Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 231 > Nervous System (finals) > Flashcards

Nervous System (finals) Flashcards

1
Q

The two types of cell populations that make up the nervous tissue.

A

Neuroglial Cells and Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the major functional difference between neuroglial cells and neurons?

A

Neuroglial cells function as support and protection to neurons. Neurons function to transmit messages from one part of the body to another in form of nerve impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What sub-type of Neuroglial would you find in the lining the central canal?

A

Ependymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of ependymal?

A

Transportation of electrolytes.

Important role on the production and regulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the structure and function of dendrites?

A

Structure: Tree shaped/branching
Function: Bear receptors for neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the structure and function of axons?

A

Structure: Long tail-like
Function: Allow neurons to transmit electrical and chemical signals to other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the structure and function of nissl bodies?

A

Structure: Granular
Function: Synthesis and segregation of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure and function of synapse?

A

Structure: Gap between neurons
Function: Allows a signal to pass from one neuron to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is myelin made of?

A

Fatty substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are three functions of the myelin sheath?

A
  1. Protects and electrically insulates fibers
  2. Increases transmission speed of nerve impulses
  3. Conduct rapid nerve impulses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the structure of neurilemma?

A

Outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the neurilemma?

A

Protects the peripheral nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the structure of the nodes of ranvier and what would you find in the nodes?

A

The gaps/indentations in the myelin sheath. You would find axon collaterals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier?

A

Allow the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What determines if a neuron is unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar?

A

Based on the number of processes extending from their cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Structure and function of a unipolar neuron

A

Structure: Single short process that divides T-like into proximal and distal branches.
Function: Associated with a sensory receptor and function as sensory neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the structure and function of a bipolar neuron?

A

Structure: Two-processes; an axon and dendrite that extend from opposite sides.
Function: Essentially sensory neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the structure and function of a multipolar neuron?

A

Structure: Many processes that extend from the cell body. All are dendrites except for a single axon.
Function: Mostly interneurons that conduct impulses within CNS, integrating sensory input and motor output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The neurons in the DRG are ________ neurons (structurally) and _________ neurons (functionally)

A

Pseudo-unipolar

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function and state (uni/bi/multipolar) of sensory or afferent neuron

A

Function: Carry impulses from sensory receptors in the internal organs
Typically unipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function and state (uni/bi/multipolar) of a motor or efferent neuron

A

Function: Carry impulses from the CNS to the internal organs and/or body muscles and glands.
Typically multipolar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function and state (uni/bi/multipolar) of association or interneurons

A

Function: Contribute to pathways that connect sensory and motor neurons.
Typically multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does a neuron differ from a nerve/tract?

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS are tracts.

Bundles of axons in the PNS are nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What nerve conducts impulses toward the CNS?

A

Afferent/sensory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What nerve carries impulses away from the CNS?

A

Efferent/motor nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a mixed nerve?

A

Carry both sensory/Afferent and motor/efferent fibers/impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Delicate CT sheath surrounding each axon, within a nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is perineurium?

A

Coarse CT that binds groups of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Bundles of fibers formed by perineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is epineurium?

A

White, fibrous CT sheath that binds together all the fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the CT associated with a nerve?

A

Helps fibers travel within a nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two functions of the spinal cord?

A

1) Communication center

2) Spinal reflex activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Tapering lower part of the spinal cord.

Cone shaped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the cause equina?

A

Collection of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Fibrous extension of the conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord stop?

A

Lumbar vertebrae/level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Name the glial cell type that lines the central canal

A

Ependymocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What would you find in the central canal of a living mammal?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

A network of nerves or vessels in the body

A

Plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Spinal level of the cervical plexus

A

C1-C5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Provides the primary motor supply to the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Spinal level of the brachial plexus

A

C5-C8 and T1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Supplies all the extensor muscles of the arm,forearm, hand, and the skin. Passes down the post-lateral surface of the arm and forearm.

A

Radial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Supplies most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and several muscles in the hand. Passes down the anteromedial surface of the forearm.

A

Medial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Supplies the arm muscles the flex the forearm and the skin of the lateral surface of the forearm.

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, the ulnar head of the flexor digitorum profundus of the forearm, and all intrinsic muscles of the hand not served by the medial nerve. Travels down the posteromedial surface of the arm.

A

Ulnar nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Spinal level of the sacral plexus

A

L1-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Passes beneath the inguinal ligament to innervate the anterior thigh muscles. The cutaneous branches supply the skin of the anteromedial surface of the entire lower limb.

A

Femoral nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Spinal level of the sacral plexus

A

L4-S4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Largest nerve in the body. Leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic notch and travels down the posterior thigh, serving its flexor muscles and skin.

A

Sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cutaneous branch to skin of anterior and lateral surface of leg and sprain of foot. Motor branches to short head of biceps femoris of thigh, fibularis muscles of lateral leg, tibialis anterior, and extensor muscles of toes.

A

Common fibular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Cutaneous branch to skin of posterior surface of leg and sole of foot. Motor branches to muscles or back of thigh, leg, and foot.

A

Tibial nerve

53
Q

Define reflex

A

Rapid, unpredictable, involuntary motor response to stimuli

54
Q

Five essential components of all reflex arcs

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integration center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
55
Q

Difference in autonomic reflexes and somatic reflexes

A

Autonomic reflexes activate smooth or cardiac muscle and/or glands.
Somatic reflexes activate skeletal muscle.

56
Q

Five somatic reflexes

A
  1. Stretch
  2. Crossed-Extensor
  3. Superficial
  4. Corneal
  5. Gag
57
Q

Is the stretch reflex a spinal or cranial nerve reflex?

A

Spinal

58
Q

Is the crossed-extensor reflex a spinal or cranial reflex?

A

Spinal

59
Q

Is the superficial reflex a spinal or cranial reflex?

A

Spinal

60
Q

Is the corneal reflex a cranial or spinal reflex?

A

Cranial

61
Q

Is the gag reflex a spinal or cranial reflex?

A

Cranial

62
Q

What muscle contracts in the patellar/knee-jerk reflex?

A

Quadriceps

63
Q

What nerves is carrying the Afferent and efferent impulses in the patellar/knee-jerk reflex?

A

Femoral nerve

64
Q

What is the result of Achilles/ankle-jerk reflex?

A

The foot drops down

*calf muscle (gastrocnemius) contracts

65
Q

What are the results of the crossed extensor reflex?

A

The other side of the body from the stimulus compensates

66
Q

Why is the crossed extensor reflex slower than other reflexes?

A

Longer pathway causing a synapse

67
Q

What are the two reflexes in which the reflex pathway is initiated and completed at the spinal cord level?

A
  1. Stretch reflex

2. Crossed-extensor

68
Q

What two stimuli initiate the superficial cord reflex?

A

Pain and temperature

69
Q

What is the response when superficial cord reflex is tested?

A

The toes curl and move downward

70
Q

What two parts of the nervous system does the superficial cord reflex depend?

A

Upper motor pathways and cord level reflex arc

71
Q

What two cranial nerves control the gag reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves

72
Q

What is the pupillary response to light being shinned into the eye?

A

It constricts

73
Q

What is consensual response?

A

When one eye constricts from light so does the other.

74
Q

When a consensual response occurs, what does this indicate about the pathways involved?

A

They are connected

75
Q

Function of papillary responses

A

Control the amount of light that enters the eye thus protecting the retina from becoming damaged

76
Q

Effector of salivary reflex?

A

Salivary glands

77
Q

Of the somatic reflexes, stretch reflexes are

A

Achilles reflex and patellar reflex

78
Q

Of the somatic reflexes, the superficial cord reflex is

A

Plantar reflex

79
Q

Of the somatic reflexes, the reflex mediated by cranial nerves is

A

Gag reflex

80
Q

Reflexes classified as autonomic reflexes are:

A
  1. Ciliospinal reflex
  2. Pupillary light reflex
  3. Salivary reflex
81
Q

Sensory receptor in the viscera that is sensitive to changes and stimuli within the body’s internal environment

A

Interoceptor

82
Q

Sensory receptor at or near the surface of the skin that responds to stimuli from the external world

A

Exteroceptor

83
Q

Define stimulus

A

An excitant; a change in the environment that evokes a response

84
Q

What was test in the two-point discrimination test?

A

Touch sensitivity

85
Q

What two body areas are the most sensitive to touch?

A

Fingertips and palm of the hand

86
Q

What two body areas are the least sensitive to touch

A

Back of the neck and the central forearm

87
Q

Which appears to be more numerous - receptors that respond to cold or heat?

A

Cold

88
Q

Why is it advantageous to have pain receptors that are sensitive to all vigorous stimuli, whether heat, cold, or pressure?

A

To prevent injury

89
Q

Why is non-adaptability of pain receptors important?

A

Keeps us alert, preventing injury

90
Q

Pain felt at a site other than the area of origin

A

Referred pain

91
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Moves eye laterally

92
Q

Medial rectus

A

Moves eye laterally

93
Q

Superior rectus

A

Elevates eye and turns it medially

94
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Elevates eye and turns it laterally

95
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Depresses eye and turns it medially

96
Q

Superior oblique

A

Depresses eye and turns it laterally

97
Q

What muscles are responsible when you look left? Right eye and left eye

A

R: medial rectus
L: lateral rectus

98
Q

What muscles are responsible when you look up and to the left? Right and left eye

A

R: superior rectus
L: inferior oblique

99
Q

What muscles are responsible when you look down? Right and left eye

A

Both: inferior rectus

100
Q

Function of the cornea

A

Major light bending medium of the eye

101
Q

Function of sclera

A

Helps maintain shape of the eyeball and provides an attachment point for the extrinsic eye muscles

102
Q

Function of the optic nerve

A

Transmits sensory information in form of electrical impulses

103
Q

Function of the pupil

A

Allows light to enter the eye

104
Q

Function of the ciliary body

A

Contains the ciliary muscle and ciliary process

105
Q

Function of the radial muscle

A

Relax and contact to maintain a fairly constant level of light entering the eye

106
Q

Function of circular muscle

A

Constricts the pupil

107
Q

Function of suspensory ligaments

A

Attaches the lens to the ciliary process

108
Q

Function of lens

A

Focuses light rays onto the retina

109
Q

The ability of the eye to focus differentially to close objects

A

Accommodation

110
Q

Function of choroid plexus

A

Barrier at the interface between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid

111
Q

Function of arachnoid villi

A

One way valve for the flow of CSF into venous blood

112
Q

Function of the optic nerve

A

Transmit sensory information for vision in the form of electrical impulses from the eye to the brain

113
Q

Function of olfactory nerve

A

Conveys the sense of smell

114
Q

Function of the oculomotor nerve

A

Allows movement of the eye muscles, constriction of the pupil

115
Q

Function of trigeminal nerve

A

Sends pain, touch, and temperature sensations from your face to your brain

116
Q

Function of abducens nerve

A

Controls movement of one of the eye muscles, lateral rectus

117
Q

Function of the cerebrum

A

Initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature

118
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Coordination and movement related to motor skills

119
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata

A

Transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain

120
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Controls your hormones

121
Q

What are the two major functions of the choroid?

A

1) Nourish the outer layers of the eye

2) Absorb excess light

122
Q

Function of tapetum lucidum

A

Reflects light back, makes it easier for animals to see at night

123
Q

Function of the vitreous humor

A

Holds retina in place

124
Q

What two specific photo-receptors make up the nervous layer of the retina?

A

Rods and cones

125
Q

Rapid involuntary movement of the eye

A

Nystagmus

126
Q

Sensation of whirling and loss of balance, associated particularly with looking down from a great height, or causes by disease affecting the inner ear or the vestibular nerve

A

Vertigo

127
Q

Three papillae found on the dorsal tongue surface

A
  1. Vallate papilla
  2. Foliate papillae
  3. Fungiform papillae
128
Q

Which papillae don’t have taste buds? What do they have?

A

Filiform, sensory receptors

129
Q

Taste and smell receptor are both classified as __________, because they both respond to __________

A

Chemoreceptors

Chemicals in solution

Anatomy & Physiology 231 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions