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Pain Management > Nervous System and Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Nervous System and Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the “Fight or flight” system?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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2
Q

What is the “Rest and digest” system?

A

Parasympathetic System

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3
Q

Alpha-1 Receptor Agonists examples + effects

A

Examples: Epinephrine + Methoxamine
Effect: constriction of blood vessels; Increasing BP

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4
Q

Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists (3), Antagonist (2) + effects

A

Examples: Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor), Xylazine, Romifidine
Effects: Helps regulate norepinephrine release
Antagonist: Atipamezole (Antisedan), Yohimbine

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5
Q

Beta-1 Receptor Agonists (1), Antagonist (3) + effects

A

Agonist: Dobutamine
Effects: located in the heart; causes increased HR and contraction
Antagonist: Atenolol, propranolol, sotalol

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6
Q

Beta-2 Receptor Agonists (2) + effects

A

Agonist: Albuterol, Terbutaline
Effect: Relaxation of smooth muscle in cardiac blood vessels, skeletal muscle arterioles, and bronchioles in the lungs (mostly used in treating asthma)

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7
Q

Beta-2 Receptor Agonists (2) + effects

A

Agonist: Albuterol, Terbutaline
Effect: Relaxation of smooth muscle in cardiac blood vessels, skeletal muscle arterioles, and bronchioles in the lungs (mostly used in treating asthma)

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8
Q

Where are opiod receptors found?

A

CNS, GI tract, urinary tract, and in smooth muscle

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9
Q

What are the main types of Opiod receptors?

A

Mu, Kappa, and Delta

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10
Q

Examples of Mu-Receptor Agonists: 3

A

Morphine, Hydromorphone, Meperidine

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11
Q

Examples of Mu-Receptor Partial Agonist:

A

Butorphanol, Buprenorphine

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12
Q

Examples of Mu-Receptor Antagonist:

A

Naloxone

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13
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Brain?

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem

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14
Q

What does the Cerebrum control?

A

Conscious thought and perception
Largest part of the brain

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15
Q

What does the Cerebellum control?

A

Motor control, coordinates movement

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Diencephalon + their function:

A
  1. Thalamus: Responsible for relaying sensory information; hearing, sight, touch, and pain
  2. Hypothalamus: controls temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, etc. Helps to regulate neuroendocrine function + hormones in the body
  3. Pituitary: endocrine gland which secretes ACTH, TSH, Growth hormone, Prolactin, LH, + FSH. The “Master Gland”
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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Brain Stem:

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
18
Q

What are Meninges. What are the 3 layers?

A

Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
Layers:
1. Dura Mater: Outer layer
2. Arachnoid: Middle layer
3. Pia Mater: Inner layer

19
Q

What is the purpose of Cerebrospinal Fluid?

A

Flows between layers of meninges
Helps to protect and provide cushion for the brain

20
Q

What is the PNS? What does it control?

A

Peripheral Nervous System
12 pairs of the cranial nerves (originate in the brain, sensory, motor, or both functions)
31 pairs of spinal nerves (start in spinal cord, sensory or motor functions)

21
Q

What is the purpose of the Blood Brain Barrier?

A

Separates circulating blood from the fluid of the CNS
Prevents toxins form getting to the brain

22
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous system cells? What are their functions?

A
  1. Glial Cells: don’t transmit nerve impulses but help protect the nervous system
  2. Neurons: transmit nerve impulses
23
Q

Define: Soma

A

Neuron body

24
Q

Define: Axon

A

Conducts the impulse away from the body

25
Q

What type of matter are Myelinated tissue?

A

White Matter

26
Q

What type of matter are Non-Myelinated tissue?

A

Grey Matter

27
Q

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) comprised of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

28
Q

What is the Automatic Nervous System comprised of?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic systems

29
Q

What are the 3 Neurotransmitters in the Sympathetic Nervous System? What happens when they are released

A
  1. Adrenergic
  2. Catecholamine
  3. Epinephrine:

Causes increase in HR/BP/Respiration, Pupil Dilation, Bronchodilation, and decreased GI activity

30
Q

What can trigger the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

Pain, fear, excitement, exercise, etc.

31
Q

What are the Neurotransmitters in the Parasympathetic Nervous System? What happens then they are stimulated?

A
  1. Cholinergic
  2. Acetylcholine

Causes; decreased HR/RR, pupil constriction (returns to normal size), increased SLUD

Controls NORMAL homeostatic

32
Q

What does SLUD stand for?

A

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation

33
Q

What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?

A
  • Sodium moves out of the cell and potassium moves into cell

-How cells communicate

34
Q

Define: Polarization

A
  • When the cell is at rest. “Resting Cell Potential”
  • At rest cell is negatively charged
35
Q

Define: Depolarization

A
  • Occurs when electrical impulse is generated, causing firing of the cell. “Action Potential”
  • Sodium channels open, & sodium flows into the cell. Cell is now positive
  • Causes cardiac cells to contract
36
Q

Define: Repolarization

A
  • Occurs when cell returns to rest
  • Sodium channels close and potassium channels open
    - Potassium moves back into cell, pushing sodium out
    - Cell is now negatively charges again
37
Q

Mydriasis

A

Pupil Dilation

38
Q

Miosis

A

Pupil constriction

39
Q

What is the term that describes nerve fibers that carry an impulse TOWARD the brain/spinal cord?

A

Afferent

40
Q

What is the term that describes nerve fibers that carry an impulse AWAY from the brain/spinal cord?

A

Efferent

41
Q

What nerves are outside the brain and spinal?

A

Peripheral Nerves

42
Q

Adjective that describes a highly branched structure + refers to the projections from a nerve cell

A

Dendritic

Pain Management (1 decks)

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