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Human Anatomy I > Nervous System Introduction, Brachial Plexus > Flashcards

Nervous System Introduction, Brachial Plexus Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the nervous system

A
  • Sensory, Motor, Cognitive
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2
Q

Name the major components of the nervous system

A

DIAGRAM - Anatomical organization of the nervous system

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3
Q

Compare characteristics of the central and peripheral nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Unpaired, bilaterally symmetrical structure extending along the longitudinal axis of the midsagittal plane of the body
- Structures arising directly from the neural tube.
- Includes: brain, spinal chord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Made up of transmission pathways carrying information between the CNS and external/internal environments.
- Afferent (sensory) pathways: carry information to the CNS
- Efferent (motor) pathways: carry information form the CNS.
- Includes: Cranial nerves (12 pairs) , spinal nerves (31 pairs)
- Also includes sensory receptors in skin and wall of gut tube as well as in tendons and skeletal muscles
- Also includes motor end plates between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers.

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4
Q

How many cranial nerve pairs and spinal nerve pairs are there?

A
  • PNS includes cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves (31 pairs)
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5
Q

Describe characteristics of the autonomic nervous system, compare its two subdivisions and explain why it might be considered a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system.

A
  • considered a subdivision of the PSN. WHY???**
  • Entirely motor
  • Innervates smooth muscle and glands (viscera)
    ANS subdivisions
  • Sympathetic system: fight or flight, also called thoracolumbar
  • Parasympathetic system: feed and breed (rest and digest), also called craniosacral.
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6
Q

Describe the general development pattern of the central nervous system and list the major derivatives from the cranial end of the neural tube.

A 
Stages in neural tube development 
- Neural plate
- Neural folds
- Neural tube
Subdivision of cranial end of tube
- Tripartite brain
- Pentapartite brain. ** do we need to know slides 12-16?
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7
Q

Describe the basic structural (anatomical) unit of the nervous system

A
  • Cell body: tropic unit, perikaryon
  • Dendrites: receptive unit
  • Axon: conductive unit
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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of the cell body

A 
- part of a neuron that encloses the nucleus and other organelles necessary to maintain and repair neurons
Cell body organelles:
- Nucleus 
- Golgi apparatus
- RER: Ribosomes, =Nissan substance.
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9
Q

Describe the characteristics of the dendrites

A
  • branches off the cell body that carry information to the cell body
  • usually several to many
  • relatively short
  • often branched
  • have receptors for neurotransmitters
  • conduct local potentials
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10
Q

Describe the characteristics of the axon

A
  • part of the neuron that carries information to another neuron or muscle cell
  • relatively long
  • single
  • conducts action potential (nerve impulse)
  • cell membrane is called axolemma
  • cytoplasm is called axoplasm.
  • ends in short branched processes called telodendria: give off endings Calle terminal boutons, terminal boutons contain synaptic vesicle of neurotransmitters.
  • may ave collateral branches
  • contain: mitochondria, neurofilaments, neurotubules
  • covered by neurolemma: often myelinated
  • Note: axon is only part of neuron that is ever myelinated
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11
Q

Describe the myelin sheath and identify the cells that form the myelin sheath

A
  • Myelin is formed by Schwann cells

- Describe myelin sheath???? **

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12
Q

Name and describe the branches of the typical spinal nerve and distinguish between afferent and efferent paths

A 
Spinal Nerve Branches
- Dorsal primary ramus
- Ventral primary ramus
- Ramus recurrens
- White ramus communicants 
- Gray ramus communicants
Reflex Arc
- Afferent (sensory) pathways: somatic, visceral (splanchnic)
- Efferent (motor) pathways: somatic, visceral  (splanchnic)
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13
Q

Nucleus

A
  • aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS
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14
Q

Ganglion

A
  • aggregation of dendrite and nerve cell bodies in the PNS
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15
Q

Nerve

A
  • bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS
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16
Q

Tract

A
  • bundle of fibers (axons) in the CNS
17
Q

Commissure

A
  • tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to the other
18
Q

White matter

A
  • areas of myelinated axons
19
Q

Gray matter

A
  • areas of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites
20
Q

Describe a reflex arc and distinguish between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs

A 
Reflex arc
- Afferent (sensory) pathways
- Efferent (motor) pathways
- Association neurons (interneurons)
Synapse
- Monosnaptic pathways: Fig. 1-29
- Polysynaptic pathways: Fig. 1-29
21
Q

List and describe the components of a synapse

A
  • Presynaptic membrane: with synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
  • Synaptic cleft:
  • Postsynaptic membrane: with receptors for neurotransmitters
22
Q

Describe the general cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord and distinguish between columns and horns

A
  • Fig 1-34 —- 1-43
    Cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord is organized into horns and columns
  • Horns: arenas of gray matter, posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral), lateral
  • Columns: areas of white matter, posterior (dorsal), lateral, anterior (ventral)
23
Q

Describe the overall morphology of the spinal cord

A
  • Cross-section through spinal cord showing locations of gray matter (blue) and white matter (yellow).
  • Also note central canal and “H”-shape of gray matter
  • Cross-section through human spinal cord showing locations of ascending and descending tracts.
24
Q

Explain how spinal nerves are numbered

A

** slide 38

25
Q

List the contents of the axillary sheath

A
  • Axillary artery
  • Axillary vein
  • Brachial plexus
26
Q

Draw the components of the brachial plexus as related to the rami, trunks, cords and terminal nerves.

A

** slide 46?

27
Q

List the ventral rami that give rise to the brachial plexus and the direct branches from these rami

A

Ventral rami of C5-T1
- exits neck between scalenus anterior and scalenus mediums muscles
Direct branches from rami
- Dorsal scapular nerve: C5 to rhomboid muscles
- Long thoracic nerve: C5-7 to serrated anterior muscle

28
Q

Identify the trunks of the brachial plexus, the rami that form the trunks and direct branches from the trunk(s)

A

Formed by ventral rami, located superior to clavicle above and behind subclavian artery

  • superior (upper): from C5 and C6 ventral rami
  • middle: from C7 ventral ramus
  • interior (lower): from C and T1 ventral rami

Direct branches from trunk - from superior trunk

  • Suprascapular nerve: C5, C6, to supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
  • Nerveto subclavius
29
Q

Distinguish between the anterior and posterior divisions of the brachial plexus and identify the destinations of the fibers they carry.

A

Anterior divisions

  • carry fibers from trunks to anterior compartments of upper extremity
  • form lateral and medial cords

Posterior divisions

  • carry fibers from trunks to posterior compartments of upper extremity
  • from posterior cord
30
Q

Identify the cords of the branches plexus, their relations to the axillary artery, and their origins

A

Accompany axillary artery: named for relationship to artery

  • Lateral: from anterior divisions of upper and middle trunks
  • Posterior: form posterior division of all trunks
  • Medial: from arterial division of lower trunk
31
Q

For the lateral cord of the bronchial plexus, identify direct and terminal branches, spinal cord levels, and specific muscles innervated

A

Direct branches
- lateral pectoral nerve: C5-7, to clavicles head of pectoralis major muscle.

Terminal nerves

  • musculocutaneous: C5-7
  • lateral root of median nerve: C5-7
32
Q

For the medial cord of the bronchial plexus, identify direct and terminal branches, spinal cord levels, and specific muscles innervated

A

Direct branches

  • medial pectoral nerve: C8-T1, to eternal head of pectoralis major muscle and pectoralis minor muscle.
  • medial cutaneous nerve to arm (brachium)
  • medial cutaneous nerve to forearm (antebrachium)

Terminal branches:

  • Ulnar: C8-T1
  • Medial root of median nerve: C8-T1
33
Q

For the posterior cord of the bronchial plexus, identify direct and terminal branches, spinal cord levels, and specific muscles innervated

A

Direct branches

  • upper subscapular nerve: C5(6), to subscapularis muscle
  • Thoracodorsal nerve: C6-7, to latissimus dorsi muscle
  • Lower subscapular nerve: C(5)6, to subscapularis and there’s major muscles

Terminal branches

  • Axillary nerve: C5-6
    • Motor: to deltoid and there’s minor muscles
    • Sensory: skin on the arm over deltoid muscle, upper lateral cutaneous nerve
  • Radial nerve: C5-T1
    • Motor: posterior compartments of arm and forearm, brachioradialis muscle
    • Sensory: back of arm, forearm, hand

Human Anatomy I (1 decks)

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