nervous system and eyes (starts on slide 115) Flashcards
1
Q
major symptoms of Bacterial Meningitis
A
Sudden high fever and severe meningeal inflammation
2
Q
Causative organisms of Bacterial Meningitis
A
Neisseria meningitidis,Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae b, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae
3
Q
type of pathogen of Neisseria meningitidis
A
bacteria (gram -)
4
Q
type of pathogen of streptococcus pneumoniae
A
bacteria (gram +)
5
Q
type of pathogen of haemophilus influenzae b
A
bacteria (gram -)
6
Q
type of pathogen of listeria monocytogenes
A
bacteria (gram +)
7
Q
type of pathogen of streptococcus agalactiae
A
bacteria (gram +)
8
Q
Neisseria meningitidis mode of transmission
A
respiratory droplets
9
Q
streptococcus pneumoniae mode of transmission
A
respiratory droplets
10
Q
haemophilus influenzae b mode of transmission
A
respiratory droplets
11
Q
listeria monocytogenes mode of transmission
A
Contaminated food and drink
12
Q
streptococcus agalactiae mode of transmission
A
At birth via passage through birth canal or by health care personnel
13
Q
what is known as the “meningococcus” purple spotted rash
A
neisseria meningitidis
14
Q
this is the most common cause of meningitis in people over 20 (college students in dorms 23x more likely)
A
neisseria meningitidis
15
Q
known as the “pneumococcus;”
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
16
Q
most common bacterial meningitis in adults
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
17
Q
Commonly causes meningitis in children < 5 (most often < 18 months)
A
Haemophilus influenzae b
18
Q
elderly, babies, pregnant women is associated with what causative organism
A
Listeria monocytogenes
19
Q
Meningitis in premature babies and infants < 3 months
A
Streptococcus agalactiae
20
Q
what is another name for Leprosy
A
Hansen’s Disease
21
Q
what are the symptoms of Hansens disease
A
Tuberculoid leprosy: Nonprogressive, regions of lost sensation as a result of nerve damage; Lepromatous leprosy: Progressive, gradual loss of facial features, digits, other body structures
22
Q
causative organism of leprosy
A
Mycobacterium leprae
23
Q
type of pathogen of hansens disease (leprosy)
A
Bacteria (acid-fast)
24
Q
method of transmission of hansens disease
A
Person-to-person contact or break in the skin; can also be acquired from handling or consuming armadillos
25
in leprosy death is ______
rare
26
strong immune system regarding leprosy equates to what
tuberculoid leprosy
27
weaker immune system regarding leprosy equates to what
lepromatous leprosy
28
what are the symptoms of botulism
Intoxication; flaccid paralysis; Death can result from asphyxiation – cannot inhale
29
causative organism of botulism
clostridium botulinum
30
type of pathogen of botulism
Bacteria (Gram +)
31
botulism mode of transmission
Contaminated food (esp home-canned); honey (infants); endospores enter wounds
32
how potent is botulism
extremely potent
33
most common form of botulism in US
infant botulism
34
what syndrome can botulism lead to
floppy baby syndrome
35
what category bioterrorist threat is botulism
category A
36
what are the major symptoms of tetanus
Characteristic severe muscular contraction; lockjaw; sweating, drooling, grouchiness, constant back spasms; Death from asphyxiation - cannot exhale
37
whats another name for tetanus
lockjaw
38
causative organism of tetanus
Clostridium tetani
39
type of pathogen of tetanus
Bacteria (Gram +)
40
mode of transmission of tetanus
Break in skin, mucus membranes; puncture wounds; umbilical stump
41
whats the name for the smiling spasm one can get from botulism
risus sardonicus
42
what is the neonatal tetanus mortality for botulism
>90%--infected umbilical stump
43
what are the major symptoms of viral meningitis
similar to bacterial meningitis, but milder
44
another name for viral meningitis
aseptic meningitis
45
causative agent for viral meningitis
Enteroviruses: Poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, Echovirus (90%)
46
viral meningitis type of pathogen
RNA viruses
47
viral meningitis mode of transmission
respiratory droplets and feces
48
viral meningitis is more common than _________ and __________ meningitis
bacterial and fungal
49
what are the major symptoms of poliomyelitis
Asymptomatic infections –
almost 90% of cases;
Minor polio – nonspecific symptoms; Nonparalytic polio – muscle spasms and back pain; Paralytic polio (1%) – produces paralysis (can result in bulbar polio)
50
causative agent of poliomyelitis
poliovirus
51
type of pathogen of poliomyelitis
RNA virus
52
mode of transmission of poliomyelitis
Transmitted most often by drinking contaminated water (fecal-oral)
53
what are the key associations of poliomyelitis
aka infantile paralysis; Postpolio syndrome (crippling deterioration) common; 2 vaccines: OPV, IPV (no longer give OPV in US); FDR dx with polio
54
what are the major symptoms of rabies
Pain/itching at site of infection, fever, malaise, anorexia; CNS: hydrophobia, seizures, disorientation, hallucinations, paralysis
55
causative agent of rabies
rabies virus
56
type of pathogen of rabies
RNA virus
57
rabies mode of transmission
Transmission usually occurs via a bite; virus sometimes introduced through break in the skin or inhalation
58
key associations of rabies
Classical zoonotic disease of mammals; Bats - source of most cases of rabies in US; Too late to intervene by the time symptoms occur; capsid described as "bullet shaped"
59
major symptoms of eastern equine encephalitis
Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito
60
causative agent of eastern equine encephalitis
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Virus
61
type of pathogen of eastern equine encephalitis
RNA virus
62
mode of transmission of estern equine encephalitis
mosquito vector
63
key associations of eastern equine encephalitis
Arbovirus; found mostly East of Mississippi River; more virulent, higher fatality than WEE virus; BSL-3; aka sleeping sickness (NOT the same as African Sleeping sickness)
64
western equine encephalitis major symptoms
Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito
65
causative agent for western equine encephalitis
Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) Virus
66
western equine encephalitis type of pathogen
RNA virus
67
western equine encephalitis mode of transmission
mosquito vector
68
key associations of western equine encephalitis
Arbovirus; found mostly West of Mississippi River; not as virulent or fatal as EEE virus
69
major symptoms of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Fever, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, seizures 3-10 days after the bite of an infected mosquito
70
causative agent of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) Virus
71
type of pathogen of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
RNA virus
72
mode of transmission of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
mosquito vector
73
key associations for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Arbovirus; found primarily in Texas
74
major symptoms of St. Louis Encephalitis
headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions and spastic paralysis
75
causative agent of St. Louis Encephalitis
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
76
type of pathogen of St. Louis Encephalitis
RNA virus
77
mode of transmission of ST. Louis Encephalitis
mosquito vector
78
key associations for St. Louis Encephalitis
Arbovirus; Named after outbreak in St. Louis
79
major symptoms of west nile encephalitis
80% of people asymptomatic; fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach, back
80
causative agent of west nile encephalitis
west nile virus
81
type of pathogen of west nile encephalitis
RNA virus
82
mode of transmission of west nile encephalitis
mosquito vector
83
key associations of west nile encephalitis
Arbovirus; avoid handling dead birds
84
major symptoms of California (LaCrosse) Encephalitis
Initial viremia then encephalitis, fever, or rash; symptoms are usually mild
85
causative agent of California encephalitis
California Encephalitis Virus
86
type of pathogen of california encephalitis
RNA virus
87
mode of transmission of california encephalitis
mosquito vector
88
key associations of california encephalitis
Arbovirus........ Totally righteous dude
89
major symptoms of tick borne encephalitis
Sore muscles, fever, then encephalitis, with coma, convulsions, and paralysis
90
causative agent of tick borne encephalitis
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus
91
type of pathogen of tick borne encephalitis
RNA virus
92
mode of transmission of tick borne encephalitis
hard tick vector
93
key associations of tick borne encephalitis
Arbovirus; Emerging disease
94
major symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis
Similar to bacterial meningitis: Headache, dizziness, drowsiness, irritability, confusion, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness – can progress to loss of vision and coma
95
causative agent of cryptococcal meningitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
96
type of pathogen of cryptococcal meningitis
fungus
97
mode of transmission of cryptococcal meningitis
Opportunistic pathogen - inhalation of spores or dried yeast cells
98
key associations of cryptococcal meningitis
Most common clinical form of Cryptococcal infection
99
major symptoms of mycetismus
neurological dysfunction, hallucinations, organ damage, or death
100
what are the types causative agents of mycetismus
amanita phalloides, gyromitra esculenta, and psilocybe cubensis
101
type of pathogen for amanita phalloides
mushroom
102
type of pathogen for gyromitra esculenta
mushroom
103
type of pathogen for psilocybe cubensis
mushroom
104
mode of transmission for amanita phalloides, gyromitra esculenta and psilocybe cubensis
ingestion
105
key associations for amanita phalloides
“Death cap mushroom” – deadliest mushroom toxin
106
key associations for gyromitra esculenta
false morel
107
key associations for psilocybe cubensis
Hallucinogenic (psilocybin); "magic mushrooms" or "shrooms"
108
major symptoms for african sleeping sickness
3 stages: Site of fly bite becomes lesion; Fever, lymph node swelling, and headaches; Invasion of CNS = Meningoencephalitis
109
another name for african sleeping sickness
trypanosomiasis
110
what are the causative agents of trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma bruccei gambiense, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
111
type of pathogen of trypanosomiasis
protozoan
112
mode of transmission of trypanosomiasis
tsetse fly vector
113
key associations of trypanosoma bruccei gambiense
West African sleeping sickness; More common (95%)
114
key associations of trypanosoma bruccei rhodesiense
East African sleeping sickness; Less common
| 5%
115
major symptoms of amebic meningoencephalopathy
Severe headache, fever, vomiting, neurological tissue destruction lead to hemorrhage, coma, and usually death within 3-7 days
116
causative organisms of amebic meningoencephalopathy
acanthamoeba and naegleria fowleri
117
type of pathogen for acanthamoeba
protozoan
118
type of pathogen for naegleria fowleri
protozoan
119
type of pathogen for amebic meningoencephalopathy
protozoan
120
mode of transmission of acanthamoeba
inhalation of contaminated water
121
mode of transmission of naegleria fowleri
inhalation of contaminated water
122
mode of transmission of amebic meningoencephalopathy
inhalation of contaminated water
123
key associations of Acanthamoeba
By the time diagnosed, almost always too late for effective treatment
124
key associations of Naegleria fowleri
aka “Brain-eating amoeba”; By the time diagnosed, almost always too late for effective treatment
125
major symptoms of Variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease (vCJD)
Insomnia, weight loss, memory failure, progressive worsening of muscle control
126
causative organism of Variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease (vCJD)
Abnormal strains of prion
127
type of pathogen of Variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease (vCJD)
Prion
128
mode of transmission of Variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease (vCJD)
Most likely from eating BSE contaminated beef
129
key associations of Variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease (vCJD)
Spongiform encephalopathy; Emerging disease
130
major symptoms of Trachoma
Eyelids to turn inward, eyelashes abrade, irritate, and scar the cornea, triggering invasion of blood vessels; eventual result is blindness
131
causative organisms of Trachoma
Chlamydia trachomatis
132
type of pathogen of Trachoma
Bacteria
133
mode of transmission of Trachoma
Bacteria from genitals introduced to the eyes in birth canal, or via fomites or fingers
134
key associations of Trachoma
Leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in humans
135
major symptoms of sty
Infection of hair follicle on eyelid
136
causative organisms of sty
Staphyclococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
137
type of pathogen of Staphyclococcus aureus
Bacteria (Gram +)
138
mode of transmission of Staphyclococcus aureus
Direct contact/fomites
139
key associations of Staphyclococcus aureus
More likely cause
140
type of pathogen of Staphylococcus epidermidis
Bacteria (Gram +)
141
mode of treansmission of Staphylococcus epidermidis
Direct contact/fomites
142
major symptoms of Opthalmia Neonatorum
Inflammation of cornea or blindness
143
causative organisms of Opthalmia Neonatorum
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
144
type of pathogen of Opthalmia Neonatorum
Bacteria (Gram -)
145
mode of transmission of Opthalmia Neonatorum
Bacteria from genitals introduced to the eyes in birth canal
146
key associations of Opthalmia Neonatorum
aka Newborn conjunctivitis
147
major symptoms of Conjunctivitis (aka pinkeye)
Red eye, irritation and watering of the eyes are symptoms common to all forms; bacteria causes marked grittiness/irritation and a mucopurulent discharge
148
what are the causative organisms of conjunctivitis
Staphyclococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus aegyptii, adenovirus
149
type of pathogen of Staphyclococcus aureus
Bacteria (Gram +)
150
type of pathogen of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacteria (Gram +)
151
type of pathogen of Haemophilus aegyptii
Bacteria (Gram -)
152
type of pathogen of Adenovirus
DNA Virus
153
mode of transmission for conjunctivitis
direct transmission
154
key associations of conjunctivitis, adenovirus
"swimming pool conjunctivitis"
155
major symptoms of Ocular herpes
Unilateral, gritty feeling, conjunctivitis, pain, sensitivity to light, corneal lesions – can lead to blindness
156
causative organisms of Ocular herpes
HHV – 1
| aka Herpes Simplex
157
type of pathogen of Ocular herpes
DNA Virus
158
mode of transmission of Ocular herpes
Close contact with active lesions
159
key associations of Ocular herpes
Latent virus in trigeminal ganglion travels down ophthalmic branch
160
major symptoms of Ocular candidiasis
Eye pain, red eye, blindness
161
causative organisms of Ocular candidiasis
Candida albicans
162
type of pathogen of Ocular candidiasis
Fungus
163
mode of transmission of Ocular candidiasis
Opportunistic pathogen
164
key associations of Ocular candidiasis
none
165
major symptoms of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Extreme eye pain, severe redness
166
causative organisms of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Acanthamoeba
167
type of pathogen of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Protozoan
168
mode of transmission of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Enters through cuts, scrapes, conjunctiva
169
key associations of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Prevent by NEVER using nonsterile solutions to clean or store contact lenses; Emerging disease
170
major symptoms of Loa Loa Filariasis
Doesn't normally affect vision, can be painful when moving about the eyeball or across the bridge of the nose; Swelling below skin called Calabar swellings
171
causative organisms of Loa Loa Filariasis
Loa Loa
172
type of pathogen of Loa Loa Filariasis
Nematode (roundworm)
173
mode of transmission of Loa Loa Filariasis
Deer fly or Mango fly vectors
174
key associations of Loa Loa Filariasis
aka subcutaneous filariasis or loaiasis
175
major symptoms of Onchocerciasis
Long-term corneal inflammation; leads to blindness
176
causative organisms of Onchocerciasis
Onchocerca valvulus
177
type of pathogen of Onchocerciasis
Nematode (roundworm)
178
mode of transmission of Onchocerciasis
Black fly vector
179
key associations of Onchocerciasis
aka River Blindness
