Nervous System Development and Adaptation

Question 1

Sequence of neuronal cell development

Answer 1

1. Cell birth (neurogenesis; gliogenesis)
2. Neural migration
3. Cell differentiation
4. Neural maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
5. Synaptogesis (formation of synapses)
6. Cell death and synaptic pruning
7. Myelogenesis (formation of myelin)

Question 2

Age when frontal lobes are fully developed?

Answer 2

30

Question 3

Order of layer development in the cortex

Answer 3

Cells migrate to inner layers and then to outer layers (layers 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1)

Question 4

What is another name for the Incentive Sensitization Theory of Addiction?

Answer 4

Wanting-and-Liking Theory

Question 5

Wanting

Answer 5

Sensitizes with repeated drug use, craving increases. Mesolimbic dopamine system; dopaminergic system

Question 6

Liking

Answer 6

Tolerance develops with repeated drug use, pleasure decreases. Opioid neurons

Question 7

Significance of Neuropsychology

Answer 7

First field that allowed us to study relationships between brain and behavior

Question 8

Time when sexual differentiation occurs during gestation

Answer 8

Day 60, first trimester

Question 9

Percentage of synapses in the human cortex that are eliminated by synaptic pruning

Answer 9

40%

Question 10

Thinning/Thickening of the motor and frontal cortex and their impact on dexterity and language capabilities

Answer 10

Thickening in the language-related regions is associated with increased language abilities. Thinning in the visual and motor cortex is associated with enhanced sight dexterity (i.e., coordination)

Question 11

Characteristics of the language areas of the cortex

Answer 11

By age 2, there is an exponential growth of the number of dendrites and neural migration is complete. Language regions in the cortex are some of the LATER regions to complete myelination

Question 12

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 12

1. Sensorimotor
   - Experiences the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, etc) Ages 0-2
2. Preoperational
   - Represents things with words and images but lacks logical reasoning.
   Ages 2-6
3. Concrete operational
   - Thinks logically about concrete events; grasps concrete analogies and performs arithmetical operations.
   Ages 7-11
4. Formal operational
   - Reasons abstractly. Ages 12+

Question 13

Prenatal experiences that contribute to abnormal behavior in children and adults

Answer 13

the prenatal experiences of both parents

Question 14

Sensation

Answer 14

Registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs

Question 15

Perception

Answer 15

Subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain

Question 16

Receptive field

Answer 16

Allows sensory systems to interact; region of sensory space (e.g., skin surface) in which a stimulus modifies a receptor’s activity

Question 17

When are on-center cells activated?

Answer 17

When light falls on the CENTER portion of the receptive field

Question 18

When are off-center cells activated?

Answer 18

When light falls on the SURROUND (periphery) of the receptive field

Question 19

Types of cone cells in the eye

Answer 19

Red, green, blue

Question 20

What is the role of horizontal cells in the eye?

Answer 20

Links photoreceptors and bipolar cells

Question 21

The six layers of the LGN and how they receive input from the eyes

Answer 21

Layers 1, 4, and 6: receive input from CONTRALATERAL retina
Layers 2, 3, and 5: receive input from IPSILATERAL retina
Layers 1 and 2: receive input from MAGNOCELLULAR cells
Layers 3 to 6: receive input from PARVOCELLULAR cells

Question 22

Identify a color based on a given wavelength

Answer 22

Blue - short wavelength, 419 nm
Green - middle wavelength, 531 nm
Red - long wavelength, 559 nm

Question 23

What is the principle demonstrated by “The Dress?”

Answer 23

Color constancy: perceived color is constant relative to other colors, regardless of changes in illumination