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PHSI 208 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q
  • Acts as the integrating center

- Brain (80-100 billion neurons) and spinal cord (100 million neurons)

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

Cranial nerves and branches, spinal nerves and branches, ganglia, plexuses, and sensory receptors

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

-Sends information to the CNS from sensory receptors through afferent (sensory)
neurons

A

Sensory

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4
Q

Takes information from the CNS to target cells via efferent neurons

  • Autonomic neurons
  • Sympatheitc
  • Parasympathetic
  • Somatic motor neurons
A

Efferent

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5
Q 
-Basic signaling nits of the nervous system
Components
- Cell Body
- Dendrites
- Axons
- Presynatic Terminals
A

Neurons

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6
Q
  • Acts as the integrating center

- Contains the nucleus and protein synthesizing regions

A

Cell body (Soma)

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7
Q

Receive incoming signals from neighboring cells

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Carry outgoing signals from the integrating center to target cells

A

Axons

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9
Q

Contain the transmitting elements that are transferred from the soma.

A

Presynatic Terminals

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10
Q

During development the dendrite fused with the axon

A

Pseudounipolar

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11
Q

Two relatively equal fibers extending off the soma

A

Bipolar

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12
Q

CNS interneurons that have no apparent axon

A

Anaxonic

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13
Q
  • CNS interneurons that are highly branched but lack long extensions (OR)
  • Efferent neurons that have five to six dendrites each branching four to
    six times. A single long axon may branch several times and end at
    enlarged axon terminals
A

Multipolar

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14
Q

-Carry information about temperature, pressure, light, and other stimuli to the
CNS
-Specialized receptors convert stimulus to electrical energy

A

Afferent Sensory

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15
Q

Complex branching neurons that facilitate communication between neurons

A

Interneurons

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16
Q

Usually have axon terminals or varicosities

A

Efferent

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17
Q
  • Bundles of neurons

- May be Efferent, Afferent, or Mixed

A

Nerves

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18
Q
  • Support cells
  • Outnumber Neurons 10-50:1
  • Physical and biochemical support as well as communication with neurons
  • Myelin Forming Glia
A

Glia

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19
Q

Composed of multiple concentric layers of phospholipid membrane
wrapped around an axon
- Provides structural stability and insulates the neuron to speed up signals
(saltatory conduction)

A

Myelin

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20
Q

Multiple Sclerosis caused by

A

Demyelination of brain and spinal cord

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21
Q
  • Line fluid filled cavities in the brain and spinal cord
  • Functions
  • Produce most cerebral spinal fluid that fills the cavities
  • Protection
  • Chemical stability
  • Clear waste
  • Possibly a source of neural stem cells
22
Q

Highly branched glial cells believed to make up half of all cells in the
brain
- Several subtypes, forms a functional sub-network
Functions
- Take up and release chemicals at synapses
- Provide neurons with substrates for ATP production
- Help maintain homeostasis in ECF (take up K+ and H2O)
- Surround vessels
- Part of the blood brain barrier
- Influence vascular dynamics

A

Astrocytes

23
Q

-Specialized immune cells
-Functions
-Protect and preserve neuronal cells from pathogens and facilitate recovery from metabolic insults
-If activated past a threshold or remain active too long they
display detrimental properties

24
Q
  • Exist within ganglia (bundles of cell bodies) in the PNS
    Functions
  • Form a supportive capsule around the cell bodies of neurons
  • Supply nutrients
  • Structural cushioning support
A

Satellite Cells

25
5 Majors types of Gated Channels
- Na+ channels - K+ channel - Ca2+ channel - Cl- channels - Monovalent cation channels (allow Na+ and K+ to pass)
26
- Open in response to physical forces (pressure or stretch) | - Found in sensory neurons
Mechanically Gated
27
Respond to ligands including: extracellular neurotransmitters and neuromodulators or intracellular signaling molecules
Chemically Gated
28
Change in response to changes in the cells membrane potential
Voltage Gated
29
- Disorders in channels that disrupt normal ion flow - Activation, inactivation, permeation - Cystic fibrosis, congenital insensitivity to pain, muscle disorders
Channelopathies
30
-Current (I) is directly proportional to the electrical potential difference (in volts, V) between two points and inversely proportional to the resistance
Ohm's Law
31
Major pathway for information flowing between the brain and the skin,joints, and muscles of the body
Spinal Cord
32
Major Regions of the Spinal Cord
- Cervical (8 segments) - Thoracic (12 segments) - Lumbar (5 segments) - Sacral (5 segments)
33
Sensory and motor nuclei
Gray Matter
34
- Somatic seonsory nuclei as well as a visceral sensory nuclei - Afferent (in)
Dorsal Horn
35
-Autonomic efferent (out) nuclei -Spinal reflex -The spinal cord acts as an integrating center to initiate a response to a stimulus without receiving input from the brain
Lateral Horn
36
- Somatic motor nuclei | - Efferent (out)
Ventral Horn
37
- Tracts of axons carrying information to and from the brain - Ascending tracts - Carry sensory information to the brain - Dorsal and external lateral - Descending tracts - Carry commands to motor neurons - Ventral and Interior lateral
White Matter
38
- Oldest and most primitive region of the brain -Ascending and descending tracts run through the brain stem -11 of 12 cranial nerves that carry sensory and motor info for head and neck (does not have the olfactory nerve) -Contains many nuclei -Involved in many basic processes: arousal and sleep, muscle tone and stretch reflexes, coordination of breathing, blood pressure regulation, and modulation of pain
Brainstem
39
-Extends throughout the brain stem -small clusters of neuronal cell bodies interspersed among ascending and descending tracts -Important in consciousness, arousal, attention and alertness -Reticular Activating System inactivated during sleep; damage can induce a coma -Regulates muscle tone, assists in vital functions
Reticular Formation
40
-White matter containing all ascending somatosensory tracts and descending corticospinal tracts -90% of corticospinal tracts decussate (crossover) at the pyramids -Nuclei in the medulla include the cardiovascular center and the medullary respiratory center -Contains the vomiting and swallowing center and controls coughing, sneezing and hiccuping
Medulla
41
- Bulbous protrusion containing nuclei and tracts | - Relays information between the cerebellum and cerebrum
Pons
42
- Junction between lower brain stem and diencephalon (nuclei and tracts) - Primary function is controlling eye movement - Also relays auditory and visual reflexes - Movement of the body in response to visual and auditory stimuli - Contains the substantia nigra
Midbrain
43
-Second largest brain structure -Two cerebellar hemispheres -Processes sensory information and coordinates the execution of movement -Sends feedback signals to motor areas of the cerebral cortex via its connections to the thalamus to help correct errors and smooth the movements -Regulates posture and balance
Cerebellum
44
Lies between the brain stem and cerebrum
Diencephalon
45
-Relay center -Receives sensory info from the optic tract, ears, spinal cord, and motor info from the cerebellum and projects the info to the cerebrum for processing
Thalamus
46
-The center for homeostasis -Body osmolarity, food intake, cardiovascular control,body temperature -Influences autonomic and endocrine function -Activates sympathetic nervous system, controls reproductive functions, interacts with limbic system to influence behavior and emotions, secretes trophic hormones that control release from anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
47
Cyclically releases melatonin involved in sleep/wake
Pineal Gland
48
Connected to brain via the infundibulum
Pituitary Gland
49
- Neural tissue - Extension of the brain that secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary Gland
50
-Endocrine tissue -Releases peptide hormones into a second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body
Anterior Pituitary Gland

PHSI 208 (2 decks)

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