nes subtest 1 Flashcards
what is a phoneme?
the individual sounds that make up words. ex “gh, o, s, t”
what is a graphemes?
the individual letters or groups of letters that represent the individual speech sounds
what is the purpose of writ of habeas corpus?
protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment
what is phonological awareness
an understanding that words are composed of sound units and sound units can be combined to form words
what is phonemic awareness
refers to the ability to focus on, hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes
phoneme isolation
recognizing the individual sounds in words
phoneme substitution
turning one word into another by substituting one phoneme for another
oral segmenting
identifying the individual sounds of a word
oral blending
being able to blend phonemes into words
phoneme deletion
being able to identify a sound that has been deleted from a word
environmental print
prints such as logos or stores
affix
is a word that can be added to a root word or a base word to add new meaning
prefix
stem or occurs at the beginning of a word ex. pre-determine
suffix
occurs at the end of the base word ex. wonder-ful
prosodic reading
reading with expression
morphemic analysis
ability to identity meaningful parts of words using prefixes, suffices and roots
word chain
consists of words of a certain category that begin with the letter, that the previous word ended with
figurative language
going beyond the literal meaning of words to describe something
simile
a figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things ex. life is like a box of chocolates
metaphor
figure of speech that involves an implicit comparison of one thing with another word or phrase unlike itself; the comparison is not preceded by like or as
ex. the river was a silk ribbon
allegory
a form of extended metaphor in which objects, persons, and actions are equated with meanings that have moral, social, religious, or political significance. characters are often personifications if such abstract ideas as charity, greed or envy.
ex. The Hare and the tortoise
alliteration
the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in close succession
ex. peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
personification
a figure of speed in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities
ex. the daffodils nodded their heads at the baby bunny
onomatopoeia
the use of words that imitate the sound that they describe
ex. boom, munch, boo-hoo
hyperbole
a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. it is not used to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point.
ex. i’m so hungry i could eat a horse
mood
the feeling that literary work creates for the reader
foreshadowing
a hint of things to come later in the story
flashback
interjected scene that depicts an event that happened in the last
irony
a situation or event resulting in the opposite of what might be expected
euphemism
an agreeable word or expression substituted for one that is potentially offensive
ex. shell shocked vs. ptsd
folktales
seek to explain things about life, nature or the human condition
fables
short stories with moral ending, intended to teach lessons about life
legends
tales about heroes and are rooted in historical events
myths
stories that grew out of peoples need to understand and explain the world around them
narrative writing
retell familiar stories, write sequels or new exposures for favorite characters, or compose original stories.
expository writing
requires students to explain or share information in reports, posters, diagrams or charts
descriptive writing
requires students to create a vivid impression of a person, place or event by painting a picture of it with words, creating a sensory image for readers
persuasive writing
requires students to express an opinion, argue a point, of influence a belief
always supports the logic of an argument with evidence and is meant to sway the opinion of readers
intrapersonal communication
communicating with oneself
ex. thought processing, personal decision making, self-talk, listening and determining self concept
interpersonal communication
communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship
ex. verbal communication - small group conversations, interviews, informal conversations
ex. written communication -email, letters
ex. nonverbal - gestures, vocal intonation
academic communication
formal classroom talk intended to inform or persuade (focused on academic content, information or instructions)
verb
a word that shows action or state of being
ex. run, jump and is, was
adverb
modifies verbs, adjectives, and adverbs usually ending in -ly
ex. gladly, slowly
noun
a word that names a person, place or thing
ex. child, Portland, hammer
proper noun
begin with a capital letter because it is the name of a specific person or place
pronoun
a word that can be used in place of a noun to prevent repetition
ex. I, you, she
adjective
a word that modifies or gives information about a noun or pronoun
ex. yellow jacket or tall building
preposition
a word that shows relationship amongs nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence - direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount
ex. to, under, by
conjunction
a word that connects other phrases or words
ex. and, or, but
interjection
a word that conveys emotion
ex. Wow! Ouch!
apostrophe
to show possession, to take the place of missing letters in contractions and to form plurals of letters and numerals
colon
after greeting in a business letter, to introduce a list, or to introduce a direct quotation
commas
to separate three or more items in a list; separate adjectives that modify the same noun; between a city and a state; between the day and year in a date; after greeting and closing of a friendly letter; direct quotation in the middle of a sentence
dash
to seperate and stress elements in a sentence, after an interrupted or unfinished statement of thought, or to introduce a list of items
ellipsis
three dots in a row to replace words that have been left out
hyphen
to break a word between syllables at the end of a line, in two part numbers ex. twenty-one
public policy
things government does- taxation, defense, education, crime, healthcare, etc
legislative
the power to create laws
carry out public policy
executive
the power to administer the law
judicial
the power to interpret laws and settle disputes
authoritarian
ultimate responsibility for except using these powers is assigned to the people or small group
democracy
the responsibility for exercising these powers is assigned to the people
autocracies
a system of government by one person with absolute power
oligarchies
a small group of people having most or all the political power
direct democracy
public policy established by the people themselves
effective in small communities
indirect democracy
the people choose a small group to act as their representatives to carry out the policies of government
congress
made up of two chambers, the senate and the house of reps
federalism
the sharing or power among the national, state, and local governments
amendment 1
freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom to assemble and petition the government
amendment 2
right to bear arms
admendment 3
freedom from quartering soldiers
amendment 4
freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, warrants much be issued on probable cause and specific
admendment 5
criminal indictments must be by grand jury; freedoms from double jeopardy; from testifying against oneself; right to due process; a right of compensation for takings
amendment 6
right to speedy trial, right to impartial jury, right to be informed of the charges, right to face accusers, right to produce witnesses and right to legal counsel
amendment 7
right to jury trial in civil cases
amendment 8
freedom from excessive bail or fines, freedom from cruel or unusual punishment
monarchy
a government ruled by king or queen (emperor) of a certain state or territory
dictatorship
a form of government in which a single ruler wields absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws
totalitarianism
a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population, as well as political and economic matters
anarchy
a condition of lawless or political disorder brought by the absence of government
epoch
the smallest division of geologic time
paradox of participation
democracy will cease to exist if we do no not
inferences
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
deductive reasoning
logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true
inductive reasoning
a method of drawing conclusions by going firm the specific to the general
which prompted the gulf war
iraq’s invasion of kuwait
social sciences
the scientific study of human society and social relationships
ex. sociology, psychology and anthropology
semicolon
to join two related independent clauses in place of a comma and a coordinating conjuction
mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading
scarity
when needs and wants exceed the resources available to meet them
choice (economic choice)
when one makes economic decisions, alternatives must be considered because of limited resources
opportunity cost
next best alternative that must be given up when a choice is made
goods
physical, tangible products used to satisfy people’s wants and needs
services
activities that provide direct satisfaction of wants and needs
ex. info, entertainment
resources
the labor, capital, land and entrepreneurship used to produce goods and services
natural resources
“gifts of nature”
ex. land, water, wildlife
barter
the direct trading of goods and services with one another without the use of money
profit
the different between revenue and cost of production
interdependence
decisions by Business A affect the decisions of other businesses and the decisions of other businesses affect Business A
producers
people who transform natural resources into goods and services
consumers
people who pitches and use goods and services to satisfy their wants and needs
division of labor/specialization
when workers devote their energies to a single component of a productive task
market
any organized setting where buyers and sellers exchange goods, services, resources, and currencies
economic systems
the way a society organized the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services
market economy
an economic system in which most economic decisions are made by individual consumers and firms interacting through markets
traditional economy
answers to theee basic economic questions are based on how they were addressed in the past
command economy
government provides all the answers to the three basic economic questions
ex. soviet union
mixed economy
both government and the marketplace answer the three basic economic questions
the three basic economic questions
- what will we produce with our resources
- how will we produce these goods
- for whom will we produce these goods
oligopoly
a market structure in which an industry is comprised of only a few firms
stone age
subdivided into paleolithic- a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several homo species used crude rock tooks
mesolithic
8000 BCE -2700
middle stone age
chipped tools
neolithic
stone tools shaped by polishing and grinding
appearance of such crafts as pottery
10000-4500 bc
bronze age
3300-1200 bc
use of bronze
some areas writing
iron age
1200 bc - 600 bc
people cross much of europe, asia, and parts of africa
era 1
the beginnings of human society
era 2
early civilizations and the emergence of pastoral peoples (4000-1000 bce)
era 3
classical traditions, major religions, and giant empires (1000 bce -300 ce)
era 4
expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 ce)
era 5
intensified hemispheric interactions 1000-1500 ce
era 6
the emergence of the first global age 1450-1770 ce
era 7
colonization and settlement 1585-1763
era 8
revolution and the new nation 1754-1820s
era 9
expansion and reform 1801-1861
era 10
civil war and reconstruction 1850-1877
era 11
the development of the industrial united states 1870-1900
era 12
the emergence of modern america 1890-1930
revolutionary war
various taxes and lack of american voice in parliament
1783 treaty of paris ended the war
war of 1812
second war of independence
great britain sought to restrict french trade
mexican american war
brought new territory to us
civil war
economic and social differences between the north and south
states vs federal rights
Spanish american war
issue of cuban independence from spain
ww1
1919 war ended
militarism, alliances, imperialism
ww2
result of totalitarian regimes in germany, italy and japan
korean war
1950 north korean forces moved without warning across the 38th parallel
vietnam war
prevent spread of communism
persian gulf wars
iraq’s invasion of kuwait
the crusades
wars to control over the holy land
axis powers
japan, germany and italy
hundred years’ war
fought between france and england
lithosphere
solid and broken rock that has been sculpted into landforms
continental crust
hydrosphere
water in all forms
oceans, lakes, ice and water within atmosphere
atmosphere
gaseous envelope that encircles earth
weather
biosphere
all life forms and all areas at or near earth that are capable of sustaining life
archipelago
a group or chain of islands clustered together
ex. hawaiian islands
bay
buddy of salt water that extends into land
delta
a fan shaped deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean
gulf
a large bay that is partially surrounded by land
isthmus
a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses usually with water on two sides
peninsula
a body of land that is surrounded by water in three sides but is connected to a mainland area
plateau
an elevated, level expanse of land
prairie
a broad, nearly level stretch of land
plains
strait
a narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water
tectonic plates
earth is made up a dozen or so major plates and several minor plates
nation state concept
form of political organization under which a relatively homogenous people inhibits a sovereign state
state containing one nationality
colonialism
policy/practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country
imperialism
extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
unitary
all powers of government are vested in central government
federal
the powers of government are divided between the center and the units
fragmentation
process or state of breaking or being broken into small parts
gerrymandering
manipulating the boundaries of an electoral constituency
industrial revolution
transformed economies based on large scale industries
factory system
