Nervous System and Brain Anatomy Flashcards
What is the “Fight or flight” system?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the “Rest and digest” system?
Parasympathetic System
Alpha-1 Receptor Agonists examples + effects
Examples: Epinephrine + Methoxamine
Effect: constriction of blood vessels; Increasing BP
Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists (3), Antagonist (2) + effects
Examples: Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor), Xylazine, Romifidine
Effects: Helps regulate norepinephrine release
Antagonist: Atipamezole (Antisedan), Yohimbine
Beta-1 Receptor Agonists (1), Antagonist (3) + effects
Agonist: Dobutamine
Effects: located in the heart; causes increased HR and contraction
Antagonist: Atenolol, propranolol, sotalol
Beta-2 Receptor Agonists (2) + effects
Agonist: Albuterol, Terbutaline
Effect: Relaxation of smooth muscle in cardiac blood vessels, skeletal muscle arterioles, and bronchioles in the lungs (mostly used in treating asthma)
Beta-2 Receptor Agonists (2) + effects
Agonist: Albuterol, Terbutaline
Effect: Relaxation of smooth muscle in cardiac blood vessels, skeletal muscle arterioles, and bronchioles in the lungs (mostly used in treating asthma)
Where are opiod receptors found?
CNS, GI tract, urinary tract, and in smooth muscle
What are the main types of Opiod receptors?
Mu, Kappa, and Delta
Examples of Mu-Receptor Agonists: 3
Morphine, Hydromorphone, Meperidine
Examples of Mu-Receptor Partial Agonist:
Butorphanol, Buprenorphine
Examples of Mu-Receptor Antagonist:
Naloxone
What are the 4 parts of the Brain?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
What does the Cerebrum control?
Conscious thought and perception
Largest part of the brain
What does the Cerebellum control?
Motor control, coordinates movement
What are the 3 parts of the Diencephalon + their function:
- Thalamus: Responsible for relaying sensory information; hearing, sight, touch, and pain
- Hypothalamus: controls temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, etc. Helps to regulate neuroendocrine function + hormones in the body
- Pituitary: endocrine gland which secretes ACTH, TSH, Growth hormone, Prolactin, LH, + FSH. The “Master Gland”
What are the 3 parts of the Brain Stem:
- Medulla Oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain
What are Meninges. What are the 3 layers?
Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
Layers:
1. Dura Mater: Outer layer
2. Arachnoid: Middle layer
3. Pia Mater: Inner layer
What is the purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid?
Flows between layers of meninges
Helps to protect and provide cushion for the brain
What is the PNS? What does it control?
Peripheral Nervous System
12 pairs of the cranial nerves (originate in the brain, sensory, motor, or both functions)
31 pairs of spinal nerves (start in spinal cord, sensory or motor functions)
What is the purpose of the Blood Brain Barrier?
Separates circulating blood from the fluid of the CNS
Prevents toxins form getting to the brain
What are the 2 types of nervous system cells? What are their functions?
- Glial Cells: don’t transmit nerve impulses but help protect the nervous system
- Neurons: transmit nerve impulses
Define: Soma
Neuron body
Define: Axon
Conducts the impulse away from the body
What type of matter are Myelinated tissue?
White Matter
What type of matter are Non-Myelinated tissue?
Grey Matter
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) comprised of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the Automatic Nervous System comprised of?
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic systems
What are the 3 Neurotransmitters in the Sympathetic Nervous System? What happens when they are released
- Adrenergic
- Catecholamine
- Epinephrine:
Causes increase in HR/BP/Respiration, Pupil Dilation, Bronchodilation, and decreased GI activity
What can trigger the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Pain, fear, excitement, exercise, etc.
What are the Neurotransmitters in the Parasympathetic Nervous System? What happens then they are stimulated?
- Cholinergic
- Acetylcholine
Causes; decreased HR/RR, pupil constriction (returns to normal size), increased SLUD
Controls NORMAL homeostatic
What does SLUD stand for?
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?
- Sodium moves out of the cell and potassium moves into cell
-How cells communicate
Define: Polarization
- When the cell is at rest. “Resting Cell Potential”
- At rest cell is negatively charged
Define: Depolarization
- Occurs when electrical impulse is generated, causing firing of the cell. “Action Potential”
- Sodium channels open, & sodium flows into the cell. Cell is now positive
- Causes cardiac cells to contract
Define: Repolarization
- Occurs when cell returns to rest
- Sodium channels close and potassium channels open
- Potassium moves back into cell, pushing sodium out
- Cell is now negatively charges again
Mydriasis
Pupil Dilation
Miosis
Pupil constriction
What is the term that describes nerve fibers that carry an impulse TOWARD the brain/spinal cord?
Afferent
What is the term that describes nerve fibers that carry an impulse AWAY from the brain/spinal cord?
Efferent
What nerves are outside the brain and spinal?
Peripheral Nerves
Adjective that describes a highly branched structure + refers to the projections from a nerve cell
Dendritic
