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MBBS1- FunMed (Pharmacology) > Nervous system: ANS > Flashcards

Nervous system: ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cephalic reflex

A

Parasympathetic

salivate with anticipation of food

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2
Q

What are the two plexuses of the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenteric plexus
motility, churning food
- b/w circular and longitudinal muscle layer

Submucosal plexus
secretion and muscle function
mucosal (muscularis mucosae) layer

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3
Q

T/F: ENS receives extrinsic inputs from only parasympathetic vagal inputs

A

False
extrinsic efferent inputs:
1. parasympathetic vagal preganglionic
2. sympathetic postganglionic fibres

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4
Q

What is the higher up control of autonomic function

A

Reticular formation

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5
Q

Where are the reflexes centre for urination, defecation, erection and ejaculation found?

A

spinal cord

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6
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic system? Name its effect on 4 systems

A

3 ‘D’s

  1. Digestion
  2. Diuresis
  3. Defecation
Gut
increase secretion from salivary glands
increase GI motility and secretion
Bladder contration
sphincter relaxation

Heart
Decrease heart rate and contractility

Lungs
Bronchoconstriction and secretion

Eyes
contract pupils (miosis)
Thickens lens (short range vision)
Lacrimation (crying)

Genitals
Erection (vasodilation)

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7
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic NS?

A

3 ‘E’s

  1. Exercise
  2. Excitement
  3. Emergency

Eyes
dilation of pupil (mydriasis)
flattening of lens (long range vision)

Lungs
Bronchodilation

Blood vessels
Vasodilation- blood flow to skeletal muscles
Vasoconstriction- decrease flow to gut

Heart
increase heart rate and contractility

Adrenal medulla
increase adrenaline and NA release
- bronchodilation
- glycogenolysis (skeletal muscle)

Gut
reduce motility and secretion

Genitals
Ejaculation

Kidneys
increase renin secretion

Sweat glands
increase secretion and piloerection

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8
Q

Which is the myelinated and unmyelinated neuron in the efferent neurons

A

Pre (myelinated)- slow conducting

Post (unmyelinated)1

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9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of

  1. sympathetic preganglionic
  2. parasympathetic preganglionic
A

symapathetic: visceral efferent (lateral gray) column of the spinal cord.
parasymapathetic: homologous motor nuclei of the cranial nerves.

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10
Q

Where are M4/5 receptors found? What NT do they use

A

CNS

ACh

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11
Q

Which muscarinic receptors are inhibitory, which are excitatory?

A

M1, M3, M5 - excitation (uses Gq- activate phospholipase C > DAG & IP3 > intracellular Ca2+ signalling)

M2, M4- inhibitory (uses Gi- increase K+ conductance, decrease Ca2+ conductance)

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12
Q

Where is M3 ACh receptors found? Fxn?

A

Lungs
Bronchoconstriction
Smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

Where is M2 ACh receptors found? Fxn?

A

Heart

Reduce heart rate
Reduce atrial contractile forces
Reduce conduction velocity of AV node

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14
Q

Where is M1 ACh receptions found and what is their function?

A

Salivary glands and stomach

increase GI secretion

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15
Q

What are the two types of nicotinic AChR? + where are they found?

A
  1. Nm (Neuromuscular)
    THINK: ‘m’ = muscles
  2. Nn (autonomic)
    sympathetic & parasympathetic ganglia
    Adrenal medulla

THINK: ‘n’= neurons

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16
Q

What does AChE breakdown ACh into?

A

Acetate and Choline

17
Q

What makes Acetylcholine from Acetyl CoA and Choline?

A

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

18
Q

Name a parasympathomimetics that causes diarrhoea, muscle weakness, bronchorrhea (constrict bronchi), bradycardia?

Explain mechanism

A

Sarin Gas

irreversible reaction

inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

19
Q

What is pilocarpine?
Receptors
Effects
Use

A

nAChR and mAChR agonist

Not broken down easily

Constriction of pupil
increase salivation

1/ Eyedrop: Treat close angle glaucoma (mAChR; open trabecular meshwork, drain aqueous humour)

2/ Ocular hypertension

3/ Dry mouth (eg. Sjogren’s syndrom/radiation therapy)

20
Q

What does ACh do?

A

Decrease HR, force of cardiac contraction and BP

Increase gastric motility

21
Q

What is Carbachol/Carbamylocholine ?
Receptors
Effects
Use

A

mAChR and nAChR agonist

1/ Pupil constriction (Miosis)
2/ increased aqueous humour outflow (cry?- THINK ‘Carbachol- Cry’)

1/ Eyedrops: decrease intraoccular pressure

open-angle glaucoma

22
Q

What is a mAChR agonist that increases GI motility and bladder contraction?

A

Bethanechol

THINK ‘ Bethanechol’ = ‘Bladder contraction’

23
Q

What is donepizil?

A

Reversible AChE inhibitor

Improve cognition and behaviour in AD

Side effects of diarrhoea, vomitting, muscle cramping, insomnia

24
Q

What is neostigmine?

A

AChE inhibitor

Does not cross BBB (polar), but crosses placenta

Myasthenia gravis (too little AChR)
Urinary retention w/o blockage
25
Q

What does Atropine block?

Effects?

A

Competitive reversible antagonist of mAChR (all)

M2 antagonist
1/ Increase firing of SA node and conduction through AV node

2/ Increase HR by 30-40bpm

M3- (GLANDS) Lungs, salivary glands, pupil constrictors,

1/decreases bronchial secretions
bronchodilation

2/reduces salivation, lacrimation, GI motility

3/Dilation of the eye (reduce constriction)

26
Q

What is scopalamine?

A

M3 antagonist

CNS and ANS
for Motion sickness, nausea and vomitting

decrease GI motility

27
Q

Where do you find Alpha1-adrenergic receptors? Fxn?

A

vascular smooth muscles
constriction (vasoconstriction)

in skin, bladder, GI, renal artery, brain
Decrease blood flow to these organs during flight or fight

28
Q

Where do you find Alpha2-adrenergic receptors? Fxn?

A

Gi - inhibitory
Located on vascular prejunctional terminal; inhibits NA release
= negative feedback for overactivation of a2R

In CNS
eg. Vet anaesthesia

slight vasoconstriction (skin)

29
Q

Name the key locations you would find the B-adrenergic receptors

A

B1 - heart - increase HR, AV-node conduction, contractility

B2- Lungs - bronchodilator

B3- lipolysis

THINK: “1 heart, 2 lungs”

30
Q

1st gen. B-blockers are non-selective. They are used in angina, hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmia (+ migraines, glaucoma)

Name a 1st gen. B-blocker

A

Propanalol

Reduces HR, contractility and vasodilation

31
Q

Name a 2nd gen b-blocker of B1.

They are more selective than the 1st gen.

A

bisoproplol

anti-hypertensive

32
Q

Name a 3rd gen. b-blocker

A

Carvedilol

both non-selective/selective

vasodilation
non-selective: a1R

33
Q

What does phenobenzamine block and do?

A

a1 and a2 adrenergic receptors

vasodilation

34
Q

When is prazosin used?

A

a1 blocker

hypertension

vasodilation and reduce BP

35
Q

What does cocaine + amphetamine bind to

A

B2 adrenergic receptors

inhibits re-uptake of NA, DA and 5HT

MBBS1- FunMed (Pharmacology) (4 decks)

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