Nervous Tissue, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, oral, digestive

Question 1

Inside Layer of blood and lymphatic vessels

• Endothelium - Single layer of flattened squamous
• Subendothelium- zone of loose C.T, contains collagen and elastic fibers
• Internal Elastic Membrane- Avascular, corrugated to allow tisue fluid to reach outer layers

Answer 1

Tunica intima

Question 2

Middle Layer of Blood and lymphatic vessels

• Smooth muscle fibers- responsible for vasoconstriction
• Collagen and elastic fibers- run inbetween muscle fibers
• External elastic membrane- elastic fibers thart seperate tunica media from adventitia, avascular

Answer 2

Tunica Media

Question 3

Outer layer of Blood and lymphatic vessels

• Collagen fibers- bundles in excess
• Elastic Fibers- usually concentrate at inner part
• Vasa Vasora- vessels supplying vessels present in adventitia of thick walled vessels

Answer 3

Tunica Adventita

Question 4

Lumen small and wall appears appear think compared to Lumen

• Tunica Intima
• Tunica Media- thickest zone, lack external elastic membranes
• Tunica Aventitia

Answer 4

Arterioles

Question 5

Larger in Diameter than companion arterioles

• Tunica intima
• tunica Media
• Tunica Adventita

Answer 5

Venules

Question 6

• Tunica intima- no internal elastic membrane
• Tunica Media- no external elastic membrane
• Tunica Adventita- widest zone, MAY contain vasa vasora

Answer 6

Small/Medium Size Veins

Question 7

Pocket type valves and are made up of folds of tunica intima

Answer 7

Venous Valves

Question 8

Type I- continuous endothelium- most common

Type II- fenestrated endothelium- fenestrated (showing holes). This type occurs where there is absorption of filtration of fluid (i.e. intestines and glomeruli of kidney)

Answer 8

Capillaries

Question 9

Capillary sinusoids

Regular sinusoids

Answer 9

Sinusoids

Question 10

1- Capillaries
2- Sinusoids
3- Arterio-venous anastomosis

Answer 10

Connections btn arterial and venous sides

Question 11

represent the main connection between arterial and venous sides of circulation. Very small vessels with a diameter of 7-9 microns

Answer 11

Capillaries

Question 12

Are flattened branching cells in relation to outer walls of blood capillaries. These cells may differentiate into phagocytotic or contractile cells

Answer 12

Pericytes

Question 13

larger than capillaries. Their diameter ranges between 40-50 microns.

Blood sinusoids found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

Answer 13

True sinusoids

Question 14

Are present more commonly in some endocrine glands like pituitary or adrenal

Answer 14

Sinusoidal Capillaries

Question 15

Connect arterioles with venules directly, bypassing capillaries.

• Tunica Intima
• Tunica Media- Very thick
• Tunica Adventitia

Locations: Tips of fingers, toes, nose, lips, ears, and some internal organs.

Answer 15

Arteriovenous Anastomoses or Shunts

Question 16

Arteriovenous anastomoses of the fingers and toes made up of branching convuluted vessels

Answer 16

glomus

Question 17

Innermost layer of heart

A. inner zone: a thin sheet of fine collagen fibers

B. Middle zone: Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle fibers

C. Outer zone- frequently called the subendothelium. Made up of loose areoler. Also contains Purkinje Fibers

Answer 17

Endocardium

Question 18

Middle and thickest layer of the heart.

Myocardium sends projections into the lumen to form the papillary muscles

Answer 18

Myocardium

Question 19

Outer layer of the heart

A Serous Layer- covers heart and represents visceral layer of pericardium. Made of mesothelial cells

B. Subepicardial layer- internal to serous membrane connecting it to the myocardium

Answer 19

Epicardium

Question 20

Tricuspid and Mitral.

Answer 20

Valves of the heart

Question 21

found at root of aorta and pulmonary artery

Answer 21

Semilunar Valve

Question 22

SA and AV nodes

Purkinje Fibers (Bundle of His)- found in the subendocardium

Answer 22

Conduction System of the heart

Question 23

what is excitability?

Answer 23

ability to produce action potential in response to a stimulus

Question 24

what is conductivity?

Answer 24

ability to propagate action potential along the neural membrane

Question 25

Neurons are?

Answer 25

cells with multiple processes, one AXON conducting action potentials away from cell body -one or more DENDRITES conducting graded potentitlas toward the cell body

Question 26

cells of support to the nerve cells and their processes. (two main types, each has various subtypes)

Answer 26

neuroglia cells

Question 27

Unipolar pseudounipolar Bipolar Multipolar

Answer 27

types of neurons

Question 28

one process | e.g., in spinal ganglia

Answer 28

Unipolar or pseudopolar

Question 29

with two processes | e.g., in retina

Answer 29

bipolar neurons

Question 30

are with two or more subtypes

Answer 30

multipolar neurons

Question 31

Myelin sheath nerve fiber

Answer 31

mainly formed of lipid divided into segments, the internodal segments by constrictions known as NODES OF RANVIER. Function: SPEED UP CONDUCTION

Question 32

nerve fiber coverings

Answer 32

Myelin sheath; | neurolemma or schwann's sheath

Question 33

Types of synaptic contacts

Answer 33

Axosomatic Axodendritic Axoaxonic

Question 34

sites of contact between nerve cells or nerve cells and end organs

Answer 34

synapses

Question 35

ONLY ONE PER CELL | usually thin and long with terminal branches(telodendria)

Answer 35

axon

Question 36

MAY BE ONE OR MORE | usually short thick wall, many branches.

Answer 36

dendrites

Question 37

Golgi type II cells have short____?

Answer 37

axons

Question 38

Golgi type I cells have long ____?

Answer 38

axons

Question 39

Multipolar subtypes

Answer 39

1. Stellate-star shaped e. g., in autonomic ganglia 2. pyramidal- e.g., in cerebral cortex 3. Piriform- pear shaped, e.g., in cerebellum 4. Granule cells- small with nucleus filling most of the cell e. g., in cerebellum

Question 40

they are PHAGOCYTIC CELLS arising from mesoderm, found in gray and white matter of CNS

Answer 40

microglia

Question 41

They FORM THE MYELIN SHEATH around nerves and develop from ectoderm

Answer 41

oligodendroglia

Question 42

Two subtypes of astrocytes

Answer 42

Protoplasmic astrocytes- FOUND IN GRAY MATTER OF CNS Fibrous Astrocytes- FOUND IN WHITE MATTER OF cns; Astrocytes develop from ectoderm

Question 43

star shaped, mutiple processes ending by perivasculatr feet over bl vessels. They FORM BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Answer 43

Astrocytes

Question 44

3 subtypes of neuroglia proper

Answer 44

Astrocytes; Oligodendroglia; Microglia

Question 45

Modified neuroglia found in

Answer 45

in CNS and PNS

Question 46

Neuroglia proper found in

Answer 46

only in the CNS

Question 47

Neuroglia cells. what is their function and name the two main types.

Answer 47

cells of support to nerve cells and their processes | Main types are Neuroglia Proper- Modified neuroglia

Question 48

Types of nerve fibers

Answer 48

1. NAKED FIBERS- No coverings-e.g., grey matter of CNS 2. MYELINATED BUT NO NEUROLEMMA- e.g., white matter of CNS 3. NEUROLEMMA BUT NO MYELIN- eg, autonomic nerves 4. NEUROLEMMA AND MYELIN- e.g., spinal nerves

Question 49

lie outside myelin sheath, series of flat cells with flat nuclei, known as SCHWANN CELLS. Function: as protective covering, plays role in regenerating nerves, forms myelin sheath

Answer 49

neurolemma/schwann sheath

Question 50

Neuroglia functions

Answer 50

1. support nerve cells and processes 2. control flow of material to N. tissue, perivascular feet form layer around bl vessels, thus BBB 3. defense of cns via phagocytic microglia 4. formation of myelin by oligodendroglia

Question 51

Modified neuroglia

Answer 51

1. CNS and PNS 2.Neurolemma Cells (schwann cells)- present only in PNS Satellite Cells- are schwann cells SURROUNDING CELL BODIES OF NEURONS INSIDE GANGLIA Ependymal cells- LINING VENTRICLES of the brain and central canal of sp cord, are columnar cells with some cilia