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Medical Science II > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Brain is protected by

A

the skull

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2
Q

Spinal cord is protected by

A

the backbone

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3
Q

Brain and spinal cord are bathed in

A

cerebrospinal fluid, CSF

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4
Q

2 types of cortical cells

A
  • projections neurons (pyramidal cells)

- local interneurons

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5
Q

Projections neurons are

A

excitatory

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6
Q

Local interneurons are

A

inhibitory (GABA)

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7
Q

5 components of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • dentrites
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • synaptic terminals
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8
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are

A

where voltage gated ion channels are activated

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9
Q

Membrane is impermeable for

A

charged ions

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10
Q

Equation that takes into consideration one type of ion

A

Nerst Equation

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11
Q

Equilibrium resting potential of membrane

A
  • 70mV
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12
Q

Action potential

A

+55 mV

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13
Q

When the neuron is at rest the resting potential is mainly governed by

A

the potassium equilibrium potential

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14
Q

The equation that takes into consideration all ions and their permeability is

A

Goldman Equation

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15
Q

Goldman Equation terms are:

A
  • ion concentration, ion permeability, temperature, gas constant and faraday’s constant
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16
Q

at resting membrane potential, voltage gated channels are

A

closed

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17
Q

there is potassium current flowing outwards during

A

the refractory period

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18
Q

the patch clamp experiment measures the current in

A

a single ion channel

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19
Q

4 characteristics of electrical synapse

A

1 - usually bidirectional
2 - in gap-junction channels
3 - virtually no synaptic delay
4 - there is cytoplasmic continuity between pre and postsynaptic cells

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20
Q

3 characteristics of chemical synapse

A

1 - unidirectional
2 - needs a chemical transmitter - neurotransmitter
3 - there is a delay (1-5 ms)

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21
Q

The action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and the depolarization of the terminal opens

A

calcium channels which causes vesicle fusion and transmitter release

22
Q

Binding to the postsynaptic receptor channels opens

A

the channels which causes a sodium influx

23
Q

2 types of chemical synapes

A

1 - glutamatergic (excitatory)

2 - GABAergic (inhibitory)

24
Q

system that samples information about the state of our muscular skeletal system or postural changes

A

proprioceptive system

25
Q

Identify the three steps involved in hearing and their anatomical structures

A

sound collection - auricle in the outer ear
sound transmission - external auditory meatus, ear bones
sound transduction - cochlea in the inner ear

26
Q

how is the appropriated pressure maintained in the middle ear?

A

by the Eustachian tube

27
Q

Three compartments of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani

28
Q

at the distal end of the basilar membrane, the membrane is

A

broad and flaccid, more sensible to low frequencies oscillations

29
Q

at the proximal end of the basilar membrane, the membrane is

A

stiffer and more sensible to high frequency sound frequencies

30
Q

the vestibular system monitors both

A

linear and angular accelerations of the head and the body

31
Q

system that detects linear acceleration

A

utricle and saccule

32
Q

system that detects angular acceleration

A

semi-circular canals

33
Q

photo-receptor that is highly light sensible

A

rod

34
Q

photo-receptor that is less sensible but enables colour vision

A

cones

35
Q

receptors of pain

A

nociceptors

36
Q

receptors sensitive to pressure and touch

A

merkel disk receptors

37
Q

receptors that detect gross pressure changes

A

Pacinian corpuscles

38
Q

receptors sensible so shape and textural changes

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

39
Q

Which fibres of muscle spindles induce flexion?

A

Afferent fibres

40
Q

muscle spindles are most sensible to

A

changes in length of the muscle

41
Q

tendon organ are most sensible to

A

changes in muscle tension

42
Q

muscle spindles are a type of

A

proprioceptor

43
Q

reciprocal innervation is based on

A

flexor excitation and extensor inhibition

44
Q

eye movement that makes a fast change in the focal point

A

saccadic system

45
Q

eye movement that maintains objects in their focal point

A

smooth pursuit system

46
Q

eye movement that changes perspective-focal point

A

vergence system

47
Q

eye movement that copes with movements of people and stabilizes the eyes

A

vestibulo-ocular system

48
Q

compensatory eye movements induced by the visual system

A

optokinetic system

49
Q

TMS stands for

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

50
Q

information from skin receptors is transmitted to the brain through …. cells

A

dorsal root ganglion

51
Q

Three mechanism for neural processing:

A
  • convergent excitation
  • surround inhibition
  • lateral inhibition

Medical Science II (1 decks)

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