Nervous System

Question 1

Brain is protected by

Answer 1

the skull

Question 2

Spinal cord is protected by

Answer 2

the backbone

Question 3

Brain and spinal cord are bathed in

Answer 3

cerebrospinal fluid, CSF

Question 4

2 types of cortical cells

Answer 4

• projections neurons (pyramidal cells)

- local interneurons

Question 5

Projections neurons are

Answer 5

excitatory

Question 6

Local interneurons are

Answer 6

inhibitory (GABA)

Question 7

5 components of a neuron

Answer 7

• cell body
• dentrites
• axon
• myelin sheath
• synaptic terminals

Question 8

Nodes of Ranvier are

Answer 8

where voltage gated ion channels are activated

Question 9

Membrane is impermeable for

Answer 9

charged ions

Question 10

Equation that takes into consideration one type of ion

Answer 10

Nerst Equation

Question 11

Equilibrium resting potential of membrane

Answer 11

• 70mV

Question 12

Action potential

Answer 12

+55 mV

Question 13

When the neuron is at rest the resting potential is mainly governed by

Answer 13

the potassium equilibrium potential

Question 14

The equation that takes into consideration all ions and their permeability is

Answer 14

Goldman Equation

Question 15

Goldman Equation terms are:

Answer 15

• ion concentration, ion permeability, temperature, gas constant and faraday’s constant

Question 16

at resting membrane potential, voltage gated channels are

Answer 16

closed

Question 17

there is potassium current flowing outwards during

Answer 17

the refractory period

Question 18

the patch clamp experiment measures the current in

Answer 18

a single ion channel

Question 19

4 characteristics of electrical synapse

Answer 19

1 - usually bidirectional
2 - in gap-junction channels
3 - virtually no synaptic delay
4 - there is cytoplasmic continuity between pre and postsynaptic cells

Question 20

3 characteristics of chemical synapse

Answer 20

1 - unidirectional
2 - needs a chemical transmitter - neurotransmitter
3 - there is a delay (1-5 ms)

Question 21

The action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and the depolarization of the terminal opens

Answer 21

calcium channels which causes vesicle fusion and transmitter release

Question 22

Binding to the postsynaptic receptor channels opens

Answer 22

the channels which causes a sodium influx

Question 23

2 types of chemical synapes

Answer 23

1 - glutamatergic (excitatory)

2 - GABAergic (inhibitory)

Question 24

system that samples information about the state of our muscular skeletal system or postural changes

Answer 24

proprioceptive system

Question 25

Identify the three steps involved in hearing and their anatomical structures

Answer 25

sound collection - auricle in the outer ear sound transmission - external auditory meatus, ear bones sound transduction - cochlea in the inner ear

Question 26

how is the appropriated pressure maintained in the middle ear?

Answer 26

by the Eustachian tube

Question 27

Three compartments of the cochlea

Answer 27

scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani

Question 28

at the distal end of the basilar membrane, the membrane is

Answer 28

broad and flaccid, more sensible to low frequencies oscillations

Question 29

at the proximal end of the basilar membrane, the membrane is

Answer 29

stiffer and more sensible to high frequency sound frequencies

Question 30

the vestibular system monitors both

Answer 30

linear and angular accelerations of the head and the body

Question 31

system that detects linear acceleration

Answer 31

utricle and saccule

Question 32

system that detects angular acceleration

Answer 32

semi-circular canals

Question 33

photo-receptor that is highly light sensible

Answer 33

rod

Question 34

photo-receptor that is less sensible but enables colour vision

Answer 34

cones

Question 35

receptors of pain

Answer 35

nociceptors

Question 36

receptors sensitive to pressure and touch

Answer 36

merkel disk receptors

Question 37

receptors that detect gross pressure changes

Answer 37

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 38

receptors sensible so shape and textural changes

Answer 38

Meissner's corpuscles

Question 39

Which fibres of muscle spindles induce flexion?

Answer 39

Afferent fibres

Question 40

muscle spindles are most sensible to

Answer 40

changes in length of the muscle

Question 41

tendon organ are most sensible to

Answer 41

changes in muscle tension

Question 42

muscle spindles are a type of

Answer 42

proprioceptor

Question 43

reciprocal innervation is based on

Answer 43

flexor excitation and extensor inhibition

Question 44

eye movement that makes a fast change in the focal point

Answer 44

saccadic system

Question 45

eye movement that maintains objects in their focal point

Answer 45

smooth pursuit system

Question 46

eye movement that changes perspective-focal point

Answer 46

vergence system

Question 47

eye movement that copes with movements of people and stabilizes the eyes

Answer 47

vestibulo-ocular system

Question 48

compensatory eye movements induced by the visual system

Answer 48

optokinetic system

Question 49

TMS stands for

Answer 49

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Question 50

information from skin receptors is transmitted to the brain through .... cells

Answer 50

dorsal root ganglion

Question 51

Three mechanism for neural processing:

Answer 51

- convergent excitation - surround inhibition - lateral inhibition