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Micro Anatomy > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Goals

A
  • Define various basic terms
    • Central Nervous Sysetm
    • Peripheral Nervous System
    • Autonomic Nervous System
    • Nervous tissue
    • Nerve and Tract
    • Ganglion and Nucleaus
    • Gray and White matter
  • Describe structure of neuron
  • Classify tyes of neurons
  • Describe myelin sheath
  • Describe glial cells
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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

Comprised of nerves and ganglia

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4
Q

Autonomc Nervous Syste

A
  • Functional nervous system
    • Sympathetic: Fight or flight
    • Parasympathetic: Rest and Digest
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5
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Neurons
  • Supporting elements
    • Glial cells (CNS)
    • Schwann cells (PNS)
    • Satallite cells (PNS)
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6
Q

Neuron

A
  • Structural and functional unit of nervous system
  • 3 parts:
    • Cell body
    • Dendrites
    • Axon
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7
Q

Cell Body

A
  • “Soma” or “perikaryon”
  • Processes information/signals
  • Contains:
    • Nucleus:
      • Centrally located, generally spherical with prominent nucleolus
      • Euchromatic - intense activity
    • Cytoplasm:
      • Contrains RER that appear as clumps of basophilic material called Nissl substance
        • ​Nissl substance is abundant in large nerve cells
          • Motor neurons
    • Neurotubules:
      • Microtubules
    • Neurofilaments:
      • Intermediate fibers with a diameter of 10 nm
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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the Central Nervous System

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9
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the Peripheral Nervous System

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10
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Cell processes, branch extensively like tree
  • Conduct information toward soma
  • Become thinner as they branch
  • Covered with spines (gemmules; dendritic spines)
  • Contain Nissl substance
  • One to many dendrites per nerve cell
    • Ex: Single Purkinje cell of the cerebellum has approx. 200,000 dendrites
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11
Q

Axons

A
  • Cell processes that conduct information away from the soma
  • Most neuron have single axon
  • Vary in length and diameter
  • Axoplasm contains SER but NO Nissl Substance
  • Originate from a pyramid saped region of soma called axon hillock
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12
Q

Neuron Types

A
  • Classified based on:
    1. Morphology
      • Bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar
      • Myelinated or unmyelinated
      • Fiber diameter
    2. Function:
      • Sensory or motor
      • Visceral or somatic
      • General or special
      • Bodian
    3. Anatomical location
    4. Conductive velocity - fast vs slow
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13
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A
  • One axon and two or more dentrites
  • Include most motor neurons
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14
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A
  • One axon and one dendrite
  • Include sensory neurons of retina, olfactory mucosa, and inner ear
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15
Q

Unipolar/Pseudounipolar Neurons

A
  • Single process that bifurcates close to the some, with longer branchesextending to peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS
  • All other sensory neurons
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16
Q

Anaxonic Neurons

A
  • Many dendrites but no true axon
  • Do not produce action potentials
  • Regulate electrical changes of adjacet neurons
  • Fund in the retina
17
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • A soft white material of lipid and protein secreted by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
  • Allows neurons to conduct action potentials at greater velocities
  • The sheath consist of a series of myelinated segments, each extending about 1 mm along the outer surface of axon
    • Segments are separated by small gaps called Nodes of Ranvier
    • Sheath prevents the movement of ions/current and hence ion channels are mostly concentrated in the Nodes of Ranvier
18
Q

Myelin Sheath Path

A
19
Q

Tract

A

Collection of axonal processes in the central nervous system

(ascending tract)

20
Q

Nerve

A

Collection of axonal processes in the peripheral nervous system

(phrenic nerve)

21
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • Central Nervous System
    • Astrocytes
    • oligodendroglia
    • Microglia
    • Ependymal cells
  • Peripheral Nervous System
    • Ganglionic gliocytes (Satallite cells)
    • Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
22
Q

Grey Matter

A
  • Composed of neuronal cell bodies,dendrites, and axonal terminals
  • Integration of information received from the periphery for neural processing
  • Output for appropriate regulation in response to received signals
23
Q

White Matter

A
  • Composed of bundles of axons
  • Relay between brain and spinal cord
24
Q

Functions of Glial cells

A
  • Provide support
    • CNS is poor in connective tissue
    • After injury “scars” are formed by proliferating astrocytes
  • Nutrition
  • Communication
25
Q

Eppendymal Cells

A
  • Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord
  • Cilia are present on some cells
  • Typically cuboidal or columnar
  • Contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
26
Q

Schwann and Satellite Cells

A

Micro Anatomy (6 decks)

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