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Intro to neuroscience #1 > Nervous systems > Flashcards

Nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system made of?

A

Glial cells and neurons

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2
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A specific type of cell that is in the nervous tissue, its key function is to receive and process information and send signals to other cells

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3
Q

When does an electrical signal travel down its length?

A

When a neuron “fires” or produces an action potential

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4
Q

What happens after action potential?

A

The neuron will release a neurotransmitter onto other cells (typically, or it passes the electrical signal directly into another cell)

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5
Q

Specific features of a neuron

A

shape, membrane channels & receptors, electrical charge, action potentials & neurotransmitter release.

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6
Q

What are the two factors of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

network of nerves that communicate between the CNS and the rest of the body

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9
Q

Info on the central nervous system

A

the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is split into 2 hemispheres, the cerebellum is primarily involved in controlling movement

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10
Q

What does the brain stem do (part of the CNS)

A

It regulates vital functions such as consciousness, breathing, and temperature control

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11
Q

What does the spinal cord do (part of CNS)

A

The major conduit of information between the body and the brain

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12
Q

What are the 2 parts within the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

Somatic nervous system importance

A

Sensory info to the brain (afferent: carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord)), muscle commands to muscles (efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body)

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Communicates between the brain and organs

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15
Q

Info on somatic PNS

A

Somatic PNS consists of all the spinal nerves that innervate
the skin, joints, and muscles under voluntary control.

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16
Q

Info on autonomic PNS

A

consists of the neurons that innervate internally
organs, blood vessels, and glands (i.e. involuntary control).

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17
Q

Afferent neurons

A

carries information into the CNS

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18
Q

Efferent neurons

A

carries information away from the CNS

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19
Q

HOW TO REMEMBER EFFERENT AND AFFERENT

A

sensory input often preceded a motor
response, so A comes before E. Also, E is for Exiting the brain

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20
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Form the somatic peripheral nervous system, carry somatosensory info into and motor instructions out of the spinal cord, there are 31 pairs

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21
Q

2 parts in the automatic nervous system

A

Sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system

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22
Q

Sympathetic (ANS)

A

Arouses, chain of “ganglia” along the spinal cord. flight or fight

23
Q

Parasympathetic (ANS)

A

Calms, some ganglia near the target organs

24
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Communicate with body parts and brain but bypass the spinal cord
*Part of the peripheral nervous system
* Some somatic (sensory input and motor commands), some
autonomic (e.g., vagus nerve)

25
Q

2 parts of the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

26
Q

meninges

A

protected by bony vertebrae, both the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 layers of protective tissue called meninges (pia, arachnoid, and dura mater)

27
Q

The spinal cord

A

Carries tactile information from the skin up to the brain (afferent) and sends signals down from the brain to control movements (efferent), these nerves bundle into roots where they enter/exit the spinal cord, the central portion of the spinal cord is gray matter shaped like a butterfly.

28
Q

Gray matter

A

It contains the cell bodies of neurons whose axons can cause muscles to contract.

29
Q

The 4 major structures of the brain stem

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum, and midbrain

30
Q

The midbrain

A

Contains nuclei that process and direct attention to auditory and visual infromation, the other nuclei are the source of modulatory neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which regulate sleep, arousal, mood, reward, etc.

31
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain”, 10% of the brains volume, but most of its neurons, function: fine motor control, motor learning, timing, predicting sensory and motor events, among other things

32
Q

The diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus as well as the pineal gland and the pituitary

33
Q

The thalamus

A

is a “gateway” or “relay station” for sensory information arriving into the brain before going to the cortex (contains many different nuclei with different functions)

34
Q

The hypothalamus and associated glands

A

involved in hormones, motivation, homeostasis, etc

35
Q

Basal ganglia

A

decision making, inittiating voluntary movements, among other functions

36
Q

Amygdala

A

fear response, emotion

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

involved in episodic memory navigation

38
Q

Cortical lobes

A

frontal lobe, central sulcus, parietal lobe, occipital lobed, cerebellum, brainstem, temporal lobe, lateral fissure

39
Q

The neocortex

A

motor, sensory, vision, audition

40
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies

41
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

42
Q

Ventricles

A

canal and chambers full of cerebrospinal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid is also in the subarachnoid space, forming a cushion around the brain, and in the spinal cord

43
Q

cerebrospinal fluid production

A

produced by the choroid plexus (tissue in the lateral ventricles), the circulate around, eventually absorbed into blood vessels

44
Q

views of the brain

A

lateral (side profile), dorsal (looking on the top of my head), anterior (forehead), posterior (back of the head)

45
Q

3 planes of the brain sections

A

sagital (straight middle of head), horizontal (eye split), coronal (ear to ear split)

46
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

47
Q

isilateral

A

same sides (two dots on the left for example)

48
Q

contralateral

A

opposite sides

49
Q

glial cells

A

just as numerous as neurons, more than just “glue”: support, maintain, repair, insulate neurons, and regulate neural activity, problems with glia involved in many neurological disorders

50
Q

Astrocytes

A

Regulate chemical content of extracellular fluid, regulate synaptic transmission (suck up neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft), also respond electrochemically to neurotransmitters, support the blood-brain barrier, regulate blood flow, and probably more

51
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

They are in the brain & spinal cord

52
Q

Schwann cells

A

they are in the peripheral nerves

53
Q

Microglia

A

borne in bone marrow, enter the brain along with blood and immune cells, they respond to damage, clean up dead cells trigger inflammation

54
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Lines the central canal of the spinal cord and the and the ventricles of the brain (they help create cerebra-spinal fluid and keep it moving with cilia)

Intro to neuroscience #1 (4 decks)

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