Nervous system - structure and development Flashcards
In four legged animals what does dorsal: ventral mean?
Back and belly
what does Cranial: caudal mean?
Head end and tail end
What does proximal: distal mean?
Close to and far away
In four legged animals what does anterior: posterior mean?
front end and back end
- in a four-legged animal it means the same thing as cranial: caudal
What does rostral mean?
Nose or mouth end
What does Medial: lateral mean?
Towards the midline or away from it
What does anterior: posterior mean in two legged animals?
The same as ventral and dorsal: belly and back
What does superior: inferior mean in two legged animals?
position in the vertical axis - closer to head or feet
What does cephalic: caudal mean?
Head: tail end (cephalic is sometimes used instead of cranial)
What is the frontal plane?
Sliced from the front
What is the sagittal plane?
Cut into left and right
What is the transverse plane?
Cut horizontally
What are motor/ efferent neurones?
Neurones that carry a signal towards a target tissue or organ, in order to make something happen
What are sensory/ afferent neurones?
Sensory neurones detect changes in the environment and carry signals about that change to the central nervous system
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls many of our bodies’ involuntary responses to its environment. It is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
What is one of the reasons we have a nervous system?
So we can move
What do sponges, jellyfish (invertebrates) ect. have instead of a nervous system?
A nerve net
What do more advanced invertebrates (arthropods) have as their nervous system?
- ventral cord (compared with dorsal cord in vertebrates)
- brain
When did the vertebrate brain appear?
- Small collection of neuronal control circuits (primitive brain) in amphioxus (cephalochordate)
- Higher in the evolutionary change we can see a brain with brain divisions common to all vertebrates (e.g. a shark brain): olfactory bulb, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, optic tectum, brain stem containing medulla oblongata
- Mammals: neocortex (enables us to process complex information)
What four sections is the central nervous system of vertebrates split up into?
- forebrain
- midbrain (part of brain stem)
- hindbrain/ rhombencephalon (part of brain stem)
- spinal cord
What does the forebrain contain?
Telencephalon: cortex and olfactory bulb
Diencephalon: thalamus and hypothalamus
What does the midbrain contain?
Mesencephalon: tectum and tegmentum
What does the hindbrain contain?
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum (separate from brain stem)
What are the three layers of cells in an embryo?
Endoderm (linings of organs; viscera)
Mesoderm (bones and muscles)
Ectoderm (nervous system and skin)
How does the nervous system develop?
- first the ectoderm starts to become specialised
- a streak forms down the middle
- Specialisation in the neural plate - a region which is going to become the nervous system
- Specialisation in a region which is going to become the epidermis (there is a neural plate border between these two regions)
- The middle of the neural plate starts to dip down – the neural plate folds and fuses to form the neural tube (continuous layer of epidermis with neural tube and neural crest beneath it)
- CNS develops from the walls of the neural tube. PNS (peripheral nervous system) derives from the neural crest
- The notochord arises from the mesosome and will eventually develop into the vertebral column, it helps with the orchestration of the changes that the neural tube undergoes
- As the neural tube closes it zips up from the middle and the closing carries on to the anterial and posterial end, you end up with a pore at each end which need to close