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Bio 30 > Nervous System and Special Senses > Flashcards

Nervous System and Special Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the Nervous system

A

To maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What does the body use to maintain homeostasis

A

Negative feedback

Using the end redial to to inhibit the cause

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3
Q

What are the two main systems of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system

Peripher nervous system

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4
Q

What are the two main things in a central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the two nerves involved in peripher nervous system

A

Somatic nerves

Autonomic nerves

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6
Q

What nerves are voluntary

A

Somatic nerves

  • sensory
  • motor
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7
Q

What nerves are involuntary

A

Autonomic nerves

Involving sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Restores the body after stress

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9
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Prepares body for stress

Fight or flight

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10
Q

What two main types of cells are in the Nervous System

A

Neurons

Glial Cells

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11
Q

Neurons

A

The functional units of the Nervous System

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12
Q

Glial cells

A

Non-conducting support cells of the Nervous System

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13
Q

Bundle of Neurons

A

Single nerve fibres is known as a nerves

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Cytoplasmic projections that carry the nerves impulse to the cell body

Some neurons have specialized dendrites known as sensory receptors

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15
Q

Cell Body

A

House the nucleus and the organelles of the neuron

The position of the cell body in a reflex arc will indicate the type of neuron

  • main receptors
  • signal doesn’t go to brain but spinal cord
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16
Q

What type of neuron is the Spinal cord

A

Interneuron

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17
Q

White matter vs grey matter

A

White matter has myelin sheath

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18
Q

Axon

A

Cytoplasmic extension tat carries the nerves impulse away from the cell body

Most axons are almost entirely covered by Schwann cells

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19
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells that surround the axon and secrete the myelin (acts as inculcation)

Myelin is the cytoplasm of the Schwann cells which wrap around the axon

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20
Q

What is a neurilemma

A

A thin layer surrounding the Schwann cell and axon which repairs damage to axon

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21
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath where nerves impulse occur

Allow for saltatory conduction
-the process by which nerves impulse jump from node to node

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22
Q

Axon Terminal

A

The point where a nerve impulse is passed to another neuron

Contains synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter

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23
Q

Neurons can be classified in what 3 categories

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

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24
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Carries impulses received by sensory receptors to the CNS

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25
Q

Interneurons

A

Found in the CNS and pass signal to the brain or motor neurons

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26
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carries impulse to effectors like muscles, organs, and glands

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27
Q

The reflex arc

A

A reflex is an involuntary and unconscious response to stimulus

A reflex arc is a simple nerves pathway that does not involve the brain

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28
Q

Where is the cell body of the sensory neurons (afferant neurons) located

A

Ganglion outside the spinal cord

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29
Q

Where is the interneuron located

A

Grey matter of the spinal cord

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30
Q

Where is the motor neuron (efferent neuron) located

A

Grey matter of the spinal cord and the axon extends out to the effector

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31
Q

What is the action potential also known as?

A

Nerve impulse

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32
Q

What is the action potential (nerve impulse)

A

The movement of an electrochemical charge along the length of the neurons

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33
Q

What is the electrochemical charge of the action potential due to?

A

The charge is due to the movement of ions (Na and K) across the neuron membrane

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34
Q

What is Ion Channels

A

The movement ions along a neuron is controlled by ion channels

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35
Q

What is ion channels function

A

They ensure Ions do not move down there concentration gradient at the wrong time

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36
Q

What are the two different ion channels

A

They are both sodium and potassium ion channels

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37
Q

What do I am channels depend on when opening and closing

A

They’re opening and closing depends on membrane potential

How the inside charges compare to what is outside

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38
Q

What is resting potential in the action potential or nerve impulse

A

Sodium ions are found in a higher concentration outside of the neuron

Potassium ions are found in a higher concentration inside of the neuron

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39
Q

What charge does the membrane potential have in a resting potential , within the action potential or nerve impulse

A

The membrane potential is negative, The inside of the neuron is more negative compared to the outside

With the charge separation the membrane is said to be polarized

40
Q

What is the depolarization in the action potential or nerve impulse

A

Stimulation of the neuron cause the sodium ion channels to open

Sodium travels down its concentration gradient into the neuron

41
Q

What is the charge of depolarization in the action potential/nerve impulse

A

The influx/charge of sodium because the membrane potential to become positive

The influx must reach a threshold level to produce an action potential

42
Q

Describe have the nerve impulse/action potential is propagated a long the neuron in depolarization

A

The influx of sodium ions will stimulate adjacent sodium ion channels to open propagating the impulse along the neuron

43
Q

What is re-pull arise Asian in an action potential/nerve impulse

A

Sodium ion channels will close and the potassium ion channels will open

Potassium travels down the concentration gradient out of the neuron

44
Q

What is the overall charge of repolarization and an action potential/nerve impulse

A

The efflux of potassium causes the membrane potential to become negative

The efflux is too strong that too much potassium leave

The Nora said to be hyperpolarized at this point

45
Q

What is refractory period with an action potential/nerve impulse

A

The potassium ion channels close and the sodium/potassium pump restores resting membrane potential

It will transport three sodium ions out and to potassium ions in and use one ATP

46
Q

Refractory period with an action potential/nerve impulse what is the membrane potential

A

The membrane potential approaches the resting membrane potential

Another action potential cannot occur until resting membrane potential

Turn around or hyperpolarized

47
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

In the axon, ion channels are only found at the nodes of Ranvier

The nerve impulse is able to jump from node to node

48
Q

How does my limited and unmyelinated axons compare in terms of their ability to transmit nerve impulses

A

Myelinated axons transmit nerve impulses faster than unmyelinated

49
Q

Threshold levels

A

The minimum level of stimulus required for a neuron to fire

50
Q

Can neurons have different threshold levels and if so how

A

Different neurons have different threshold levels. The more intense a stimulus, the more neurons with higher threshold that will fire.

Once the threshold level is reached, the neuron will fire completely

Higher intensity stimuli do not result in a bigger action potentials, The more intense as stimulus, the more frequent the neuron fires

51
Q

What are the three ways the brain interprets a stimulus by

A
  1. the number of neurons
  2. The neurons respective threshold levels
  3. The frequency of action potential’s
52
Q

Summation

A

When two or more neurons fire together on to another neuron with a higher threshold causing it to fire

53
Q

Inhibition

A

When a neuron fires onto another and inhibits the subsequence neuron from firing

54
Q

The synapse

A

The region between the axon terminal and another neuron’s dendrites

It involves a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron

55
Q

What is the space between a neuron and an effector also know as

A

Neuromuscular junction

56
Q

What does Crossing the synapse involve

A

Transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse involves neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released by presynaptic neuron that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

What does the first step in synaptic transmission involve

A

The wave of depolarization reaches the presynaptic axon terminal

Calcium ions channels open in response resulting in reflux

58
Q

What does the second step of synaptic transmission involve

A

Calcium ions fine to vessels containing neurotransmitters

What happens to the vessels following the vent
The stimulates the vessels to use with the axon terminal membrane

59
Q

What is the third step of the synaptic transmission involve

A

The vesicles release the neurotransmitter into the synopsis (synaptic cleft)

The neurotransmitter following this event diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

60
Q

What is the fourth that of the synaptic transmission involved

A

Ion channels on the postsynaptic neuron open in response to the neurotransmitter

The postsynaptic neuron following this event will cause either deep polarization or hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic neuron

61
Q

What is the fifth step in bowl in synaptic transmission involved

A

Enzymes in the synaptic cleft break down the neurotransmitter

Once the neurotransmitter is broken down the broken down neurotransmitter may be cycled by the presynaptic neuron

62
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

The body has multiple neurotransmitters that cause either excitatory or inhibitory effects, or both

63
Q

What is excitatory effects

A

Makes the post-synaptic neuron more permeable to sodium ions

64
Q

What does inhibitory effect

A

Makes the postsynaptic neuron more permeable to potassium ions

65
Q

Why is it essential for Neurotransmitters to have enzymes to break them down

A

Otherwise the neuron would remain in a constant state of depolarization

66
Q

What is Acetylcholine

A

Results and muscle contractions

Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse

67
Q

What gives drugs there various effects

A

The activation and suppression of inhibitory and excretory pathways is what gives drugs their various effects

Drugs are classified either stimulants or depressants based on their effects

68
Q

Addiction theory

A

Neurons may respond to excess neurotransmitter by producing more receptorswhich will increase the threshold of the neuron to depolarization

69
Q

What is the most consuming process of nerve impulse transmission

A

Diffusion of the neurotransmitter

The more synapse the slower signal

70
Q

What is Acetylcholine primary function

A

Muscle control, memory formation, sensory responses

Excitatory

71
Q

What is serotonin primary function

A

Initial movement control, mood regulation, appetite, sleep, muscle control

72
Q

What is dopamine primary function

A

Reward pathways, Cognition, voluntary motion

73
Q

What is norepinephrine primary function

A

Fight or flight response. increased heart rate, increase glucose and blood stream, increased oxygen in brain and muscles

74
Q

What is the three layer protective membrane called in the CNS

A

Meninges

Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pia mater

75
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsibility

A

Controls higher mental functions such as rational decision-making, right versus wrong, and socially acceptable behaviour

76
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsibility

A

Involved with integrating sensory/Somatosensory information the significance of The parietal lobe different parts of the region control and response to specific body areas

77
Q

What is occipital lobe responsible for

A

Involved in processing of visual information the pathway of the nerves from the eye through the brain is that the nerves I will lead to the lobe

78
Q

What is the Temporal lobe responsible for

A

Involved in processing auditory information for significance responsibility of the low of the brain also is responsible for some short and long-term memory

79
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for

A

Involved in coordinating muscle movement it is strongly involved in balance and body awareness

80
Q

What is the cerebrum/cerebral cortex responsible for

A

Store sensory information, initiate voluntary action, involved in intellectual abilities

81
Q

What is the corpus callosum responsible for

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain, also for communication between the 2 halfs of the brain

82
Q

What is the Thalamus responsible for

A

Coordinate various sensory information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum

83
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for

A

Largely in Baltimore containing homeostasis, Courtney’s communication between the nervous system and the endocrine system

84
Q

What is the olfactory bulb responsible for

A

Process information in regards to smell

85
Q

What is the pituitary gland responsible for

A

I made your site of hormone production

86
Q

What is the pons responsible for

A

Literally means bridge, maturely involved in relaying signal from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and Medela oblongata

87
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for

A

This side of autonomic nervous control some bodily activities that are controlled by the structure are the control of activities like breathing, heart contractions, digestive moment, and etc.

88
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for

A

Largely a real life Centre for the berries I am here function also involved in the sleep wake cycle

89
Q

What is sensory information

A

The sensory somatic system uses sensory neuron. This provides the CNS with information about external environment

90
Q

What are the seven receptor types

A

The skin, proprioceptors, taste receptors, olfactory receptors, Photoreceptors, and Mechanoreceptors

91
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Found in muscles, tendons, joints, and years. Response to limb and body movement

92
Q

Taste receptors

A

Found in the tongue. Respond to taste

93
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Found in the nasal cavity. Respond to chemicals in the air

94
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Found in the eye. Response to wavelengths of light

95
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Found in the ear. Respond to wavelength of the sound

96
Q

The human brain multiple inputs

A

The brain relies on multiple sensory information to make associations with objects the brain uses multiple inputs to make associations such as taste and smell receptors are closely linked to just terminate the taste of an object

97
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The process by which a sensory receptor become accustomed to a stimulus

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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