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PHSI 208 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q
  • Acts as the integrating center

- Brain (80-100 billion neurons) and spinal cord (100 million neurons)

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

Cranial nerves and branches, spinal nerves and branches, ganglia, plexuses, and sensory receptors

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

-Sends information to the CNS from sensory receptors through afferent (sensory)
neurons

A

Sensory

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4
Q

Takes information from the CNS to target cells via efferent neurons

  • Autonomic neurons
  • Sympatheitc
  • Parasympathetic
  • Somatic motor neurons
A

Efferent

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5
Q 
-Basic signaling nits of the nervous system
Components
- Cell Body
- Dendrites
- Axons
- Presynatic Terminals
A

Neurons

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6
Q
  • Acts as the integrating center

- Contains the nucleus and protein synthesizing regions

A

Cell body (Soma)

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7
Q

Receive incoming signals from neighboring cells

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Carry outgoing signals from the integrating center to target cells

A

Axons

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9
Q

Contain the transmitting elements that are transferred from the soma.

A

Presynatic Terminals

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10
Q

During development the dendrite fused with the axon

A

Pseudounipolar

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11
Q

Two relatively equal fibers extending off the soma

A

Bipolar

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12
Q

CNS interneurons that have no apparent axon

A

Anaxonic

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13
Q
  • CNS interneurons that are highly branched but lack long extensions (OR)
  • Efferent neurons that have five to six dendrites each branching four to
    six times. A single long axon may branch several times and end at
    enlarged axon terminals
A

Multipolar

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14
Q

-Carry information about temperature, pressure, light, and other stimuli to the
CNS
-Specialized receptors convert stimulus to electrical energy

A

Afferent Sensory

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15
Q

Complex branching neurons that facilitate communication between neurons

A

Interneurons

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16
Q

Usually have axon terminals or varicosities

A

Efferent

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17
Q
  • Bundles of neurons

- May be Efferent, Afferent, or Mixed

A

Nerves

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18
Q
  • Support cells
  • Outnumber Neurons 10-50:1
  • Physical and biochemical support as well as communication with neurons
  • Myelin Forming Glia
A

Glia

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19
Q

Composed of multiple concentric layers of phospholipid membrane
wrapped around an axon
- Provides structural stability and insulates the neuron to speed up signals
(saltatory conduction)

A

Myelin

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20
Q

Multiple Sclerosis caused by

A

Demyelination of brain and spinal cord

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21
Q
  • Line fluid filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord
  • Functions
  • Produce most cerebral spinal fluid that fills the cavities
  • Protection
  • Chemical stability
  • Clear waste
  • Possibly a source of neural stem cells
A

Ependymal

22
Q

Highly branched glial cells believed to make up half of all cells in the
brain
- Several subtypes, forms a functional sub-network
Functions
- Take up and release chemicals at synapses
- Provide neurons with substrates for ATP production
- Help maintain homeostasis in ECF (take up K+ and H2O)
- Surround vessels
- Part of the blood brain barrier
- Influence vascular dynamics

A

Astrocytes

23
Q

-Specialized immune cells
-Functions
-Protect and preserve neuronal cells from pathogens and facilitate recovery from metabolic insults
-If activated past a threshold or remain active too long they
display detrimental properties

A

Microglia

24
Q
  • Exist within ganglia (bundles of cell bodies) in the PNS
    Functions
  • Form a supportive capsule around the cell bodies of neurons
  • Supply nutrients
  • Structural cushioning support
A

Satellite Cells

25
Q

5 Majors types of Gated Channels

A
  • Na+ channels
  • K+ channel
  • Ca2+ channel
  • Cl- channels
  • Monovalent cation channels (allow Na+ and K+ to pass)
26
Q
  • Open in response to physical forces (pressure or stretch)

- Found in sensory neurons

A

Mechanically Gated

27
Q

Respond to ligands including: extracellular neurotransmitters and neuromodulators or intracellular signaling molecules

A

Chemically Gated

28
Q

Change in response to changes in the cells membrane potential

A

Voltage Gated

29
Q
  • Disorders in channels that disrupt normal ion flow
  • Activation, inactivation, permeation
  • Cystic fibrosis, congenital insensitivity to pain, muscle disorders
A

Channelopathies

30
Q

-Current (I) is directly proportional to the electrical potential difference (in volts, V)
between two points and inversely proportional to the resistance

A

Ohm’s Law

31
Q

Major pathway for information flowing between the brain and the skin,joints, and
muscles of the body

A

Spinal Cord

32
Q

Major Regions of the Spinal Cord

A
  • Cervical (8 segments)
  • Thoracic (12 segments)
  • Lumbar (5 segments)
  • Sacral (5 segments)
33
Q

Sensory and motor nuclei

A

Gray Matter

34
Q
  • Somatic seonsory nuclei as well as a visceral sensory nuclei
  • Afferent (in)
A

Dorsal Horn

35
Q

-Autonomic efferent (out) nuclei
-Spinal reflex
-The spinal cord acts as an integrating center to initiate a response
to a stimulus without receiving input from the brain

A

Lateral Horn

36
Q
  • Somatic motor nuclei

- Efferent (out)

A

Ventral Horn

37
Q
  • Tracts of axons carrying information to and from the brain
  • Ascending tracts
  • Carry sensory information to the brain
  • Dorsal and external lateral
  • Descending tracts
  • Carry commands to motor neurons
  • Ventral and Interior lateral
A

White Matter

38
Q
  • Oldest and most primitive region of the brain
    -Ascending and descending tracts run through the brain stem
    -11 of 12 cranial nerves that carry sensory and motor info for head and
    neck (does not have the olfactory nerve)
    -Contains many nuclei
    -Involved in many basic processes: arousal and sleep, muscle tone and stretch
    reflexes, coordination of breathing, blood pressure regulation, and modulation of
    pain
A

Brainstem

39
Q

-Extends throughout the brain stem
-small clusters of neuronal cell bodies interspersed among
ascending and descending tracts
-Important in consciousness, arousal, attention and alertness
-Reticular Activating System inactivated during sleep; damage can induce
a coma
-Regulates muscle tone, assists in vital functions

A

Reticular Formation

40
Q

-White matter containing all ascending somatosensory tracts and descending
corticospinal tracts
-90% of corticospinal tracts decussate (crossover) at the pyramids
-Nuclei in the medulla include the cardiovascular center and the medullary
respiratory center
-Contains the vomiting and swallowing center and controls coughing, sneezing
and hiccuping

A

Medulla

41
Q
  • Bulbous protrusion containing nuclei and tracts

- Relays information between the cerebellum and cerebrum

A

Pons

42
Q
  • Junction between lower brain stem and diencephalon (nuclei and tracts)
  • Primary function is controlling eye movement
  • Also relays auditory and visual reflexes
  • Movement of the body in response to visual and auditory stimuli
  • Contains the substantia nigra
A

Midbrain

43
Q

-Second largest brain structure
-Two cerebellar hemispheres
-Processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement
-Sends feedback signals to motor areas of the cerebral cortex via its connections
to the thalamus to help correct errors and smooth the movements
-Regulates posture and balance

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

Lies between the brain stem and cerebrum

A

Diencephalon

45
Q

-Relay center
-Receives sensory info from the optic tract, ears, spinal cord, and motor
info from the cerebellum and projects the info to the cerebrum for
processing

A

Thalamus

46
Q

-The center for homeostasis
-Body osmolarity, food intake, cardiovascular control,body
temperature
-Influences autonomic and endocrine function
-Activates sympathetic nervous system, controls reproductive
functions, interacts with limbic system to influence behavior and
emotions, secretes trophic hormones that control release from
anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

Cyclically releases melatonin involved in sleep/wake

A

Pineal Gland

48
Q

Connected to brain via the infundibulum

A

Pituitary Gland

49
Q
  • Neural tissue
  • Extension of the brain that secretes neurohormones made in the
    hypothalamus
A

Posterior Pituitary Gland

50
Q

-Endocrine tissue
-Releases peptide hormones into a second set of capillaries for
distribution to the rest of the body

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

PHSI 208 (2 decks)

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