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Exam 2 AS 464 > Nervous System Organization > Flashcards

Nervous System Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System is Composed of:

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain or spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Outside the brain or spinal cord. Nerve fibers that carry information

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4
Q

PNS subdivided into two divisions

A

Afferent and Efferent

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5
Q

Afferent

A
  • Carries information from sensors to the CNS
  • Transmits information of the external environment and of internal activities (visceral stimuli) regulated by the nervous system
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6
Q

Efferent

A
  • Transmits information from the CNS to effector organs (muscles, glands, and other organs)
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7
Q

Subdivisions of Efferent

A

Somatic and autonomic

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8
Q

Somatic

A
  • Voluntary system
  • Consists of fibers of the motor neurons that supply the skeletal muscles
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9
Q

Autonomic

A
  • Involuntary system
  • Fibers that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and other on-motor organs
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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10
Q

The nervous system evolved from …

A

Basic Reflex Arcs

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11
Q

Multiple synaptic connections allow for …

A

inputs from “higher” integrators to modify basic reflex arcs

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12
Q

Afferent Neurons

A
  • Make up the afferent divisions of PNS
  • The peripheral ending has a sensory receptor that generates an AP in response to stimulus
  • The cell body is located OUTSIDE to the spinal cord in a GANGLION in the dorsal root
  • Usually no dendrites, long peripheral axon (afferent fiber), short central axon passes from the cell body to the spinal cord with multiple terminals
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13
Q

Efferent Neurons

A
  • Cell bodies originate WITHIN the CNS and axons (efferent fibers) leave the CNS to the muscles or glands they innervate
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14
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Lie ENTIRELY WITHIN THE CNS and makeup about 99% of neurons in the body
  • Exist between efferent and afferent neurons to integrate peripheral responses to peripheral information
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15
Q

Five fundamental components of REFLEX ARCS

A
  1. All reflex arcs with a SENSORY RECEPTOR - transduces an environmental cue that is converted to an AP (example: retina, muscle, spindle, skin)
  2. Arc contains a SENSORY NEURON (afferent) that carries the AP from the receptor to the CNS. Enters the spinal cord through the dorsal roots.
  3. Arc SYNAPSES in the CNS (usually more than 1 synapse)
  4. A MOTOR NEURON (efferent neuron) carries the AP to the target organ (effector). Motor nerves leave the spinal cord through the ventral root
  5. TARGET ORGAN (effector organ) that causes the reflex response
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16
Q

The PNS also harbor _______ that contain somas of most sensory neurons

A

ganglia

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17
Q

Ganglia

A

Swellings containing aggregations of neuron cell bodies and processes

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18
Q

Reflexes are _______ (right to left) without higher order intervention (from the brain)

A

coordinated

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19
Q

Efferent Components of the Nervous System

A
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
  • Enteric
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20
Q

Somatic

A
  • Control of skeletal muscle (body motion, speech, breathing, etc)
  • VOLUNTARY system
  • Motor neurons extend from the CNS directly to target tissue
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21
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

Do not have a peripheral neuron-to-neuron synapse

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22
Q

Autonomic

A
  • Regulates involuntary functions (automatic)
  • Prior to terminating at target tissues, synapses occur at ganglia in the PNS
  • Neurons divided into pre and post ganglionic creates = TWO NEURON CHAIN
  • Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
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23
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • Fight or flight response
  • Ganglia primarily near the spinal cord
  • SHORT preganglionic neurons emanating from the spinal column
  • Release norepinephrine or noradrenaline (NE) termed adrenergic neurons
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24
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • Rest and digest response
  • Ganglia at or near the effector organ
  • LONG preganglionic neurons from the brain or sacral region
  • Release of acetylcholine (termed cholinergic neurons)
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25
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons…

A

of the autonomic system all release acetylcholine (ACh)

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26
Q

Post-ganglionic neurons…

A

of the autonomic system all release different neurotransmitters

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27
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Modified ganglion that reinforces the sympathetic system
  • Directly releases hormones into the blood
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28
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

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29
Q

Each autonomic neurotransmitter and medullary hormone creates..

A

Either activating or inhibiting responses in different tissues

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30
Q

Tissue responsiveness is then controlled by..

A

Receptors

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31
Q

Responses to the same neurotransmitters (norepinephrine or epinephrine) can..

A

produce either excitatory/activating or inhibitory responses

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32
Q

Enteric:

A
  • Regulates involuntary functions (automatic) of the digestive tract
  • Can act independently of the rest of the nervous system
  • Digestive activities are influenced by the autonomic system
33
Q

Sympathetic examples:

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
  • Skeletal muscle contraction
  • Bronchiole Tubes (lungs) dialate
  • Adrenergic Receptors
34
Q

Parasympathetic examples:

A
  • Rest + Digest
  • Acetylcholine
  • Increased Urinary Output
35
Q

Cephalization

A

Organization of the brain into clusters of neurons that perform similar function

36
Q

Olfactory Cortex

A

Smell

37
Q

Occipital cortex

A

Visual

38
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Hearing

39
Q

Association Cortex

A
  • Location of complex processing
  • Both sensory and motor
  • Memory
  • Future, planning
  • Communication (Language)
40
Q

(Cerebral Cortex Cerebrum) Primary Motor Cortex

A
  • Function: Controlled Motor Output
  • Cortical linkage to specific regions of the body
  • Reflex movements occur without input from PMC
  • Sensations of temperature and pain
  • Kinesthetic senses (muscle/joint input)
  • Vestibular Senses (Balance)
  • Exerts voluntary control over movement produced by skeletal muscles
  • Opposite side of the is regulated
41
Q

Proprioception

A

Sense of body position based on input from skin

42
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Function: Function: Maintain proper position of the body in space and coordination of motor activity
  • Integrative, sunbconscious CONTROL OF MOTOR ACTIVITY
  • MODIFY OUTPUT FROM MOTOR CENTERS
  • Maintain balance, helps coordinate fast, phasic motor activity, and enhances muscle tone
43
Q

Higher mammals have three parts of the cerebellum

A
  • Vestibulocerebellum
  • Cerebrocerebellum
  • Spinocerebellum
44
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Balance and control of eye movement

45
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Planning and initiating voluntary activity by providing input to the cortical motor areas

46
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movements

47
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • Function: Coordinating, LIFE-SUSTAINING FUNCTIONS (aka breathing and circulation)
48
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Function: INTEGRATING CENTER for many HOMEOSTATIC FUNCTION
  • Part of limbic system
49
Q

Protective structures

A
  1. Cranium (skull) and vertebral column
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebral Spinal Fluid
  4. Blood-brain barrier
50
Q

Cranium (skull) and vertebral column

A
  • Separation of afferent and efferent (dorsal root/horn and ventral root/horn)
  • White matter = myelination/high axons
  • Gray Matter = Cell bodies (somata/dendrites)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid/canal
51
Q

Cranium (skull) and vertebral column Primary Regions

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Limbar
  • Sacral
52
Q

Meninges

A
  • Protective and nourishing membranes, lie between the bone and nervous tissue
  • a) Dura matter
  • b) Arachnoid
  • c) Pia Mater
53
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough, inelastic covering beneath the bone

54
Q

Arachoid

A

Delicate, highly vascularized layer that looks like a cobweb

55
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost layer that adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

56
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  • Specialized fluid for shock absorption (brain floats) a nd specialized extracellular environment
  • Higher Na+ and lower K+ than blood
  • Produced by selective transport across membranes of CHOROID PLEXUS (ChP)
  • Produced in middle of brain
  • Flows thru ventricles within interior of brain and thru spinal canal
  • ChP>Lateral Vents>Third Vent>Fourth vent>Spinal Canal
  • CFS flows out of the third and fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space and between meningeal layers over the entire surface of brain/spinal cord
  • Supports brain and cushions
57
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Ciliated cells that promote the movement of CSF

58
Q

Transporters that regulate CSF

A

Na, K, Cl, Glucose

59
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into blood thru

A

arachnoid villi

60
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A
  • Highly selective subcellular barrier
  • Regulates exchange between blood and brain within vasculature that penetrates within brain
  • Limits access to blood-borne materials
  • Astrocytes contribute to barrier but tight junctions do most of work
  • Lipid soluble compounds (oxygen carbon dioxide, steroid hormones, alc) can idssolve thru capillary membranes
  • Water molecules can pass thru
61
Q

Brain capillaries are specialized with ___________ that completely seal capillary wall so nothing can pass between cells

A

tight junctions

62
Q

Amino Acids, glucose, ions

A

transported by selective membrane carriers and primary active transport gets glucose across

63
Q

Why does the hypothalamus not have a blood-brain barrier?

A

Because it must sample the blood to sense changes in levels & release compounds direct;y into the blood to their site of action

64
Q

Short-term:

A
  • Immediate storage
  • Limited capacity
  • Lasts seconds to hours
65
Q

Long-term:

A
  • Delayed storage
  • Large capacity
  • Retained for days/years
66
Q

Consolidation

A
  • Info from short-term stores must be processed into long-term
67
Q

Both short and long-term memory are utilized in practical context within the ______.

A

Working memory

68
Q

Short term: What is SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY?

A
  • Changes in synaptic strength over time
  • Can occur at level of:
    > Presynaptic cell: facilitation and anti-facilitation
69
Q

Short term: Presynaptic cell

A

Changes in the amoutn of neurotransmitter released across synaptic cleft

70
Q

Changes in synaptic plasticity contribute to either ______ or _______

A

habituation, sensitization

71
Q

Habituation

A
  • Decreased responsiveness to repetitive presentations of an indifferent stimulus (neither rewarding/punishing)
  • aka building habits
72
Q

Sensitization

A
  • Increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following strong or noxious stimulus
  • Heightened responses (survival)
73
Q

Many habituation and sensitization responses are remodeled via ______ and _______ within presynaptic neurons

A

facilitation, anti-facilitation

74
Q

Long-term: What is SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY?

A
  • Changes in synaptic strength over time
  • Can occur at level of:
    > Postsynaptic cell: long-term potentiation(high) and long-term depression(low)
75
Q

Long-term potentiation(high)

A
  • Involves DYNAMIC formation or loss of synaptic connections
76
Q

Biological Clocks

A
  • Mammal shave internal & integrated biological clocks that rhythmically modulate the function in cells, tissues, and organs
  • Allows for the temporal (timed) organization of different functions
77
Q

Examples of biological clocks

A
  • Being either awake and asleep creates oscillations in different functions, such as body temp and urinary function
  • Occurs in isolated subjects w/o any sense of time
  • Regulated by environment but they are INTRINSIC MECHANISMS
78
Q

Examples of intrinsic mechanisms

A
  • Dawn triggers many animals to change activity and oxygen consumption

Exam 2 AS 464 (2 decks)

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