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Neural Biology 1 > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two original theories for the composition of the nervous system ?

A

. reticular theory - composed of a network of structures

. cell theory - composed of discrete cells

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2
Q

who is camillo golgi ?

A

stained the CNS tissue and showed many discrete cells, different shapes and sizes
1873

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3
Q

who is ramon y cajal ?

A

from 1888

use Golgis stain on the CNS and PNS tissues to draw and classify the different cell types and the contacts between them

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4
Q

what is the nervous system composed of ?

A

the nervous system is made of million of individual cells called neurons

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5
Q

what is the function of the nervous system ?

A

the nervous system is a way of sending electrical signals very rapidly through out the body

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6
Q

describe the path of a reflex arc ?

A

1 . stimulus - e.g. change in body PH - stimulus must be converted into electrical signal via the receptor

  1. receptor - convert stimulus to electrical signals - (transduction ) and then sends electrical signals to the CNS via sensory neuron
  2. sensory / afferent - PNS - send electrical signals to interneurons
  3. interneurons- CNS
  4. motor / efferent - PNS - send electrical signals to effector
  5. effector - muscle / gland
  6. response
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7
Q

what is an example of a behaviour controlled by a reflex arc ?

A

myotatic reflex

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8
Q

what is myotatic reflex ?

A

muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle

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9
Q

what happens in a KNEE JERK REFLEX ?

A
  1. stretching a muscle by hitting tendon with a hammer
  2. this activates a muscle stretch receptor ( the muscle spindle ) and causes nervous activity in a 1 a sensory motor neuron
  3. the sensory neuron synapses with an alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord which causes muscle to contract and legs to jerk
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10
Q

what are the 3 different types of muscle ?

A

skeletal - attached to skeleton - striated - forceful - voluntary

cardiac - found in heart - striated - forceful - involuntary

smooth - hollow organs/glands - unstriated - weak - involuntary

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11
Q

where do afferent ( sensory ) neurons carry signals from ?

A

afferent neurons carry sensory signals from body toCNS

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12
Q

where do efferent motor neurons carry signals from? .

A

efferent neurons carry signals away from the CNS to the body

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13
Q

what are the two types of efferent motor system ?

A

. somatic ( voluntary ) - innervates skeletal muscle

. autonomic ( involuntary ) - innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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14
Q

what are the two types of autonomic efferent motor system ?

A

. sympathetic - flight , fright and fight
increases respiration and decreases digestion
. parasympathetic - resting and digestion
slows heart rate and respiration

. these 2 subdivisions usually have opposite effects

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15
Q

how many nerves connect CNS to rest of body ?

A

. 43 pairs of nerves connect the CNS to the rest of body
. 12 pairs of cranial nerves exit the brain
. a further 31 pairs exit at various levels of the spinal cord

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16
Q

what are the two cells of the nervous system ?

A
  1. neuron or nerve cell

2. supporting cells ( neuroglia )

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17
Q

what are neurons or nerve cell ?

A

. number 10^11
. found in adult CNS and PNS
. generate and transmit electrical signals
. have same structure as other cells what makes them unique is their function with it to conduct electricity

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18
Q

what are supporting cells ( neuroglia ) ?

A

. number 10^12

. supporting roles in nerve cell functions

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19
Q

what is the generalised neuron structure ?

A

. several dendrites
. a cell body ( soma ) which contains the nucleus
. a long axon
. synaptic region ( axon terminal )

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20
Q

what structure do neurons have ?

A

. polar structure - information comes in one end and leaves in another
. dendrites to synapses
. a single neuron can receive input from many others

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21
Q

what is the function of dendrites ?

A

. receive incoming electrical information

. each cell in body is connected to dendrite to form electrical signal

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22
Q

what is the structure of dendrites ?

A

. their branching increase surface area - this allows them to gather information from neurons coming into them
. spines on dendrites increase surface area

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23
Q

what is axondendritic ?

A

most input is on to dendrites

incoming neurons connect to dendrites

24
Q

what is axosomatic ?

A

incoming neurons connect to the cell body

25
Q

what is axoaxonic ?

A

incoming neurons connect to axons

26
Q

what is the function of cell body ( soma ) ?

A

sums electrical signals coming from dendrites

27
Q

what is the structure of cell body ( soma ) ?

A

contains the usual organelles including prominent nucleus and nucleolus and rough ER ( known nissl substance )

28
Q

what is the function of axon ?

A

takes electrical signals away from the cell body

29
Q

what is the structure of axon ?

A

. varies in length «1mm to >1m
. usually unbranched but may have collaterals
. the axoplasm is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane embedded with proteins
. possession of a myelin sheath
. contains microfilaments ( actin ) , microtubules and intermediate filaments

30
Q

where does axon join the soma ?

A

join soma at axon hillock ( where signal is generated )

31
Q

where do axons end ?

A

ends in synaptic terminals where it contacts other neuron

32
Q

how do substances move within axon ?

A

movement of substances via axonal transport and axoplasmic flow

33
Q

what is axoplasmic flow ?

A

anterograde transport from cell body to synapse
transport protein to the synaptic region maintain+repair flow
.involves intermediate filaments and is slow(1-5 mm day)
one direction
Slow
involves intermediate filaments

34
Q

what is axonal transport ?

A

.anterograde and retrograde
. mediated via microtubules and neurofilaments which are faster(400-2000mm day)
.goes both ways
fast
e.g chemical towards synapse and waste products back from synapse to cell body

35
Q

where do axons terminate ?

A

axons terminate in a series of synapses ( axon terminals )

36
Q

what happens in synapses ( axon terminals ) ?

A

. this is where electrical signals are transferred to other neurons or muscles
. this usually occurs through release of a chemical neurotransmitter
. neuron has a synaptic region this contains vesicles containing neurotransmitters ,where neurotransmitters are released

37
Q

what are the types of neural supporting cells in the PNS ?

A

. over 50% of the cells in the nervous system are neural supporting cells
. schwann cells
. satellite cells

38
Q

what are the types of neural supporting cells in the CNS ?

A

. oligodendrocytes
. microglia
. ependymal cells
. astrocytes

39
Q

what is the function of schwann cells ?

A

. produce myelin in the PNS that covers most axons in most neurons ( in the process of myelinisation )
. the schwann cell membrane repeatedly wraps itself around an axon
. a single schwann cell provides myelin for only one neuron
. a single neuron receives its myelin from several schwann cells

40
Q

what is myelin ?

A

mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming an insulating sheath around neurons ( membrane of schwann cells )

41
Q

where are the gaps in the myelin sheath formed ?

A

gaps in the myelin sheath are formed between the bits of myelin provided by individual schwann cells

42
Q

what are nodes of ranvier ?

A

this is where the electrical signal is regenerated

43
Q

what is the structure of small axons ?

A

small axons remain umyelinated and rather than being wrapped in schwann cell cytoplasm, simply lie in a groove on the surface of such a cell

44
Q

what are oligodendrocytes ?

A

. produce myelin in the CNS
. wrap themselves around a neuron
. a single oligodendrocyte provides myelin for several neuron

45
Q

what is the structure of astrocytes ?

A

. star-shaped with ‘feet’ covering blood vessel

46
Q

what is the function of astrocytes ?

A

. important for blood:brain barrier
. have a role in damage repair ( proliferate and form scar tissue )
. control what comes out of capillary and into neuron
. store nutrients ( glucose )
. isolates synapses
. astrocytes replicate - main source of CNS tumours

47
Q

what is the function of the ependymal cells ?

A

. line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

. involved in secretion of CSF which has protective function

48
Q

what is the function of microglia ?

A

. normally dormant but involved in CNS injury / inflammation
. move to damage site
. phagocytose derbis and pathogens
. release cytokines to attract other immune cells e.g. lymphocytes

49
Q

what are the 4 basic morphological types of nerve cells/neurons?

A
  1. anaxonic
  2. unipolar
  3. bipolar
  4. multipolar
50
Q

what are anaxonic nerve cells ?

A

no axon

e.g. retinal amacrine cell

51
Q

what are unipolar nerve cells ?

A

only one neurite emanating from the cell body

e.g. some sensory neuron

52
Q

what are bipolar nerve cells ?

A

one dendritic process and one axon leave the cell body

e.g. retina

53
Q

what are multipolar nerve cells ?

A

many neurites emanating from the cell body

e.g. most CNS neurons

54
Q

what is the organisation of a nerve ?

A

. never confuse a nerve with a neuron
. a nerve is an organ which is collection of neurons
. it contains both afferent and efferent fibres
. individual fibres are separated by a connective tissue sheath - endoneurium
. the perinurium splits nerves into fascicles
. the epineurium forms an outer coat

55
Q

what are individual neurons separated by ?

A

. individual neurons are separated by a connective tissue sheath - endoneurium

56
Q

what does perinurium split nerves into ?

A

the perinurium splits nerves into fascicles

57
Q

what forms the outer coat of a nerve ?

A

epineurium

Neural Biology 1 (58 decks)

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