Nervous system Overview

Question 1

What are the two divisions of the Nervous system?

Answer 1

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Question 2

What are the three functions of the Nervous system?

Answer 2

Three basic functions of the nervous system are: 1.detecting stimuli (sensory function); 2.analyzing, integrating, and storing sensory information (integrative function); 3.and responding to integrative decisions (motor function).

Question 3

What makes up CNS?

Answer 3

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 4

What makes up PNS ? Give examples.

Answer 4

All nervous tissue outside CNS. Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Ganglia Sensory receptors on skin

Question 5

Name three divisions of PNS?

Answer 5

Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Enteric nervous system

Question 6

What is the SNS ?

Answer 6

The SNS consists of sensory neurons that conduct impulses from somatic and special sense receptors to the CNS and motor neurons from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

Question 7

What is the ANS?

Answer 7

The ANS contains sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands.

Question 8

What are the five sensory receptors ,give their function.

Answer 8

1.Mechanoreceptors—respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch 2.Thermo receptors—sensitive to changes in temperature 3.Photoreceptors—respond to light energy (e.g., retina) 4.Chemoreceptors—respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) 5.Nociceptors— sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals

Question 9

What are the three parts of a neuron? Give function.

Answer 9

Neurons have three parts. 1.The dendrites are the main receiving or input region. 2.Integration occurs in the cell body. 3.The output part typically is a single axon, which conducts nerve impulses toward another neuron, an effector: muscle fiber, or a gland cell.

Question 10

Classification of neurons based on structure.

Answer 10

Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar

Question 11

Classification of neurons based on function.

Answer 11

Sensory neurons -afferent Motor neurons -efferent Interneurons-association neurons

Question 12

Somatic reflex arcs

Answer 12

receptor sensory neuron association neuron motor neuron effector

Question 13

Autonomic and Enteric reflex arcs

Answer 13

receptor sensory neuron association neuron motor neuron effector

Question 14

What do the Autonomic and Enteric reflex arcs stimulate?

Answer 14

smooth muscle cardiac muscle endocrine and exocrine glands adipose tissue

Question 15

give examples of neuroglia cells in CNS and PNS and their function.

Answer 15

Neuroglia support, nurture, and protect neurons and maintain the interstitial fluid that bathes them. -Neuroglia in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. -Neuroglia in the PNS include Schwann cells and satellite cells

Question 16

Name two types of neuroglia cells that produce myelin sheaths.

Answer 16

Two types of neuroglia produce myelin sheaths: Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS, and Schwann cells myelinate axons in the PNS.

Question 17

What is the difference between white matter and gray matter?

Answer 17

White matter consists of aggregates of myelinated axons. Gray matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

Question 18

What is a nerve impulse?

Answer 18

Neurons communicate with one another using nerve action potentials, also called nerve impulses

Question 19

What is the resting membrane potential?

Answer 19

-70mV

Question 20

What causes the resting membrane potential?

Answer 20

The resting membrane potential arises due to an unequal distribution of ions on either side of the plasma membrane and a higher membrane permeability to K+ than to Na+. The level of K+ is higher inside and the level of Na+ is higher outside, a situation that is maintained by sodium–potassium pumps

Question 21

what is a polarized cell?

Answer 21

A cell that exhibits a membrane potential is polarized.

Question 22

What is a synaptic transmission?

Answer 22

Neurons communicate with other neurons and with effectors at synapses in a series of events known as synaptic transmission

Question 23

What happens at the synapse?

Answer 23

At a synapse, a neurotransmitter is released from a presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft and then binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron

Question 24

how is a neurotransmitter removed?

Answer 24

Neurotransmitter is removed in three ways: 1 diffusion, 2 enzymatic destruction, 3 re-uptake by neurons or neuroglia

Question 25

give examples of neurotransmitters

Answer 25

acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, nor-epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, neuropeptides, and nitric oxide.