communication.

55
Q

What is a broadcast?

A

One to all communication. Talks to all devices on that wire.

56
Q

What is DHCP?

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Dynamic assignment of IP information

57
Q

What port does DHCP utilize?

A

Port 67 and 68

58
Q

What is a static IP?

A

An Ip that is manually configured and not learned automatically

59
Q

What is DNS?

A

Domain Name Service that is used to resolves website names to ip address. IE Google.com to 74.125.21.113

60
Q

What port does DNS use?

A

Uses UDP port 53

61
Q

What is the DNS Process?

A

Host sends a DNS A-Record Query to the DNS server looking for a resolution the the address that was entered. The DNS Server responds with a A-Record Query response

62
Q

How is the DNS server IP learned?

A

Through DHCP

63
Q

What are the pre-dominant protocols used at layer 4?

A

TCP and UDP

64
Q

What is a TCP Sync?

A

IP packet that is sent to the destination address to make sure that the destination exist

65
Q

What is the 3-way TCP handshake?

A
  1. Originator sends the TCP Sync
  2. Destinatin replies with TCP Sync + Acknowledgement bit
  3. Originator sends Acknowledgement bit back after receiving
66
Q

What is the Class A address range?

A

Ranges from 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

67
Q

If the first bit in an address is set to 0 it is what class address?

68
Q

What is the Class B address range?

A

Ranges from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

69
Q

If the first two bits in an address are set to 10 what class is it considered?

70
Q

What is the Class C address range?

A

Ranges from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

71
Q

If the first 3 bits of an address are set to 110 what class is it considered?

72
Q

What is the Class D address range?

A

Ranges from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

73
Q

If the first 4 bits of an address are set to 1110 what class is it considered?

74
Q

What is the Class E address range?

A

Ranges from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

75
Q

If the first 5 bits of an address are set to 11110 what class is it considered?

76
Q

What is a subnet mask?

A

A number that helps identify the host and network portion of an address and also what range of IP’s that can be used

77
Q

What is the default Class A subnet mask?

78
Q

What is the default Class B subnet mask?

A

255.255.0.0

79
Q

What is the default Class C subnet mask?

A

255.255.255.0

80
Q

Ip addresses that are leased out are known as?

A

Public IP Addresses

81
Q

IP addresses that are unregistered and may have overlap from company to company are known as?

A

Private IP Addresses

82
Q

Where do IP’s come from?

A

Internet Assign Numbers Authority

83
Q

What is the Private Class A IP range?

A

10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255

84
Q

What is the Private Class B IP range?

A

172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255

85
Q

What is the Private Class C IP range?

A

192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

86
Q

What is IP summarization?

A

Aggregating multiple subnets into a single network advertisement that does not break classful boundaries

87
Q

What is IP supnetting?

A

Aggregating multiple subnets into a single network advertisement that does break classful boundaries

88
Q

IPv6 addresses are represented in what format?

89
Q

What is an IPv4 Checksum’s purpose?

A

To protect the header of IPv4 data packets against data corruption

90
Q

What does the term dual stacked mean?

A

That both IPv4 and IPv6 are in use.

91
Q

How can a IPv6 address be dynamically derived?

A

Through EUI-64

92
Q

What is the unique identifier for IPv4 called?

93
Q

What is the unique identifier for IPv6 called?

A

Interface-ID’s

94
Q

What is EUI-64?

A

The special rules and protocols used to come up with an IPv6 address using the host’s MAC Address

95
Q

What characters does EUI-64 add to turn a MAC address into a 64 bit number?

A

FF:FE

Example:
MAC: aaaa:bbbb:cccc

EUI-64 Unique Identifier: aaa:bbFF:FEbb:cccc

96
Q

When EUI-64 is used a certain bit is changed to the opposite of what it was originally, what bit is that and where is it located?

A

Global/Universal Local Bit and it is located in the first ‘word’ of a MAC address and is the 7th bit in that word.

97
Q

What is an IPv6 Link Local Address and what does it begin with?

A

Automatically assigned address (Similar to IPv4 169.254.x.x address) that ALWAYS BEGINS with FE80::/10

98
Q

What are the last bits of a Link Local Address?

A

The last 64 bits is the MAC Address with FF:EE in the middle

Example:
MAC: aaaa:bbbb:cccc

Link Local: FE80:aaaa:bbFF:FEbb:cccc

99
Q

Link Local Addresses can never be?

A

Routed, they have to stay on the network that they originated from.

100
Q

With a Global Unicast Address the high-level 3 bits are set to what, the first 3 bits?

A

They are set to 001 and begin with the number 2 or 3

Example:

2000::/3

101
Q

What is a Global Unicast Address?

A

The unique IPv6 address used for communicating with other networks

102
Q

What is a Unique Local Address and it’s format?

A

Similar to the IPv4 Private address where it’s not globally routed.

Begins with FC00::/7

103
Q

What is a Multicast Address and how is it formatted?

A

An address to try and talk to anyone that is currently listening on that wire

104
Q

What is an Any Cast Address?

A

2 or more nodes using the same IPv6 address used to manage load-balancing

105
Q

What does NDP stand for?

A

Neighbor Discovery Protocol

106
Q

What do NDP and ICMPv6 do?

A

Responsible for address autoconfiguration of nodes, discovery of other nodes on the link, determining the addresses of other nodes, duplicate address detection.

107
Q

What messages types were added with ICMPv6?

A

Neighbor Solicitation
Neighbor Advertisement
Router Solicitation
Router Advertisement

108
Q

What does ICMPv6 stand for and a common use of it?

A

Internet Control Messaging Protocol

A common use would be the “Ping” command

109
Q

What it called when a host check to see if anyone has their link local address?

A

Duplicate Address Detection

110
Q

What layer is ICMPv6?

A

Layer 4 and above

111
Q

What is the IPv6 all host multicast address?

A

FF02::1 - All host

112
Q

What is the IPv6 all router multicast address?

A

FF02::2 - All Routers

113
Q

What is the ICMPv6 Process?

A
  1. NIC card creates a link local address using FE80::/10

2.Next it has to check if that link local address is unique so it sends out a neighbor solicitation packet.
Source: Link Local
Destination: Solicited node multicast

3.If there was someone with that link local there would be a neighbor advertisement. Very Rare

  1. Sends out a ICMPv6 Router Solicitation packet.
    Source: Link Local Address
    Destination: FF02::2
  2. Router Advertisement is returned with the routers Link Local Address
  3. Then the PC would use EUI-64 to create a global address now.
  4. Finally a Duplicate Address Detection is sent out to see if that address is currently on the wire or not.
114
Q

What is in the body of a router advertisement and why is it important?

A

All the prefixes that are currently on that interface and it would all the pc to know that SLAAC could be used to generate a global address

115
Q

What is ARP?

A

Address Resolution Protocol for IPv4 ONLY!!!

116
Q

When is IPv4 ARP used?

A

When trying to resolve someone in your subnet

117
Q

When is IPv4 ARP useful?

A

When trying to reach someone on your network and you know their layer 3 address but not their layer 2 address

118
Q

What is the IPv4 ARP Process?

A 
1. An ARP Request is created with:
Source: Host IP
Destination: Router IP
Source: Host MAC
Destination: (Broadcast MAC  address) ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

2.An ARP Response is made with the Routers layer 2 MAC address and IP Address

119
Q

What is a Solicited Node Multicast Address?

A

IPv6 multicast address valid within the local-link

120
Q

What is the Solicited Node Multicast Address prefix?

A

FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF /104

or

FF02::1:FF /104

121
Q

Where are the last 24 bits of a Solicited Node Multicast Address pulled from?

A

The interface ID

Ex:

Interface ID: aaaa.bbbb.cccc

Solicited Node Multicast Address: FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FFbb.cccc

122
Q

What is Solicited Node Multicast Address used for?

A

Layer 3 to Layer 2 resolution

CCENT (9 decks)

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