Nervous system and brain Flashcards
1
Q
Integration Center
A
Receives incoming information and selects appropriate response
2
Q
Sensory Pathway
A
Pathway for “incoming” information
3
Q
Effector
A
Carries out corrective response
4
Q
Motor pathway
A
Pathway for “outgoing” information
5
Q
Order for Homeostatic control system
A
Receptor Sensory pathway Integration Center Motor Pathway Effector
6
Q
Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
A
Regulates glands, involuntary (cardiac and smooth muscles) One of the divisions of the motor system Part of the Peripheral Nervous System
7
Q
Motor Systeam
A
Carries outgoing signals to effectors
“efferent” system
8
Q
Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System
A
Sensory
Automatic
Enteric
9
Q
A “nerve cell” is also known as:
A
a Neuron
10
Q
Nerve tissue also consists of:
A
Neuroglia (glial cell)
Do not conduct signals.
11
Q
What type of Neuroglia are active Phagocytes?
A
Microglia
12
Q
What type of neuroglia provide supporting framework for neurons in the CNS?
A
Astrocytes
13
Q
What type of neuroglia form myelin sheaths around CNS neurons?
A
Oligodendrocytes
14
Q
What type of neuroglia form myelin sheaths and neurilemma around PNS neurons?
A
Schwann Cells
15
Q
Which type of neuroglia line fluid-filled spaces within the brain and spinal cord and form cerebrospinal fluid?
A
Ependymal
16
Q
A collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS is a:
A
Nucleus
17
Q
A collection of neuron cell bodies with the PNS
A
Ganglion
18
Q
A bundle of Axons within the CNS is a:
A
tract
19
Q
A bundle of Axons within the PNS is a
A
Nerve
20
Q
White Matter
A
myelnated axons
tracts
21
Q
Gray Matter
A
Integrated
Nuclei
Synapses
unmylenated axons
22
Q
Contains tracts for transmission of impulses from one part of CNS to another
(Communication pathways between brain/spinal cord and w’in the brain)
Fiber tracts
Consists of Myelinated axons
A
White Matter
23
Q
Brain and spinal cord nuclei are primarily this tissue type
“integration” in nervous system
neuron cell bodies and
unmyelinat4ed axons
A
Gray Matter
24
Q
Spinal cord begins at the
A
Foreman magnum of skull (continuous with the medulla of brain) and continues down to the L1-L2 level of vertebral column (brain stem)
25
Within what bony canal is the spinal cord contained?
Vertebral Canal
26
Superior Enargment-extends from 4th cervical vertebre to thoracic vertebre (c4-T1)
Cervical Enlargement
27
Inferior Enlargement--extends from 9th-12th thoracic vertebre
Lumbar Enlargement
28
What forms the Cauda Equina?
Roots of the lower spinal nerves
29
A spinal nerve is formed by the union of a _____ root containing motor neurons exclusively and a ____ root containing sensory neurons exclusively.
Ventral
Dorsal
30
What structures are found in the dorsal root ganglion?
Cell bodies and sensory neurons
31
The spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
32
Spinal Cord is segmented-spinal nerves emerge at reg. intervals from intervertebral foramina
Spinal Segment
33
How many Segments in the entire cord?
31
34
Contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
Anterior Horn
35
Contains cell bodies of Sensory neurons
Posterior root ganglion
36
Contain cell bodies of interneurons in ASCENDING sensory tracts
Posterior Horns
37
Conain ASCENDING or DESCENDING axons of interneurons
| Contains white matter
Columns
38
Contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
Lateral Horn
39
Consists of gray matter
Horn
40
Nuclei of spinal cord are found in____ matter and contain ____ of neurons. They are contained within the ____ of the spinal cord.
Gray
Cell bodies
Horns
41
Tracts of the spinal cord are found within ____matter and contain_____of neurons. They are contained within the ____of the spinal cord
White
Axons
Columns
42
What are several functions of the spinal cord?
Communication between other parts of PNS and CNS.
| Reflex control center area
43
Function of the spinal reflex STRETCH
Causes contraction of skeletal muscle in responses to stretching of the muscle
44
Function of the spinal reflex TENDON
Operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation
45
Function of the spinal reflex WITHDRAWAL
Quickly withdrawals body part in response to pain
46
Function of the spinal reflex CROSSED EXTENSOR
Helps maintain balance when withdrawal flexor is in effect
47
Nerve
Bundle of axons
48
A nerve is composed of what matter?
White
49
Spinal nerves contain
Sensory AND Motor axons
50
Spinal nerves are known as _____nerves
MIXED
51
For sensory neurons, where are the dendrites and cell bodies located?
posterior Root Ganglion
52
For Motor Neurons, where are the dendrites and cell bodies located?
Anterior Root
53
Name the 4 major spinal nerve PLEXUS's
Brachial C5-T1 (arm)
Cervical C1-C5 (Neck)
Lumbar L1-L4 (pelvis--lumbar)
Sacral L4-S5 (Sacrum)
54
A plexus is a
NETWORK
55
A PHRENIC Nerve
Emerges from the CERVICAL PLEXUS
| Distribution is the DIAPHRAM
56
A SCIATIC Nerve
Emerges from the SACRAL PLEXUS
| Distribution is the HIP
57
All spinal nerves are
MIXED
58
A nerve exiting from a plexus contains fibers from _____spinal cord segmant
more than one
59
Dermatome
Area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves on the trigeminal nerve.
60
Midbrain
midbrain
61
Cerbrum, hypothalamus and Thalamus
Forebrain
62
Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons
Hindbrain
63
3 Main brain structures that from the brain stem
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
64
What is the general function of fiber tracts in brain stem?
Transport info to and from brain and spinal cord.
65
Reticular Formation
Broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit netlike arrangements.
66
Function of Reticular Formation
Consciousness, arousal, attention, prevents sensory overload.
67
Pyramids
Bulges of white matter on the anterior aspect of the medulla.
68
Functions of pyramids
Control voluntary movement of limbs
69
Functions of nuclei within the medulla
Breathing, controls digestive reflexes, controls vital body functions (cardiovascular center)
70
What structure is nuclei involved in visual reflexes?
Superior Colliculi
71
What structure is nuclei involved in auditory pathways and reflexes?
Inferior Colliculi
72
What structure are two nuclei involved in skeletal muscle control?
Red nuclei
73
What structures are the location of ascending and descending fiber tracts to and from the cerebrum?
Cerebral peduncles
74
Two major functions of Cerebellum are:
Posture (balance)
| coordinating skeletal movements
75
What are cerebral peduncles?
3 pairs of CP's attach at the cerebellum to the brain stem.
conduct impulses between cerebellum and other parts of the brain
76
Parts of the Diencephalon
Thalamus,
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
77
Functions of thalamus
contribution to motor functions by transmitting info from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to primary motor area of cerebral cortex.
78
The ________acts as the main control center for the ________ nervous system and as a major regulator of the ________ system
Hypothalamus
Automatic
Endocrine
79
Functions of hypothalamus
Controls ANS, produces hormones, regulates emotional/behavior patters.
Eating, drinking,
controls body temp
states of consiousness
80
What are the ventricles of the brain?
Lateral ventricle--line each hemisphere
3rd Ventricle--Right and left halves
4th ventricle--cerebellum/brainstem
81
What fluid is found in the ventricles?
Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
82
Deep masses of gray matter
Basal ganglia
83
Separates cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
84
Elevation or bulge of gray matter
gyrus
85
shallow groove in gray matter
sulcus
86
separates the frontal love and parietal lobe
Central Sulcus
87
Separates the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe
Lateral sulcus
88
corpus callosum
fiber tracts connecting two cerebral hemispheres
89
separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
Parietal-occipital sulcus
90
Thin layer of gray matter on the surface of cerebrum
cerebral cortex
91
Primary motor and pre-motor cortex
Causes contraction of specific muscles or groups of muscles.
| Location: Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
92
Visual Cortex
Receives sensory impulses from the primary visual area and the thalamus.
Location: Occipital Lobe
93
Auditory Cortex
Recognizes speech, music or noise.
| Location: Inferior and posterior to the primary auditory area in the temporal cortex
94
Somatosensory Cortex
Permits determination of exact shape and texture by feeling.
| Location: Posterior to Primary somatosensory area
95
Wernicke's Area
Interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words.
| Location: Left Temporal and parietal lobes
96
Broca's Area
Responsible for recognizing speech and understanding language.
Location: frontal lobe.
97
which cerebral hemisphere is dominant in most aspects of language?
LEFT
98
Which cerebral hemisphere controls muscles on the left side of the body?
RIGHT
99
Which cerebral hemisphere receives sensory info from the right side of the body?
LEFT
100
Which cerebral hemisphere is dominant in tasks involving 3D relationships and recognition of patters, music and artistic appreciation?
RIGHT
101
Basal Ganglia
Deep gray matter
| Deep and lateral to the thalamus
102
Nuclei included in basal ganglia
Globus Pallidus
Putamen
Caudate nucleus
103
2 motor functions of Basal Ganglia are:
regulate initiation and termination of cognitive movements
| controls subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles (arm swinging while walking)
104
Three major groups of fiber tracts in white matter:
Association Tracts
Commissural tracts
projection tracts
105
Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the SAME hemisphere
Association
106
Commissural Tract
Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the OTHER CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
107
Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS
PROJECTION TRACTS
108
The Corpus Callosum belongs to
Commisural tracts
109
Limbic System
Circles thalamus deep in the brain
110
Functions of limbic system
Emotions and Smell (olfactory)
| Memory
111
Language functions
CEREBRAL CORTEX
| CEREBELLUM
112
Respiratory control centers
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
113
Body temperature control
HYPOTHALAMUS
114
"Higher" brain functions
CEREBRAL CORTEX
115
Thirst and hunger centers
HYPOTHALAMUS
116
Parts of the brain stem
MEDULLA, PONS, AND MIDBRAIN
117
Coordination of skeletal muscle
CREBELLUM
118
Gray matter deep within cerebrum, involved with motor reflexes
BASAL GANGLIA
119
Surface gray matter of cerebrum
CEREBRAL CORTEX
120
Massive fiber tracts on anterior surface of brain stem
PONS
121
Thinking, learning, Memory
CEREBRAL CORTEX
122
Voluntary Skeletal Muscle
CEREBRAL CORTEX
123
Consious Sensation
CEREBRAL CORTEX
124
Emotions
LIMBIC SYSTEM
125
Sensory relay station
THALAMUS
126
Fiber tracts connecting higher brain structures and spinal cord
MEDULLA, PONS AND MIDBRAIN
127
Visual and auditory reflexes
MIDBRAIN
128
Maintenance of consciousness and arousal from sleep
RETICULAR FORMATION
| HYPOTHALAMUS
129
"survive" and "drive" behavior, emotional expression
LIMBICK SYSTEM
| HYPOTHALAMUS
130
Primary regulator of endocrine system
HYPOTHALAMUS
131
Control of autonomic nervous system
HYPOTHALAMUS
| MEDULLA
132
Network of neurons in gray matter of brain stem
RETICULAR FORMATION
133
Digestive system control centers
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
134
3 Layers of Meninges
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
135
Inner most Layer of Meninges
Pia Mater
136
Dura Mater
Continues below terminus of spinal cord
| tough OUTERMOST layer
137
Sub arachnoid space contains:
CSF
138
Subdural Space
Between the arachnoid and dura mater
139
Space between the dura and surrounding vertebra
Epidural Space
140
Plays a major direct role in homeostasis
Autonomic nervous system
141
Activities are primarily under involuntary control
Autonomic nervous system
142
Activities are primarily under voluntary control
Somatic nervous system
143
Involves a single neuron extending from CNS to effector
Somatic
144
involves a 2 neuron chain extending from CNS to effector
autonomic
145
neurotransmitter released on effector always excites effector cells
Somatic
146
includes some motor neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
Autonomic
147
innervates skeletal muscles
Somatic
148
innervates smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands
Autonomic
149
all motor neuron cell bodies contained within the CNS
Somatic
150
neurotransmitter released on effector may excite or inhibit effector cells
Autonomic
151
sensory input is from somatic receptors and special sense organs
somatic
152
sensory input is mainly from visceral receptors
Autonomic
153
Also known as the cranio-sacral division
Parasympathetic Nervous System
154
postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine
Parasympathetic Nervous System
155
Preganglionic fibers release acetycholine
Both Para and Sympathetic
156
postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
Sympathetic
157
also known as the thoraco-lumbar division
Sympathetic
158
Does NOT innervate most blood vessels or sweat glands
Parasympathetic
159
Generally prepares the body for strenuous physical activity
Sympathetic
160
Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
Both Para and Sympathetic
161
Dominant in ordinary, non stress situations
Parasympathetic
162
Short preganglionic fibers, long post ganglionic fibers
Sympathetic
163
Long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers
parasympathetic
164
Postganglionic fibers oriiginate in "terminal" or "intramural" ganglia
Parasymphathetic
165
Postganglionic fibers originate in "trunk" or "collateral" ganglia
Sympathetic
166
the "fight or flight" system
Sympathetic
167
the "rest and digest" system
Parasympathetic
