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nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a stimulus

A

it is any change in envo tht causes an organism to react

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2
Q

what is irritability?

A

it is the ability to detect n respond to changes in the envo

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3
Q

what detects stimulus? what do thy do?

A

sense organs/receptors:
they help the body to adjust rapidly to any changes in the envo
they enable various parts of the body to coordinate w one anothr quickly

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4
Q

involuntary vs voluntary

A

automatic & not controlled consciously vs controlled consciously

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5
Q

cns( central nervous system)

A

brain + spinal cord

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6
Q

peripheral nervous system(pns)

A

cranial nerves + spinal nerves-> ending of these nerves r sense organs/receptors

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7
Q

fuction of the cns n pns

A

to collect info on ext n int envo-> carried out by receptors which form the sensory system

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8
Q

function of receptors

A

receive stimuli
info gathered is thn conv into nerve impulses n send to cns by nerves thus helping the organism to respond quickly(such as causing effectors to contract/relax) to change in envo
cld b nerve endings or tgthr w othr cells to form a sense organ

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9
Q

sensory/receptor neurone

A

transmits nerve impulses frm sense organ to cns

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10
Q

axon

A

nerve fibres tht transmit nerve impulses away from cell body

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11
Q

dendron

A

nerve fibres tht transmit nerve impulses to cell body

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12
Q

what is a nerve?

A

a bundle of nerve fibres enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, emerge frm brain(cranial nerve) or spinal cord(spinal nerve)

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13
Q

mixed fibres

A

mix of sensory n motor nerve fibres-> like spinal nerves

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14
Q

nerve fibre?

A

is a strand of cytoplasm extending frm the cell body

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15
Q

synapse

A

it is a junction btwn 2 neurons or btwn a neurone & an effector-> impulses transmitted frm axon of one neurone to dendron of anothr, across a tiny space thru neurotransmitters which r chemicals released by neurones(by exercise or addiction more will b released-> if u release too much or too little it bcomes a diease n u hv to take medicine to control the amt released

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16
Q

relay/intermediate neurone

A

inside spinal cord n one to brain

it is the intermediate nerve tht transmits nerve impu;se frm one neuorone to anothr, found inside cns(spine+brain)

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17
Q

dendrites

A

receive nerve impulses frm othr neurones

18
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus, cytoplasn, cell surface membrance n othr organelles-> irregularly shaped

19
Q

myelin sheath

A

electrical insulator frm bioelectricity, layer of fatty substance enclosing many nerve fibres

20
Q

motor/effector neurone

A

transmits nerve impulsrs frm the cns to the effectors

21
Q

node of ranvier

A

region whr myelin sheath is absent-> nerve impulses cannot b trnasmitted thru myelin sheath so thy hv to “jump” frm one node to anothr thus speeding up the transmission of nerves

22
Q

axon terminals

A

impulses along nerve tissue transmit nerve impulses to effector

23
Q

motor end plate

A

junction btwn axon terminal n musce fivre, nerve impulses r transmitted across by chemicals which stimulate the muscles

24
Q

transverse cross section of spinal cord:

what is grey matter?

A

cell bodies of neurone which forms the outer layer of brain n central region of spinal cord

25
Q

white matter

A

consists mainly of nerve fibres, forms central parts of brain n outer layers of spinal cord

26
Q

central canal

A

contains a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid tht brings nutrients to spinal cord

27
Q

spinal nerve

A

dorsal root + ventral root joins to form it, contains both sensory n motor neurone

28
Q

dorsal root

A

contains only nerve fibres of sensory neurones tht transmit impulses to spinal cord

29
Q

ventral root

A

only nerve fibres of motor neurones tht transmit impulses to spinal cord

30
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

small swelling in dorsal root tht contains cell bodies of sensory neurones

31
Q

relay neurone

A

transmit impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones

relay neurones may transmit impulses frm brain, down white matter of spinal cord to grey matter(voluntary action)

32
Q

if relay neurone is cut

A

nerve implses transmitted to brain, then transported to brain but there is no way to carry out the action since it cannot trnasmit to effectors(can do so voluntarily but not reflex)

33
Q

if motor neurone is cut

A

can feel pain but cannot move hand away

34
Q

if sensory neuron is cut

A

cannot feel pain but can move hand away voluntarily

35
Q

define reflex action

A

an involuntary action which is an immediate response to a specific stimulus w/o conscious control
normally performed in response to unpleasant n life-threatening stimulus

36
Q

cranial reflexes

A

controlled by brain, not conscious will n usually occur in the head region
eg: pupil reflex, blinking n salivation

37
Q

spinal reflexes

A

controlled by spinal cord
eg: knee jerk reflex, sudden withdrawal of hand whn touching hot obj
involuntary action occurs 1st n thn only brain relaises bcos the relay neurone is shrter

38
Q

reflex action pathway

A 
stimulus
detected by RECEPTORS/SENSE ORGANS
impulse sent along sensory neurone to CNS(brain + spinal cord)-> this one is in spinal cord if it is spinal reflex n its in brain if its cranial reflex
synapse, relay neurone, synapse
motor neurone
effector(muscle or glands)
response
39
Q

voluntary action

A

touch stimulates receptors in skin. receptors generate nerve impulses
transmitted via sensory neurone to relay neurone in spinal cord
relay neurone transmits nerve impulse to brain( w/o a stimulus it wld just start here)
sensation of touch is felt whn impulse rchs the brain n brain interprets the pattern of nerve impulses(isit good or bad touch?)
brain initiates an impulse which is transmitted by relay neurone down spinal cord
to motor neurone which transmits nerve impulses to effector such as muscles in arm
response intiated muscles contracts to move arm away

40
Q

so voluntary action vs reflex action:

A

va: conscious control while ra: not under conscious control
va: does not occur immediately in response to stimulus ra: action is performed immediately in response to stimulus
va: impulse originated frm brain( we choose to do it)
ra: impulse originated frm sense organ

Biology (5 decks)

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