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IT Core Knowledge > Network Basics > Flashcards

Network Basics Flashcards

1
Q

List each layer (7 to 1) of the OSI Seven-Layer Model.

A

L7 Application
L6 Presentation
L5 Session
L4 Transport
L3 Network
L2 Data Link
L1 Physical

Remember the mnemonic “All People Seem To Need Data Processing.”

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2
Q

In Windows, type ______ from a command prompt to display the MAC address.

A

ipconfig /all

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3
Q

In macOS, type ______ from a terminal to display the MAC address.

A

ifconfig

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4
Q

In Linux, type ______ from a terminal to display the MAC address.

A

ip a

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5
Q

What is the PDU for Layer 2, the Data Link layer?

A

Frame (Ethernet)

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6
Q

What is the max size of an Ethernet frame’s Data field?

A

1500 bytes

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7
Q

What is the Layer 2 broadcast address?

A

FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

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8
Q

What are the two sublayers of the Data Link layer?

A

Logical Link Control (LLC)
Media Access Control (MAC)

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9
Q

What is the PDU for Layer 3, the Network layer?

A

Packet

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10
Q

Define: MAC or Media Access Control Address (aka. a physical address)

A

A 48-bit (6-byte) unique identifier that is burned onto a ROM chip in every NIC. It is in hexadecimal notation (12 hex digits).

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11
Q

What is an IPv4 address?

A

An IPv4 address is 32-bits (4 bytes) long. It uses dotted decimal notation based on four 8-bit numbers. Each byte is separated by a decimal (192.168.4.232).

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12
Q

What are the PDUs for the Transport Layer?

A

Segments (TCP) and Datagrams (UDP)

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13
Q

What logical addressing is used in the Transport Layer?

A

Port addressing

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14
Q

What is a port?

A

A port - a number between 1 and 65,535 - is a logical value assigned to specific applications or services.

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15
Q

What type of connector does coaxial cable use?

A

F-type connector

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16
Q

What two types of coaxial cables are used and what are their Radio Guide Ohms rating?

A

RG-6 at 75 Ohms
RG-59 at 75 Ohms

(RG-6 is the predominant cable used to connect modems to an ISP)

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17
Q

Cat 5 frequency and bandwidth

A

100 MHz
100 Mbps

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18
Q

Cat 5e frequency and bandwidth

A

100 MHz
1 Gbps

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19
Q

Cat 6 frequency and bandwidth

A

250 MHz
10 Gbps

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20
Q

Cat 6a frequency and bandwidth

A

500 MHz
10 Gbps

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21
Q

Cat 7 frequency and bandwidth

A

600 MHz
10+ Gbps

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22
Q

Cat 8 frequency and bandwidth

A

2000 MHz
25-40 Gbps

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23
Q

What connector does twisted pair use?

A

Technically 8 position 8 contact (8P8C) connectors but commonly called RJ-45 connectors (Network + uses the latter)

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24
Q

What are the two types of fiber-optic cables?

A

Multimode Fiber (MMF)

Single-mode Fiber (SMF)

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25
Q

What four connectors are used with fiber-optic cables?

A

ST (Single Tube)
SC (Single Cube)
LC (Little Cubes)
MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer-Register Jack; slightly resembles RJ-45)

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26
Q

Plenum-rated cable fire rating

A

Safe for the ceiling plenum space and a better choice for vertical runs between floors over riser-rated cables. If it goes in the ceiling or wall, make it plenum.

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27
Q

What pins on an RJ-45 connector are used by 10BASE-T devices?

A

Pins 1 and 2 send data, and pins 3 and 6 receive data.

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28
Q

What is the wire termination order for 568A twisted pair Ethernet cabling?

A

From left to right:
1. Green/White
2. Green
3. Orange/White
4. Blue
5. Blue/White
6. Orange
7. Brown/White
8. Brown

Remember “GO”

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29
Q

What is the wire termination order for 568B twisted pair Ethernet cabling?

A

From left to right:
1. Orange/White
2. Orange
3. Green/White
4. Blue
5. Blue/White
6. Green
7. Brown/White
8. Brown

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30
Q

10BASE-T Summary:
Speed
Distance
Node Limit
Cable Type

A

Speed: 10 Mbps
Distance: 100 m
Node Limit: No more than 1024 nodes per hub
Cable Type: Cat 3 or better UTP

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31
Q

What does Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) do, and what special type of frame does it use for communication between switches?

A

STP eliminates the problem of accidental switching loops by electing one switch as the root bridge. Bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) are the frames used to communicate between switches.

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32
Q

What protocol replaced STP?

A

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)

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33
Q

100BASE-T
Speed
Distance
Node Limit
Cable Type

A

Speed: 100 Mbps
Distance: 100 m
Node Limit: 1024 nodes per hub/switch
Cable Type: Cat 5 or better UTP or STP

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34
Q

100BASE-FX
Speed
Distance
Node Limit
Cable Type

A

Speed: 100 Mbps
Distance: 2 km
Node Limit: 1024 nodes per hub/switch
Cable Type: Multimode fiber-optic (generally OM1) with ST or SC connectors

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35
Q

100BASE-SX
Speed
Distance
Cable Type

A

Speed: 100 Mbps
Distance: Short
Cable Type: Multimode fiber-optic OM1 or OM2 with ST, SC, or LC connectors

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36
Q

What is the IEEE 802.3ab standard called?

A

1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet)

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37
Q

What is the IEEE 802.3z standard called?

A

1000BASE-X (Gigabit Fiber-Optic)

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38
Q

1000BASE-T
Speed
Length
Cable Type
Cable Details

A

Speed: 1 Gbps
Length: 100 m
Cable Type: Cat 5e/6 UTP
Cable Details: Four-pair/ full-duplex

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39
Q

1000BASE-SX
Speed
Length
Cable Type

A

Speed: 1 Gbps
Length: 220-500 m
Cable Type: Multimode fiber, OM2 or better

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40
Q

1000BASE-LX
Speed
Length
Cable Type

A

Speed: 1 Gbps
Length: 5 km
Cable Type: Single-mode fiber OS1 or OS2

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41
Q

10GBASE-SR/SW
Speed
Length
Cabling

A

Speed: 10 Gbps
Length: 33-400 m
Cabling: Multimode fiber (OM3 or better)

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42
Q

10GBASE-LR/LW
Speed
Length
Cabling

A

Speed: 10 Gbps
Length: 10 km
Cabling: Single-mode fiber (OS2 required to reach the full distance)

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43
Q

10GBASE-ER/EW
Speed
Length
Cabling

A

Speed: 10 Gbps
Length: 40 km
Cabling: Single-mode fiber

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44
Q

10GBASE-T
Speed
Length
Cabling
Cable Details

A

Speed: 10 Gbps
Length: 55/100 m
Cabling: Cat 6/6a UTP
Cable Details: Four-pair/ full-duplex

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45
Q

40GBASE-T
Speed
Distance
Cabling

A

Speed: 40 Gbps
Distance: 30 m
Cabling: Cat 8 UTP

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46
Q

What is the official ANSI/TIA naming convention for patch panels?

A

ANSI/TIA-606-C

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47
Q

What is the TIA/EIA 568 specification for UTP horizontal cabling length?

A

90 m, reserving 10 m for patch cables.

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48
Q

What is the TCP three-way handshake?

A

SYN
SYN-ACK
ACK

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49
Q

What does Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) do?

A

It resolves an IP address to an Ethernet MAC address.

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50
Q

What command do you type in Window’s Command Prompt to view the system’s current ARP cache?

A

arp -a

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51
Q

What command do you type in Window’s Command Prompt to delete one of the entries in the ARP table?

A

arp -d [ip address from the cache table]

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52
Q

What command do you type in the Window’s Command Prompt to display the IP and MAC addresses?

A

ipconfig /all

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53
Q

What command do you type in the macOS terminal to display the IP and MAC addresses?

A

ifconfig

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54
Q

What command do you type in the Linux terminal to display the IP and MAC addresses?

A

ip address

(ifconfig is the older command)

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55
Q

Class A IP block:

First Decimal Value
First Binary Octet
Addresses
Subnet Mask

A

First Decimal Value: 1-126
First Binary Octet: 0xxxxxxx
Addresses: 1.0.0.0-126.255.255.255
Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

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56
Q

Class B IP block:

First Decimal Value
First Binary Octet
Addresses
Subnet Mask

A

First Decimal Value: 128-191
First Binary Octet: 10xxxxxx
Addresses: 128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

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57
Q

Class C IP block:

First Decimal Value
First Binary Octet
Addresses
Subnet Mask

A

First Decimal Value: 192-223
First Binary Octet: 110xxxxx
Addresses: 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

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58
Q

Class D IP block (Multicast):

First Decimal Value
First Binary Octet
Addresses

A

First Decimal Value: 224-239
First Binary Octet: 1110xxxx
Addresses: 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255

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59
Q

Class E IP block (Experimental):

First Decimal Value
First Binary Octet
Addresses

A

First Decimal Value: 240-255
First Binary Octet: 1111xxxx
Addresses: 240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255

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60
Q

What is the formula to determine how many hosts a network can have?

A

2^x - 2, where x represents the number of zeroes in the subnet mask.

You subtract two for the network ID (host ID all zeroes) and broadcast address (host ID all 255s).

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61
Q

Define: Anycast packet

A

Where multiple computers share a single address and routers direct messages to the closest computer.

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62
Q

Define: Broadcast packet

A

Where every computer on the LAN hears the message.

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63
Q

Define: Multicast packet

A

Where a single computer sends a message to a group of interested computers. Routers use multicast to talk to each other.

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64
Q

What is subnetting?

A

Taking a single class of IP addresses and chopping it up into multiple smaller groups called subnets. You take an existing /8, /16, or /24 subnet and extend the subnet mask by replacing zeroes with ones.

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65
Q

List the steps to create a Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) subnet.

A
  1. Write the existing subnet mask out in binary and place a vertical line at the end of the ones.
  2. Extend the network ID by replacing one or more zeroes with a one until you have the number of subnets that you need. Place a second vertical line at the end of your new one(s).
  3. Convert your new /(# of 1s) subnet mask into dotted decimal.
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66
Q

What is the formula for determining how many subnets you create in subnetting?

A

2^y, where y is the number of bits (ones) you add to the subnet mask.

2^1 = 2
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8

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67
Q

What are the steps to create the new networks IDs for the subnets created in subnetting?

A
  1. Convert the original network ID into binary.
  2. Add the network ID extensions to the end for each of the subnets you created.
  3. Convert the new network IDs for your subnets into dotted decimal.
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68
Q

What is the DHCP four-way Handshake?

A

Discover
Offer
Request
Acknowledgment

(DORA)

69
Q

What port number do DHCP servers use?

A

port 67

70
Q

What port number do DHCP clients use?

A

port 68

71
Q

What is the network ID for APIPA?

A

169.254.0.0/16

The DHCP client only generates the last two octets of an APIPA address.

72
Q

What command do you type in the Window’s command prompt to reestablish the DHCP lease manually?

A

ipconfig /renew

73
Q

What command do you type in the Window’s command prompt to force a client to release its DHCP lease?

A

ipconfig /release

74
Q

What command do you type into macOS to force a client to release a DHCP lease?

A

sudo ifconfig eth0 down

*Also old command for Linux

75
Q

What command do you type in macOS to renew a DHCP lease manually?

A

sudo ifconfig eth0 up

*Also old command for Linux

76
Q

What command do you type in Linux to force a client to release a DHCP lease?

A

sudo dhclient -r

77
Q

What command do you type in Linux to renew a DHCP lease manually?

A

sudo dhclient

78
Q

What subnet is reserved for loopback addresses?

A

127.0.0.0/8

127.0.0.1 is the traditional loopback address used.

79
Q

What are the private IP address ranges?

A

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (1 Class A network block)

172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (16 Class B network blocks)

192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (256 Class C network blocks)

80
Q

What command do you type in a terminal on Linux to view a computer’s routing table?

A

ip route

81
Q

What command do you type in both macOS and Windows to view a computer’s routing table?

A

netstat -r

82
Q

What does Network Address Translation (NAT) do?

A

NAT replaces the source IP address of a computer with the source IP address from the outside router interface on outgoing packets. NAT is performed by NAT-capable routers.

Routers running some form of NAT hide the IP addresses of computers on the LAN but still enable Internet access.

83
Q

What does Port Address Translation (PAT) do?

A

The router running PAT records the source and destination IP addresses and port numbers for the TCP segment or UDP datagram and translates the private IP address for a public IP address and the source port number for a unique port number.

84
Q

What are the three distinct groups of dynamic routing protocols?

A

Distance Vector
Link State
Hybrid

85
Q

What are the two distance vector routing protocols?

A

Routing Information Protocol: RIPv1 and RIPv2

86
Q

What is the one EGP that the Internet uses for AS-to-AS communication?

A

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Current version BGP-4

87
Q

What are the two Link State dynamic routing protocols?

A

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

88
Q

After OSPF-capable routers send out Hello packets and establish a neighborship with adjacent routers, what type of packets do they send to exchange information about routers and networks?

A

Link State Advertisement (LSA) packets

89
Q

What type of dynamic routing protocol is Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and who developed it?

A

Hybrid

It has aspects of both distance vector and link state protocols.

Cisco developed it.

90
Q

What are the four Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)?

A

RIP
OSPF
IS-IS
EIGRP

91
Q

What do you call (three common names) the serial cable used to connect to and communicate with a router?

A

Console cable
Rollover cable
Yost cable

92
Q

What are the two terminal emulation protocols that allow you to connect to routers?

A

Telnet (older, not secure)
Secure Shell (SSH)

These allow you to use the network instead of a serial cable.

93
Q

What command do you type in the Windows command prompt to record the route between any two hosts and the information of every router between them?

A

tracert

94
Q

What command do you type in a terminal for macOS/UNIX/Linux to record the route between any two hosts and the information of every router between them?

A

traceroute

95
Q

What Windows command line tool pings each node on a route and computes the performance over a set time and then shows you the summary after it has finished?

A

pathping

96
Q

What Linux tool is dynamic and continually updates the route you have selected?

A

My traceroute (mtr)

97
Q

What are five important protocols that use User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in their sessions?

A

DNS (Domain Name System)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

NTP (Network Time Protocol)

SNTP (Simple Network Time Protocol)

TFTP (Trivail File Transfer Protocol)

98
Q

What does Domain Name System (DNS) protocol do?

A

It enables the use of domain names associated with IP addresses for devices connected to IP networks, such as the Internet and private intranets.

99
Q

What do Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) do?

A

They use UDP to synchronize the clocks of devices on a network.

If a device requires NTP/SNTP, then enter the IP address for an NTP/SNTP server onto that device.

100
Q

What does Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) do?

A

It enables you to transfer files from one machine to another using UDP, but lacks data protection.

101
Q

What does Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) do?

A

It works at Layer 3 to handle low-level tasks such as the ping utility sending a single ICMP message called an “echo request” to an IP address you specify.

102
Q

What does Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) do?

A

It enables routers to communicate with hosts and switches to determine a “group” membership for IP multicast addresses (Class D range).

103
Q

Define: Well Known Ports

Number Range: _______

A

Ports reserved for specific TCP/IP applications.

0 - 1,023

104
Q

Define: Registered Ports

Number Range: _________

A

Ports that less common TCP/IP applications can register for with IANA.

Anyone can use these port numbers for their servers or for ephemeral numbers on clients.

1,024 - 49,151

105
Q

Define: Dynamic, Ephemeral, or Private Ports

Number Range: ________

A

Ports that are pseudo-randomly generated for a client computer’s application use.

49,152 - 65,535

106
Q

What does the netstat command utility do on Windows and macOS?

A

Lists the endpoints of your computer’s communication partners.

107
Q

What does the netstat -n switch do?

A

It instructs netstat to show port numbers and IP addresses.

netstat -n

108
Q

What does the netstat -a switch do?

A

It tells netstat to show all used ports, including “listening” ports not engaged in active communications.

netstat -a

109
Q

What does the netstat -o switch do?

A

It tells netstat to show the process ID.

netstat -o

110
Q

What does the netstat -b switch do?

A

It tells netstat to give the name of the running program behind the PID (process ID).

netstat -anob

111
Q

What does the Telnet protocol do?

A

It enables command-line remote access to another computer. The sent data is not encrypted.

112
Q

What does the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol do?

A

It enables remote access via terminal emulation to a remote computer. Both the login and data transmittal are encrypted.

113
Q

What does the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) do?

A

It sends e-mail from clients and between e-mail servers.

114
Q

What does Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) do?

A

It retrieves e-mail from e-mail servers.

115
Q

What does Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 (IMAP4) do?

A

It retrieves e-mail from an e-mail server and enables synchronization of mail among many devices.

It also supports folders that you can place on the IMAP4 server to organize your e-mail.

116
Q

What does the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) do?

A

It transfers files on the Internet, but does not use encryption by default and sends login information in cleartext.

117
Q

What is Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)?

A

It is the underlying protocol used by Web servers.

HTTP defines the commands that browsers (and other software) use to ask Web servers for things and how the server will format what it sends back to the browser.

118
Q

What does Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) do?

A

It enables secure connections between clients and servers by using Transport Layer Security (TLS).

119
Q

FTP
Port #

A

TCP Ports: 20/21 (active), 21 (passive)

120
Q

SSH
Port #

A

TCP Port: 22

121
Q

Telnet
Port #

A

TCP Port: 23

122
Q

SMTP
Port #

A

TCP Port: 25

123
Q

DNS
Port #

A

UDP Port: 53

124
Q

DHCP
Port #

A

UDP Port: 67 (server), 68 (client)

125
Q

TFTP
Port #

A

UDP Port: 69

126
Q

HTTP
Port #

A

TCP Port: 80

127
Q

POP3
Port #

A

TCP Port: 110

128
Q

NTP/SNTP
Port #

A

UDP Port: 123

129
Q

IMAP4
Port #

A

TCP Port: 143

130
Q

HTTPS
Port #

A

TCP Port: 443

131
Q

Define: Server Message Block (SMB)

A

A Layer 7 protocol that supports sharing folders and files.

132
Q

SMB
Port #

A

TCP port: 445

133
Q

What do DNS name servers do?

A

They hold the actual name and IP DNS records in a database called a zone.

134
Q

What do Top-Level Domain (TLD) servers do?

A

They handle the top-level domain (TLD) names, such as .com, .org, .net, .edu, .gov, .mil, .int, and delegate to domain-specific name servers (authoritative name servers).

135
Q

In a Windows command prompt, what do you type to see a host’s DNS cache?

A

ipconfig /displaydns

136
Q

Define: DNS record type - SOA (Start Of Authority)

A

Every zone requires an SOA record that defines the primary name server in charge of the zone.

137
Q

Define: DNS record type - NS (Name Server)

A

An NS record points to the server that holds the records (zone) for a part of the DNS tree.

NS records enable the name servers to know where to point the resolvers to find the authoritative name servers for a specific domain below them in the DNS hierarchy.

138
Q

Define: DNS record type - A (Address)

A

An A record holds the IPv4 address for a host.

139
Q

Define: DNS record type - AAAA (Quad A)

A

An AAAA record holds the IPv6 address for a host.

The four A letters signify that IPv6 addresses are four times longer than IPv4 addresses (128 bits vs. 32 bits).

140
Q

Define: DNS record type - CNAME (Canonical Name)

A

A CNAME record holds the FQDN for an alias that is used.

141
Q

Define: DNS record type - PTR (Pointer)

A

A PTR record reverses the functions of A or AAAA records, and are found only in reverse lookup zones. They use an IP address for their names and hold the FQDN of a host at that address.

142
Q

Define: DNS record type - MX (Mail Exchange)

A

MX records hold the FQDN of the server that handles mail for the domain.

SMTP servers use MX records exclusively to determine where to send mail.

143
Q

Define: DNS record type - SRV (Service)

A

A SRV record is a generic DNS record that supports any type of server by specifying the location of services.

144
Q

Define: DNS record type - TXT (Text)

A

A TXT record is a freeform type of record that can be used for anything.

One use is to enable domains to verify that e-mail being received by a third-party e-mail server is sent by a legitimate server within the domain to help secure against e-mail spoofing.

145
Q

What does the Dynamic DNS (DDNS) protocol do?

A

It enables DNS servers to get automatic updates of the IP addresses for the computers in their forward lookup zones by communications with the local DHCP server.

146
Q

What do you type in a Windows command prompt to flush the local system’s DNS cache?

A

ipconfig /flushdns

147
Q

What do you type in a Windows command prompt to enable DNS server queries?

A

nslookup [IP address or FQDN] [optional DNS server IP address]

148
Q

Any encryption that uses the same key for both encryption and decryption is called:

A

symmetric-key encryption

149
Q

Any encryption that uses different keys for encryption and decryption is called:

A

asymmetric-key encryption

150
Q

Symmetric-key algorithms are either ____ ciphers or ____ ciphers.

A

block
stream

151
Q

Public-key cryptography, the primary asymmetric implementation, generates a key pair. What are these keys called?

A

private key
public key

152
Q

How does asymmetric-key encryption solve the weakness of symmetric-key encryption?

A

The public key of the receiver is used to encrypt the symmetric-key before it is sent, and the receiver uses their private key to decrypt it.

153
Q

What are the three asymmetric algorithms used today?

A

RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman)
DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm)
ECDSA (Elliptic Curve DSA)

154
Q

What is the primary family of cryptographic functions and which two are currently recommended?

A

SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm)
SHA-2 (six variants)
SHA-3 (six variants)

155
Q

The system for creating and distributing digital certificates issued by trusted third party certificate authorities (CA) such as DigiCert, GoDaddy, or Sectigo is called:

A

PKI (Public-Key Infrastructure)

156
Q

What does AAA stand for in network security?

A

Authentication
Authorization
Accounting

157
Q

____ enables two devices to connect, authenticate with a username and password, and negotiate the network protocol the two devices will use.

A

PPP or Point-to-Point Protocol

158
Q

PPP switched from PAP to ____ for a secure authentication routine using hashes.

A

CHAP or Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

159
Q

____ servers provides AAA for remote users accessing a network using point-to-point connections.

A

RADIUS or Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service

160
Q

The ____ protocol supports AAA in a network with many routers and switches that need administration. It is similar to RADIUS in function.

A

TACACS+ or Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus

161
Q

TACACS+
Port #

A

TCP port 49

162
Q

The authentication protocol ____ is used for TCP/IP networks with many clients all connected to a single authenticating server. Microsoft Windows domains rely on it for authentication.

A

Kerberos

163
Q

Kerberos
Port #

A

UDP or TCP port 88

164
Q

What protocol offers secure file transfers, resumption of interrupted file transfers, deletion of files on the server, and more?

A

SFTP or SSH File Transfer Protocol

165
Q

SFTP
Port #

A

TCP port 22

166
Q

What protocol queries the state of network devices and reports whatever device-specific information the devices provide?

A

SNMP or Simple Network Management Protocol

SNMPv3 is the standard version used today.

167
Q

SNMP
Port #s

A

UDP ports 161 and 162

168
Q

What protocol do programs use to query and change a database used by the network (ie. Active Directory)? Domain controllers will use it automatically in the background to keep your databases in good order.

A

LDAP or Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

169
Q

LDAP
Port #s

A

TCP port 389
UDP port 389

IT Core Knowledge (4 decks)

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