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Nervous System - Anatomy 08/11/17 > Nervous System - Anatomy 08/11/17 > Flashcards

Nervous System - Anatomy 08/11/17 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Integrate signals for the body to be able to perform higher mental functions

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2
Q

What does the PNS do and what is it composed of?

A

Relay the signals to and from brain and spinal cords; includes 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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3
Q

What is the SNS responsible for?

A

Voluntary actions and SENSATION. Supplies skeletal muscle

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4
Q

What is the ANS responsible for?

A

Involuntary nervous system supplying smooth involuntary muscle, glands, and viscera

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5
Q

What is another name for the ANS?

A

Visceral Nervous System

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6
Q

What is the ANS composed of?

A

Autonomic parts of CNS and PNS

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7
Q

What composes nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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8
Q

What kind of cells are neurons? Neuroglia?

A

Nerve cells; glial cells

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9
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Surround neuron and provide support

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10
Q

What unit are neurons for the nervous system? What are they specialized for?

A

Functional and structural units; rapid communication

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11
Q

What 3 things are neurons composed of?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrites
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12
Q

Axon

A

Single appendage and carries impulses away from cell body

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13
Q

What can some axons have? Why?

A

Myelin sheath to increase velocity of communication

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Multiple extensions and carry impulses to the body

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15
Q

Where do neurons communicate and how?

A

Synapses; chemical neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What are neuroglia? Are they more abundant than neurons?

A

Support, insulate, and nourish (Sin) neurons; yes

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17
Q

What two things do neurons have in the CNS?

A
  1. Nucelus

2. Tract

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18
Q

CNS Neuron Nucleus. What does it form?

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies. Gray matter

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19
Q

CNS Neuron Tract. What does it form?

A

Bundle of nerve fibers connecting CNS nuclei. White matter.

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20
Q

What 2 neurons are in the PNS?

A
  1. Ganglion

2. Peripheral nerves

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21
Q

PNS Neuron Ganglion

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies outside of CNS

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22
Q

PNS Neruon Peripheral Nerve

A

Bundles of nerve fibers, their coverings, and vessels

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23
Q

What are the 5 types of vertebrae?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
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24
Q

How many cervical?

A

7

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25
Q

How many thoracic?

A

12

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26
Q

How many lumbar?

A

5

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27
Q

How many sacral?

A

5

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28
Q

How many coccygeal?

A

4

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29
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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30
Q

How many cervical nerves?

A

8

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31
Q

How many thoracic nerves?

A

12

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32
Q

How many lumbar nerves?

A

5

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33
Q

How many sacral nerves?

A

5

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34
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves?

A

1

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35
Q

Where does each pair of nerves leave?

A

Vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

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36
Q

Where does the C4 spinal nerve exit? C7?

A

The C4 spinal nerves exits in the IV foramen ABOVE C4 vertebrae. C7 spinal nerve exits in the IV foramen above c7 vertebrae

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37
Q

What about C8 spinal nerve?

A

Above T1 - now everything shifts by 1

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38
Q

Where does L4 exit?

A

Above L5

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39
Q

What 2 things does a spinal nerve have in the anterior view?

A

White/gray (H shaped) matter

40
Q

pHAG

A

The H=shaped Gray matter has the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) horns

41
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

42
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory

43
Q

What part of the spinal nerve is unique to the posterior horn of the spinal nerve?

A

Spinal Ganglion

44
Q

CANS

A

Anterior horn arises from the CNS

45
Q

Anterior Horn is motor or sensory?

A

Motor

46
Q

Posterior Horn is motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

47
Q

More myelin is what color?

A

White

48
Q

What type of muscle is associated with the anterior horn?

A

Voluntary, skeletal muscle

49
Q

How do neurons return sensory information?

A

Via the same level of the spinal cord at the spinal nerve of the POSTERIOR root

50
Q

What is the posterior spinal/dorsal root ganglion for?

A

Houses cell bodies of the sensory neurons lateral to the IV foramen

51
Q

What does the posterior ramus supply?

A

Mixed motor/sensory spinal nerves to the:

  1. Synovial joints of vertebral column
  2. Overlying skin
  3. Deep muscles of back
52
Q

What does the anterior ramus supply?

A

Much larger area than posterior. Supplies mixed nerve fibers to the rest of the body wall and upper/lower limbs

53
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the motor neurons?

A

Anterior horn

54
Q

What is “innervation”?

A

Arrangement or distribution of nerves to an organ or body body

55
Q

Define dermatome.

A

Strip of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

56
Q

What are 3 diagnostically important dermatomes?

A

a) T4- Nipple
b) T10 - Umbilicus
c) L1 - Lowest anterior body wall ignoring male body part

57
Q

Define myotome

A

Muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve

58
Q

What is a clinical correlation for dermatomes and myotomes?

A

Herniated disks

59
Q

Define conus medullaris

A

End of spinal cord, expanded area

60
Q

In the embryo and fetus, how long does the spinal cord run?

A

The entire length of the vertebral column

61
Q

At birth, where does the spinal cord extend to?

A

L2/L3 vertebral levels

62
Q

How about the adult?

A

L1/L2

63
Q

Define filum terminale

A

Anchors spinal cord to coccyx by a cord

64
Q

Define cauda equina

A

Nerve roots dropping off bottom of spinal cord

65
Q

Does concordance decline as your move down the spinal cord?

A

Yes

66
Q

Define meninges.

A

3 membraneous layers that cover the spinal cord

67
Q

What else is related to the meninges? Functions?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); protect brain and spinal cord

68
Q

What are the 3 layers to the meninges?

A
  1. Pia mater
  2. Arachnoid matter
  3. Dura matter
69
Q

Pia matter forms what?

A

Denticulate ligaments at attachments

70
Q

Arachnoid matter adheres where?

A

Close to dura matter in life

71
Q

What does arachnoid matter contain? What is its function?

A

Subarachnoid space (between pia and arachnoid). Contains CSF and potential space between pia and arachnoid

72
Q

What is the toughest layer?

A

Dura matter (outermost, thicker)

73
Q

Where does the dura matter end? What else ends there?

A

S2. CSF in subarachnoid space

74
Q

Where should you withdraw CSF in an adult?

A

Below L1/L2

75
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Separates meninges from vertebral column

76
Q

What is the epidural space filled with?

A

Fat

77
Q

What does the pia matter form to anchor the spinal cord?

A

Denticulate ligaments

78
Q

What does the pia matter do so its not prone to spinal cord injuries?

A

Condensation down to the coccyx that forms the filum terminale that holds the spinal cord in place

79
Q

Where does the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) supply motor and sensory information to?

A

Entire body except:

  1. Viscera
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Glands
80
Q

What is another name for the Autonomic Nervous Systen? (ANS)

A

Visceral nervous system

81
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

Supply motor and sensory innervation to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels and organs, and glands

82
Q

What can the ANS efferent nerve fibers be divided in to?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems

83
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Catabolic (fight or flight)

84
Q

Define Catabolic

A

To break down

85
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Anabolic. Promotes normal functions and energy conservations

86
Q

Where is the presynaptic neuron located?

A

Gray matter

87
Q

Where is the postsynaptic neuron located?

A

Autonomic ganglia outside CNS

88
Q

What is another term for synaptic?

A

Pre/Post “ganglionic” neuron

89
Q

Where are the presynaptic sympathetic cell bodies located?

A

Intermediolateral cell columns (IML) or nucle of spinal cord that extends from T1-L2

90
Q

Where are the postsynaptic sympathetic cell bodies located?

A

Paraverterbral ganglia

91
Q

What does the paraverterbral ganglia do?

A

Link together to form sympathetic trunk

92
Q

Define plexus

A

Network of nerves or vessels in the body

93
Q

Define ganglion

A

Structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies

94
Q

What is the exception for postsynaptic fibers exiting through branches of aorta?

A

Seprarenal gland

95
Q

How do visceral afferents return sensations?

A

Via white rami

96
Q

Where are visceral afferent cell bodies?

A

Spinal ganglion

97
Q

Do visceral afferents synapse outside CNS?

A

No

Nervous System - Anatomy 08/11/17 (1 decks)

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