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week 8 - nervous system > nervous sytem 1 > Flashcards

nervous sytem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

key functions

A
  • communication
  • regulation of internal events
  • behavioural organisation
  • storage of information
  • sensations, perceptions and emotions
  • makes us who we are, and how we feel and move in the world
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2
Q

organisational arrangement- structural

A

central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system
- spinal nerves and cranial nerves

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3
Q

functions

A

peripheral NS (left)
- sensory: somatic afferent and visceral afferents
central NS (centre)
- brain and spinal cord
peripheral NS (right)
- motor: somatic efferents and visceral efferents (autonomic NS)
- pre synaptic -> ganglion-> visceral efferents ( involuntary, eg heart)

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

brain- 1.5kg
cerebrum- gyri and sulci
cerebellum- controls movement, coordination.
brainstem- responsible for breathing and heart rate

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5
Q

function of parts of brain

A
  • telencephalon- cerebrum
    diencephalon- thalamus, hypothalamus
  • telencephalon+diencephalon= forebrain
  • mesencephalon- midbrain ( vision, hearing, motor function, arousal state)
  • hindbrain- development organisation
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6
Q

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes

A
  • frontal: long term memory, speech, movement, personality
  • parietal: sensory integration, language interpretation, spatial/visual perception.
  • occipital: visual processing
  • temporal: primary auditory cortex, memory, understanding language
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7
Q

neuron

A
  • main part is called cell body, nucleus found and cytoplasm
    -information is coming into the neurone by dendrite cells
  • information is passed by electrical impulses through the axon, insulated by the myelin sheath (composed of schwan cells) fatty
  • node of ranvier speed up impulses as they pass along the axon
  • travel down to the axon terminals, fibres.
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8
Q

glia cells

A

astrocytes- provide nutrients to neurons in the CNS
microglia- defence role, phagocytic
ependymal cells- involved in the production eg. cerebrospinal fluid
oligodendrocytes- neuronal support and myelin formation in the CNS
schwann cells- neuronal support and myelin formation in the PNS

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9
Q

spinal cord

A
  • ## 7 cervical, 12 pairs of thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and coccygeal
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10
Q

conus medullaris

A
  • lower end of the spinal cord at L12
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11
Q

cauda equina

A
  • nerve rootlets compromised at L2-L5
  • as the spinal cord ends at L1/L2, cerebrospinal fluid can be extracted at this point from the subarachnoid space.
    -The caudal equine sits in a place called the lumbar cistern which is a space formed by the subarachnoid space
  • it extends from the conus medullar is to S2
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12
Q

structure of spinal cord

A

dorsal horn- towards the back (posterior)
ventral horn- towards the front (anterior)
- afferent information enters the dorsal root ganglion ( where cell bodies are located) then to dorsal horn
- information can pass upwards to the brain and then back down
- information will be relayed either directly or from the brain into the ventral horn
- ventral roots- efferent information, information from nerves that exit the spinal cord
- efferent signals to muscles and glands via ventral roots

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13
Q

somatic sensory nuclei and somatic motor nuclei

A
  • afferent information arrives to
  • ## somatic motor nuclei, information leave to gp to the skeletal muscles towards (example)
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14
Q

visceral sensory nuclei and autonomic efferent nuclei

A
  • taken information from organ and internal organs
  • information about to leave from the spinal cord
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15
Q

vertebral column

A
  • body of vertebra (round)
  • spinous process (central spike)
  • transverse processes ( left and right spikes)
  • all these structures surround the vertebral foramen
  • spinal cord places in the centre
  • information comes in from the periphery into the dorsal aspect (may go straight across spinal cord or up to brain and back for processing)
  • informations goes out through the ventral area and back into spinal nerves
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16
Q

meninges

A
  • 3 layers that wrap around the brain and spinal cord
    dura- thick membrane and made of dense irregular tissue ( periosteal= outer, meningeal= inner)
  • arachnoid- does not pass into the suci and pressed against the dura
  • pia- innermost layer of meninges and is delicate and allows blood vessels to pass through and nourish the brain
    subarachnoid space- blood vessels and arachnoid villus/villi
  • dura membrane sits in between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
  • subdural space- sits above arachnoid mater, tightly adhered together
17
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • 7 cervical verterbra but 9 spinal nerves
  • plexus- collection of nerves
  • brachial pexus- set of nerves from C5-T1, supplies motor and sensory information from/to upper limbs
  • thoraces nerves alongside thoracic vertebra, 12 of them
    lumbar plexus- from L1-L5
    sacral plexus- S1-S5
    coccyx, 5 nerves
    intervertebral foramen- passage for spinal nerves to exit, information comes out
18
Q

spinal nerves function

A
  • each spinal nerve contains many sensory and motor axons
  • the axons supply structure in a well defined part of the body
  • for sensory neurone these regions are called dermatomes
  • the motor axons supply blocks of muscle called myotomes
19
Q

dermatomes

A
  • C1 does not have may dorsal ( sensory) root, has no dermatome associated with it, only has motor root with supplies the neck muscles.
20
Q

peripheral neuron system

A
  • psuedonipolar neuron- has 1 extension from its cell body, and splits into 2 branches- one goes peripherally and the other centrally
    multipolar neurons- single axon and many dendrites, typically motor neurone
    automatic multi0polar neuron- synapses between 2 neuron’s
21
Q

nerves of PNS

A

somatic multipolar motor- voluntary control of body
lateral grey horn- sympathetic nervous system will come off in the spinal cord, specifically from T1-L2
- presynaptic neuron: sends signals to postsynaptic nerve across synapse
-post synaptic neuron:

22
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs
  • connected to the brain and brainstem
  • provide sensory and motor supply to head and neck structures
23
Q

names cranial nerves (PNS)

A
  1. olfactory- small
  2. optic- vision
  3. oculomotor-eye movement
  4. trochlear- eye movement
  5. trigeminal- motor to muscles of mastication and general sensory to the face
  6. abducens- eye movement
  7. facial- muscles of facial expression
  8. vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance
  9. glossopharyngeal- swallowing, taste
  10. vagus- wandering nerve around heart, lung, gut
  11. spinal accessory- neck muslces
  12. hypopglossal- muscle of tongue
24
Q

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

A

somatic nervous system- somatic sensory system, somatic motor system

autonomic nervous system- visceral afferent fibres and visceral efferent fibres: sympathetic (thoracolumbar T1-L2) parasympathetic (craniosacral S2-4)

week 8 - nervous system (4 decks)

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