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nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Includes all neural tissue in the body (brain, spinal cord, and track ways that the nerves are going to pass along)

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Neural tissue contains two kinds of cells..

A
  • Neurons “nerve cells”

- Neuroglia (glial cells)

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3
Q

-Cells that send and receive signals
-performs All communication, information processing, and control functions of the nervous system
(conduction of electrical signal, which is how body functions)
cellular level

A

Neurons

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4
Q

-Cells that support, maintain and protect neurons
-cleans up debri
-Half the volume of the nervous system
-Many types of ____ in CNS and PNS
-preserve, Physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue
*a ton, for every neuron theres 100 glial cellls
-are essential to:
Survival and function of neurons
(makes up tissue itself)

A

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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5
Q

-Brain and spinal cord (CNS)
-Sensory receptors of sense organs (eyes, ears, tongue etc.) “that are clustered or concentrated in diff. areas”
- nerves (bundls of axon frm neuron connect evryw)
connect nervous system w/ other systes

A

Organs of the Nervous System

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6
Q

what are these

  • Central nervous system (CNS)
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A

Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

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7
Q
  • Consists of the spinal cord and brain, major nerves associated w/ cns
  • Contains neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels
  • analyze/ makes responses
  • is an anatomicical division
A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

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8
Q
  • Sensory(upstream) data coming from everywhere, from inside and outside body
  • Motor(dwnstream) commands control activities of peripheral organs (e.g., skeletal muscles)
  • Higher functions of brain intelligence, memory, learning, emotion
  • mainly have info. processing/ COORDINATION, bringing info back & forth
  • has neural connections allowing you to coordinate
A

Functions of the Central Nervous System are to process and coordinate…

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9
Q
  • Includes all neural tissue outside the CNS
  • Information moving back n forth
  • is an anatomical division
A

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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10
Q
  • Deliver sensory information upstream to the CNS

- Carry motor commands downstream to peripheral tissues (glands, muscles, organs and overall systems

A

Functions of The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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11
Q
  • Bundles of axons from neurons that connect everywhere with connective tissues and blood vessels that make up nerves
  • axons from diff. neurons going in the same direction until the travel together
  • Carry sensory information upstream and motor commands downstream
  • connect the nervous system with other systems
A

Nerves (also called peripheral nerves)

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12
Q

connect to brain, to spinal cord, carry sensory info

A

Cranial nerves

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13
Q

attach to spinal cord, to peripheral nerves, carry sensory info

A

Spinal nerves

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14
Q
  • Carries sensory information
  • From PNS sensory receptors to CNS
  • bringing too you
  • Ex) if I touch this table top, the sensory division is taking info about texture, temp, and other info from fingertips upstream….
A

Afferent division

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15
Q
  • Carries motor commands
  • From CNS to PNS muscles and glands
  • carries away
  • motor command division downstream
  • unconsious
  • motor, downstream
A

Efferent division

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16
Q
  • Recieve info, Detect changes or respond to stimuli
  • Neurons and specialized cells
  • Complex sensory organs/glands (e.g., eyes, ears)
  • (negative feeb back/ positive feedback
A

Receptors

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17
Q

Respond to efferent signals
Cells and organs
do stuff, cause effect
muscle causing change, “touch somthin hot, pull back”

A

Effectors

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18
Q
  • body nervous system
  • Controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle skeletal contractions
  • The efferent division
A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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19
Q
  • Controls subconscious actions, (involuntary) contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions
  • Sympathetic division has a stimulating effect (hyping up, big effects on brain, increasing heart rate, anaxiety level)
  • Parasympathetic division has a relaxing effect (hyping dwn, low heart rates, rest and digest )
  • The efferent division
A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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20
Q 
Large nucleus and nucleolus 
Perikaryon (cytoplasm)
Mitochondria (produce ATP)
RER and ribosomes (produce neurotransmitters)
soma
A

Cell body

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21
Q
  • Common in the CNS
  • Cell body (soma)
  • Short, branched dendrites
  • Long, single axon
A

The multipolar neuron

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22
Q

Dense areas of Rough ER and ribosomes

Make neural tissue appear gray (gray matter)

A

Nissl bodies

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23
Q

bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

A

Neurofibrils

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24
Q 
Highly branched 
 spines 
Many fine processes
Receive information from other neurons
80–90% of neuron surface area 
tree branches, recieving multiple info, sends to axon
A

Dendrites

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25
Q

Is long

Carries electrical signal (action potential) to target structure is critical to function

A

The axon

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26
Q

Cytoplasm of axon

Contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, enzymes, organelles

A

Axoplasm

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27
Q

Specialized cell membrane

Covers the axoplasm

A

Axolemma

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28
Q

Thick section of cell body

Attaches to initial segment

A

Axon hillock

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29
Q

Attaches to axon hillock

A

Initial segment

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30
Q

Branches of a single axon

A

Collaterals

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31
Q

Fine extensions of distal axon

A

telodendria

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32
Q

tips of telodendria

A

Synaptic terminals

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33
Q

Area where a neuron communicates with another cell

A

synapse

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34
Q

Neuron that sends message

A

Presynaptic cell

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35
Q

Cell that receives message

A

Postsynaptic cell

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36
Q

The small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

A

The synaptic cleft

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37
Q

Is expanded area of axon of presynaptic neuron

Contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters

A

The synaptic terminal

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38
Q 
1-Are chemical messengers
2-Are released at presynaptic membrane
3-Affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane 
4-Are broken down by enzymes
5-Are reassembled at synaptic terminal
               (cycle)
A

Neurotransmitters

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39
Q

neurotubules within the axon
Transport raw materials
Between cell body and synaptic terminal
Powered by mitochondria, kinesin, and dynein

A

Axoplasmic transport

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40
Q

Found in brain and sense organs
Small
All cell processes look alike

A

Anaxonic neurons

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41
Q

Found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing)
Are small
One dendrite, one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

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42
Q 
Found in sensory neurons of PNS
Also called pseudounipolar neurons
Have very long axons
Fused dendrites and axon 
Cell body to one side
A

Unipolar neurons

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43
Q

Common in the CNS
Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons
Have very long axons
Multiple dendrites, one axon

A

Multipolar neurons

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44
Q

Afferent neurons of PNS

A

Sensory neurons

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45
Q

Association neurons

A

Interneurons

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46
Q

Efferent neurons of PNS

  • are voluntary
  • travels downhill from the CNS to the muscles
A

Motor neurons

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47
Q
  • travels upstream from the apanages and the nerve endings up into the CNS
  • Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory -neurons)
  • Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons)
A

Functions of Sensory Neurons

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48
Q

Unipolar
Cell bodies grouped in sensory ganglia
Processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to CNS

A

Structures of Sensory Neurons

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49
Q
  • Monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive)
  • Internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain)
A

Interoceptors

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50
Q 
External senses (touch, temperature, pressure)
Distance senses (sight, smell, hearing)
A

Exteroceptors

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51
Q

Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

A

Proprioceptors

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52
Q

Two major efferent systems

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS)

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53
Q

Includes all ____ motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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54
Q

Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

A

Autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS)

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55
Q

Signals from CNS motor neurons to visceral effectors pass synapses at autonomic ganglia dividing axons into:

A

Preganglionic fibers

Postganglionic fibers

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56
Q 
Most are located in brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia
Between sensory and motor neurons
Are responsible for:
Distribution of sensory information
Coordination of motor activity
Are involved in higher functions
Memory, planning, learning
A

Interneurons

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57
Q

Cells with highly branched processes; contact neuroglia directly

A

Ependymal cells

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58
Q

Large cell bodies with many processes

A

Astrocytes

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59
Q

Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes

A

Oligodendrocytes

60
Q

Smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched processes

A

Microglia

61
Q

Form epithelium called ependyma
Line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
Secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF
Monitor CSF
Contain stem cells for repair

A

Ependymal cells

62
Q

Maintain blood–brain barrier (isolates CNS)
Create three-dimensional framework for CNS
Repair damaged neural tissue
Guide neuron development
Control interstitial environment

A

Astrocytes

63
Q

Increases speed of action potentials
___ insulates myelinated axons
Makes nerves appear whit

A

Myelination

64
Q

myelinated segments of axon

A

Internodes

65
Q

Gaps between internodes

Where axons may branch

A

Nodes (also called nodes of Ranvier)

66
Q

Regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves

A

White matter

Myelination

67
Q

Unmyelinated areas of CNS

A

Gray matter

Myelination

68
Q

Migrate through neural tissue

Clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens

A

Microglia

69
Q

Masses of neuron cell bodies
Surrounded by neuroglia
Found in the PNS

A

Ganglia

70
Q

Also called amphicytes
Surround ganglia
Regulate environment around neuron

A

Satellite cells

71
Q

Also called neurilemma cells
Form myelin sheath (neurilemma) around peripheral axons
One Schwann cell sheaths one segment of axon
Many Schwann cells sheath entire axon

A

Schwann cells

72
Q

Axon distal to injury degenerates

A

Wallerian degeneration

73
Q

Form path for new growth

Wrap new axon in myelin

A

Schwann cells

74
Q

Limited by chemicals released by astrocytes that:

A

Block growth

Produce scar tissue

75
Q

Neurofilaments and neurotubules in place of microfilaments and microtubules (neurofibrils)

A

Cytoskeleton

76
Q

All plasma (cell) membranes produce electrical signals by

A

ion movements

77
Q

is particularly important to neurons

A

Transmembrane potential

78
Q
  1. Resting potential
  2. Graded potential
  3. Action potential
  4. Synaptic activity
  5. Information processing
A

Five Main Membrane Processes in Neural Activities

79
Q

Response (integration of stimuli) of postsynaptic cell

A

Information processing

80
Q
  • Releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane

- Produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic activity

81
Q
  • Is an electrical impulse
  • Produced by graded potential
  • Propagates along surface of axon to synapse
A

Action potential

82
Q
  • Temporary, localized change in resting potential
  • Caused by stimulus
  • Also called local potentials
  • Changes in transmembrane potential, That cannot spread far from site of stimulation
  • Any stimulus that opens a gated channel
A

Graded potential

83
Q

-The transmembrane potential of resting cell

A

Resting potential

84
Q

Three important concepts:
-The extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (cytosol) differ greatly in ionic composition
Concentration gradient of ions (Na+, K+)
-Cells have selectively permeable membranes
-Membrane permeability varies by ion

A

The Transmembrane Potential

85
Q

Concentration gradient of ions (Na+, K+)

A

Chemical gradients

Na+, K+

86
Q

Separates charges of positive and negative ions

Result in potential difference

A

Electrical gradients

87
Q

Movement of charges to eliminate potential difference

A

Electrical current

88
Q

The amount of current a membrane restricts

A

Resistance

89
Q

-The transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane
Examples:
K+ = –90 mV
Na+ = +66 mV

A

Equilibrium Potential

90
Q
  • Is powered by ATP
  • Carries 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
  • Balances passive forces of diffusion
  • Maintains resting potential (–70 mV)
A

Sodium–potassium ATPase (exchange pump)

91
Q
  • In response to temporary changes in membrane permeability

- Resulting from opening or closing specific membrane channels

A

Transmembrane potential rises or falls

92
Q
  • Are always open

- Permeability changes with conditions

A

Passive Channels (Leak Channels)

93
Q
  • Open and close in response to stimuli

- At resting potential, most gated channels are closed

A

Active Channels (Gated Channels)

94
Q
  1. Closed, but capable of opening
  2. Open (activated)
  3. Closed, not capable of opening (inactivated)
A

Three States of Gated Channels

95
Q
  1. Chemically gated channels
  2. Voltage-gated channels
  3. Mechanically gated channels
A

Three Classes of Gated Channels

96
Q
  • Open in presence of specific chemicals (e.g., ACh) at a binding site
  • Found on neuron cell body and dendrites
A

Chemically Gated Channels

97
Q

Synapse between neuron and muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction

98
Q

Synapse between neuron and gland

A

Neuroglandular junction

99
Q

-(Na+, K+) The sum of chemical and electrical forces
-Acting on the ion across a plasma membrane
A form of potential energy

A

Electrochemical Gradient

100
Q
  • Respond to changes in transmembrane potential
  • Have activation gates (open) and inactivation gates (close)
  • Characteristic of excitable membrane
  • Found in neural axons, skeletal muscle sarcolemma, cardiac muscle
A

Voltage-gated Channels

101
Q
  • Respond to membrane distortion

- Found in sensory receptors (touch, pressure, vibration)

A

Mechanically Gated Channels

102
Q
  • Opening sodium channel produces graded potential
  • Resting membrane exposed to chemical
  • Sodium channel opens
  • Sodium ions enter the cell
  • Transmembrane potential rises
  • Depolarization occurs
A

The resting state

103
Q
  • A shift in transmembrane potential toward 0 mV
  • Movement of Na+ through channel
  • Produces local current
  • Depolarizes nearby plasma membrane (graded potential)
  • Change in potential is proportional to stimulus
A

Depolarization

104
Q

-When the stimulus is removed, transmembrane potential returns to normal

A

Repolarization

105
Q
  • Increasing the negativity of the resting potential
  • Result of opening a potassium channel
  • Opposite effect of opening a sodium channel
  • Positive ions move out, not into cell
A

Hyperpolarization

106
Q
  • Propagated changes in transmembrane potential
  • Affect an entire excitable membrane
  • Link graded potentials at cell body with motor end plate actions
A

Action Potentials

107
Q

A graded depolarization of axon hillock large enough (10 to 15 mV) to change resting potential (–70 mV) to threshold level of voltage-gated sodium channels (–60 to –55 mV)

A

Initial stimulus

108
Q
  • If a stimulus exceeds threshold amount
  • The action potential is the same
  • No matter how large the stimulus
  • Action potential is either triggered or not
A

All-or-none principle

109
Q

Step 1: Depolarization to threshold
Step 2: Activation of Na channels
Step 3: Inactivation of Na channels and activation of K channels
Step 4: Return to normal permeability

A

Four Steps in the Generation of Action Potentials

110
Q
  • The time period
  • From beginning of action potential
  • To return to resting state
  • During which membrane will not respond normally to additional stimuli
A

The Refractory Period

111
Q
  • Sodium channels open or inactivated

- No action potential possible

A

Absolute Refractory Period

112
Q
  • Membrane potential almost normal

- Very large stimulus can initiate action potential

A

Relative Refractory Period

113
Q

Moves action potentials generated in axon hillock

Along entire length of axon

A

Propagation

114
Q
  • Continuous propagation (unmyelinated axons)

- Saltatory propagation (myelinated axons)

A

Two methods of propagating action potentials

115
Q
  • Action potential along myelinated axon
  • Faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation
  • Myelin insulates axon, prevents continuous propagation
  • Local current “jumps” from node to node
  • Depolarization occurs only at nodes
A

Saltatory Propagation

116
Q 
Type A fibers
Type B fibers
Type C fibers
These groups are classified by:
Diameter
Myelination
Speed of action potentials
A

Three Groups of Axons

117
Q
  • Myelinated
  • Large diameter
  • High speed (140 m/sec)
  • Carry rapid information to/from CNS
  • For example, position, balance, touch, and motor impulses
A

Type A Fibers

118
Q 
Myelinated
Medium diameter
Medium speed (18 m/sec)
Carry intermediate signals
For example, sensory information, peripheral effectors
A

Type B Fibers

119
Q 
Unmyelinated
Small diameter
Slow speed (1 m/sec)
Carry slower information
For example, involuntary muscle, gland controls
A

Type C Fibers

120
Q

Action potentials (nerve impulses)
Are transmitted from presynaptic neuron
To postsynaptic neuron (or other postsynaptic cell)
Across a synapse

A

Synaptic Activity

121
Q 
(0.2–0.5 msec)
 occurs between:
Arrival of action potential at synaptic terminal
And effect on postsynaptic membrane 
Fewer synapses mean faster response
Reflexes may involve only one synapse
A

Synaptic Delay

122
Q

Direct physical contact between cells
Are locked together at gap junctions (connexons)
Allow ions to pass between cells
Produce continuous local current and action potential propagation
Are found in areas of brain, eye, ciliary ganglia

A

Electrical Synapses

123
Q

-Are found in most synapses between neurons and all -synapses between neurons and other cells
-Cells not in direct contact
-Action potential may or may not be propagated to postsynaptic cell, depending on:
-Amount of neurotransmitter released
-Sensitivity of postsynaptic cell
Signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters

A

Chemical Synapses

124
Q

Cause depolarization of postsynaptic membranes

Promote action potentials

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

125
Q

Cause hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membranes

Suppress action potentials

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

126
Q

Membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ determines

A

transmembrane potential

127
Q

They are either passive or active

A

Sodium and Potassium Channels

128
Q
  • Occurs when neurotransmitter cannot recycle fast enough to meet demands of intense stimuli
  • Synapse inactive until Acetylcholine is replenished
A

Synaptic Fatigue

129
Q
  • The synaptic terminal releases a neurotransmitter that binds to the postsynaptic plasma membrane
  • Produces temporary, localized change in permeability or function of postsynaptic cell
  • Changes affect cell, depending on nature and number of stimulated receptors
A

Chemical Synapse

130
Q
  • Affect nervous system by stimulating receptors that respond to neurotransmitters
  • Can have complex effects on perception, motor control, and emotional states
A

many drugs

131
Q

-Other chemicals released by synaptic terminals
-Similar in function to neurotransmitters
-Characteristics of neuromodulators
-Effects are long term, slow to appear
-Responses involve multiple steps, intermediary compounds
Affect presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, or both
Released alone or with a neurotransmitter

A

Neuromodulators

132
Q

Neuromodulators that bind to receptors and activate enzymes

A

Neuropeptides

133
Q

Neuromodulators in the CNS
Bind to the same receptors as opium or morphine
Relieve pain

A

Opioids

134
Q

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Endomorphins
Dynorphins

A

four classes of Opioids

135
Q
  • At the simplest level in individual neurons
  • Many dendrites receive neurotransmitter messages simultaneously
  • Some excitatory, some inhibitory
  • Net effect on axon hillock determines if action potential is produced
A

Information Processing

136
Q

Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP

137
Q

Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

138
Q

A neuron that receives many IPSPs
Is ____ from producing an action potential
Because the stimulation needed to reach threshold is increased

A

Inhibition/ inhibited

139
Q

To trigger an action potential
One EPSP is not enough
EPSPs (and IPSPs) combine through summation

A

summation

140
Q

Multiple times

Rapid, repeated stimuli at one synapse

A

Temporal Summation

141
Q

Multiple locations

Many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses

A

Spatial Summation

142
Q

A neuron becomes ______
As EPSPs accumulate
Raising transmembrane potential closer to threshold
Until a small stimulus can trigger action potential

A

facilitated/Facilitation

143
Q

Can change membrane sensitivity to neurotransmitters

Shifting balance between EPSPs and IPSPs

A

Neuromodulators and hormones

144
Q

Action of an axoaxonic synapse at a synaptic terminal that decreases the neurotransmitter released by presynaptic membrane

A

Presynaptic inhibition

145
Q

Action of an axoaxonic synapse at a synaptic terminal that increases the neurotransmitter released by presynaptic membrane

A

Presynaptic facilitation

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