Nervous System Fuctioning

Question 1

SNS Pupils

Answer 1

Dilate expand to allow for more vision

Question 2

PNS Pupils

Answer 2

Contract

Question 3

Salivary glands SNS

Answer 3

Decrease salivation (digestion)

Question 4

Salivary glands PNS

Answer 4

Increase salivation (digestion)

Question 5

Heart PNS

Answer 5

Slow heart rate –> slower pumping of blood

Question 6

Heart SNS

Answer 6

Accelerate heart rate

Question 7

Bronchioles of lungs SNS

Answer 7

Dilate (expand) to take in more oxygen

Question 8

Bronchioles of lungs PNS

Answer 8

Contract

Question 9

Liver SNS

Answer 9

Increase the release of glucose

Question 10

Liver PNS

Answer 10

Decrease the release of glucose

Question 11

Gall bladder PNS

Answer 11

Stimulate the release of bile

Question 12

Gall bladder SNS

Answer 12

Inhibit the release of bile

Question 13

Adrenal glands SNS

Answer 13

Stimulate the hormone secretion resulting in increased heart rate, blood preassure and breathing rat, and relaxation of intestinal muscles.

Question 14

Adrenal glands PNS

Answer 14

Inhibit hormone secretion

Question 15

Bladder SNS

Answer 15

Relax

Question 16

Bladder PNS

Answer 16

Increases contractions

Question 17

Intestines SNS

Answer 17

Relax digestion

Question 18

Intensistines PNS

Answer 18

Increase contractions

Question 19

genitals (reproduction) SNS

Answer 19

excite

Question 20

genitals PNS

Answer 20

relax

Question 21

sweat glands SNS

Answer 21

Increase production of perspiration

Question 22

sweat glands

Answer 22

decrease production of perspiration

Question 23

roles of ENS

Answer 23

• detect the physiological condition of the gastrointestinal tract

integrate information about its state

provide outputs to control gut movement (e.g. muscle contractions that move food and waste along the gut)

Other functions such as nutrient management, regulation of gastric acid, and interaction with other systems

Question 24

Activity can be influenced by external factors that ordinarily affect hunger, eating and digestion:

Answer 24

Diet
Cognition
Mood
Disturbances to the gastrointestinal tract: foreign bacteria, viruses
Food or drink taken in
Food poisoning: ENS responds by initiating vomiting and diarrhoea.
Microbiota - comprising of bacteria and trillions of other microscopic organisms
Gut microbiota associated with various physical and psychological disorders EG stress

Question 25

what is the freeze reaction characterised by?

Answer 25

Inability to move or make sound
Slight slowing of racing heart
Rapid reduction in blood pressure
collapsing of tense muscles
Orienting response of the head or eyes towards direction of the threat followed by hyper vigilance.

Question 26

what is the role of cortisol in chronic stress?

Answer 26

Keep the body at an elevated state of arousal
Energises the body
Enhances metabolism
Turns off all non essential bodily systems not required to deal with the stressor. EG digestion, reproductive functions and inhibits production of growth hormones
Blocks activity of white blood cells that contribute to inflammation
Retards tissue repair - slows wound healing

Question 27

Negative effects of cortisol

Answer 27

Impaired immune system functioning → vulnerability to diseases
Cold, flus
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Digestive problems
Obesity
Diabetes
Long term risks for heart attack and stroke
Impaired cognitive performance, learning problems, impaired memory formation and recall and mental health disorders

Question 28

what can microbiota/microbiomes can cause:

Answer 28

Change in the production of neurotransmitters in the gut (e.g. gut bacteria help produce dopamine, GABA and over 80% of the body’s serotonin)
The production and activity of neurotransmitters in the nervous system
immune system impairments,
digestive disorders,
numerous inflammatory diseases and infections,
stress reactivity,
heart disease,
Changes in mood, cognitive functioning, neurological conditions such as autism and Parkinson’s disease
various mental health disorders such as anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and depression.
Chemical agents produced by the gut microbiota also enter the bloodstream and communicate with the brain and other distant organs such as the heart and liver.

Question 29

how stress affect the gastrionestinal tract?

Answer 29

changes in blood flow
gastric secretions
gut motility (movement of food through the tract);
increase in visceral perception (heightened sensitivity to gastrointestinal actions and processes)
intestinal permeability (greater leakage through the gut lining);
negative effects on gut microbiota.

Question 30

strenghts of GAS

Answer 30

Identifies biological processes associated with the body’s response to stress.

Identifies a predictable pattern of physiological responses associated with the distinct stages that can be measured in individuals.

Recognises the relationship between chronic stress and illness/diseases.

Identifies how our bodies can eventually run out of resources and become vulnerable to disease.
Idea of stress is now widely accepted in psychological and medical fields

Question 31

limitations of GAS

Answer 31

Focuses on the biological aspects of stress and ignores the importance of psychological factors, including emotion and cognition in the stress response.
Based on research that was conducted on rats, reducing generalisability of the model to the human population.
Prescribes a uniform model for every individual to all stressors. It fails to recognise the subjective nature of stress response because different people respond to different stressors in unique ways.

Specifically the role of the brain in interpreting a situation or event as stressful. For example, two people may appraise, or ‘weigh up’, the same situation and judge it differently as either stressful or not stressful.

Similarly, not all people experience the same physiological reactions to chronic stress. For example, some experience hypertension, gastrointestinal problems, skin rashes or heart disease, whereas others may develop physical aches or pains, gain or lose weight, or become generally ‘run down’ without a specific disorder. This suggests that, despite the same bodily arousal systems and processes being involved in the GAS in all people, the precise way that prolonged activation can lead to disease could involve other biological and/or psychological processes.

Question 32

Strengths of Lazarus and Folkman

Answer 32

Allows one to track the subjective stress response of an individual
Allows for consideration of cognitive processes [thinking behind stressor - how we judge it] within the stress response, which the biological models do not take into account.

Human subjects were used as a source of data during the creation of the model.

Helps to explain why the same stressor may have different effects on different people.

Reappraisal stage acknowledges that a stressor and its demands may change over time.

Coping stage (emotion and problem-focussed strategies) provide suggestions for dealing with a stressor.

Question 33

Limitations of Lazarus and Folkman

Answer 33

Some argue that the stages of primary and secondary appraisal can occur simultaneously, and so ordering them chronologically may not always be reflective of the true stress response.

Individuals are not necessarily aware of why they feel certain kinds of stress as primary appraisal suggests.
Does not include biological processes of stress. Stress is a psychobiological process.

Cannot easily be tested by research, as human subjects are not necessarily consciously aware at all stages of appraisal, and therefore there is a lack of empirical evidence to support the model.

Question 34

What does context-flexibility include?

Answer 34

Recognise whether the use of a flexible coping strategy is appropriate
Selecting a coping strategy that suits the situational circumstances
Recognise when the coping strategy being used is ineffective
Discontinue an ineffective coping strategy
Produce and implement an alternative coping strategy