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MEDSCI 142 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major subdivisions of the brain (5)

A 
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Cerebellum
Brain stem
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2
Q

What are the other names for the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Telencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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3
Q

What is the forebrain comprised of?

A

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is the hindbrain composed of?

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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5
Q

What lobe is at the front of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe

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6
Q

What lobe is at the back of the brain?

A

Occipital lobe

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7
Q

What lobe is on the top of the brain?

A

Parietal lobe

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8
Q

What lobe is on the bottom of the cerebrum?

A

Temporal lobe

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9
Q

What is a gyrus? (Gyri)

A

Folds

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10
Q

What are fissures? How are they different from sulci?

A

Fissures are deep grooves, whereas sulci are shallower

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11
Q

What are sulci? How is it different from a fissure?

A

Sulci are shallow grooves, whereas fissures are deep grooves.

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12
Q

What is the function and location of the longitudinal fissure?

A

The longitudinal fissure is located between the two brain hemispheres. Its function is to divide the brain into these two hemispheres.

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13
Q

Through what structure are the two hemispheres connected? What is it made of?

A

Corpus callosum - a broad band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What type of function does the anterior half of the hemisphere correspond to?

A

Motor

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15
Q

What type of function does the posterior half of the hemisphere correspond to?

A

Somatosensory

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16
Q

What is the supramarginal gyrus’ function? What does it contribute to?

A

Language perception + processing, contributes towards reading and writing

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17
Q

What area is the one responsible for the motor movement during writing?

A

Exner’s area

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18
Q

Where is Exner’s area located?

A

Above Broca’s area

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19
Q

What is the function of the angular gyrus?

A

Transfers visual info to Wernicke’s area

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20
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Motor production of language

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21
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Comprehension + understanding of written or spoken language

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22
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus

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23
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

To generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement.

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24
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Motor planning area - middle frontal gyrus

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25
What are the two places Broca's area is connected to?
Primary motor cortex and Wernicke's area
26
Where is the primary sensory cortex located?
In the postcentral gyrus
27
What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?
Receives all sensory input from the body. Nerves sensing, pain, visual, auditory stimuli all send information to the somatosensory cortex for processing.
28
Where is the auditory cortex located?
Superior temporal gyrus
29
Where is Wernicke's area located?
Secondary auditory cortex (surrounding the primary auditory cortex) - superior temporal gyrus
30
What is the arcuate fasciculus' function and what type of fibre is it?
Connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas - association tract
31
What are the three tract fibre types?
Association Commisural Projection
32
What is the function of association tract fibres?
Conducts nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
33
What is the function of commisural tract fibres?
Conduct nerve impulses between gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere
34
What is the function of projection tract fibres?
Conducts nerve impulses from cerebrum to low r parts of CNS (thalamus, brain stem or spinal cord and vice versa)
35
Five 3 examples of commisural tracts
Corpus callosum Anterior commisure Posterior commisure
36
What is the frontal association cortex responsible for?
Intelligence Personality Behaviour Mood Cognitive function
37
What is the parietal association cortex responsible for?
Spatial skills 3D recognition (shapes, faces, concepts, abstract perception)
38
What is the temporal association complex responsible for?
Memory Mood Aggression Intelligence
39
What is the non-dominant hemisphere (right) responsible for?
Non-verbal language (e.g body language) Emotional language (e.g tone of language) Spatial skills (3D) Conceptual understanding Artistic/musical skills
40
What are the three types of aphasia?
Fluent (Wernicke's) aphasia Non-fluent (Broca's) aphasia Connectional Aphasia
41
Describe the symptoms and cause of fluent aphasia
Clear speech; lacks meaning/understanding Broca's area intact but Wernicke's area (and thus understanding) is compromised
42
Describe the symptoms and cause of non-fluent aphasia
Cannot speak fluently, however understanding intact Wernicke's area intact, Broca's area (and thus production of speech) compromised
43
What is the cause of connectional aphasia and how can you identify it?
Damage to arcuate fasciculus - understands but response irrelevant Can ask person to write - bypasses arcuate fasciculus Wernicke's -> supramarginal gyrus -> planning cortex + Exner's area
44
What is the midbrain responsible for?
Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), temperature regulation
45
What is the pons responsible for?
Connects upper and lower parts of brain - relays messages between cortex and cerebellum
46
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Centre for respiration and circulation. Regulates breathing, heart + blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, swallowing. Sensory + motor neurons from forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla
47
Sensory and motor neurons from what parts of the brain travel through the medulla?
The forebrain and the midbrain
48
What is the vertebral column?
All the stacked vertebrae in the spine
49
What is the vertebral canal?
The space in the vertebral column through which the spinal cord passes (vertebral foramen)
50
List the three miningeal layers, the spaces separating them and their organisation
Dura mater - fat + CT Subdural space - interstitial fluid Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space - CSF Pia mater
51
The spinal cord extends from the ________ (part of brain)
Medulla oblongata
52
Growth of the spinal cord stops at age ___ - ___ and is ____ cm in adults
4-5 42-45cm
53
The two enlargements in the spinal cord are the ____ and ____ enlargements, occurring at approximately ___ - ___ and ___ - ___
Cervical - C4-T1 Lumbar - T9 -12
54
There are __ pairs of spinal nerves
31 pairs
55
The spinal nerves exit the vertebral column via the _________ ______
Intervertebral foramen
56
List the 5 sections of the spinal cord and how many pairs of spinal neurons they are composed of
``` 8 - cervical 12 - thoracic 5 - lumbar 5 - sacral 1 - coccygeal ```
57
The two bundles of axons coming out of each spinal segment is known as the ____
Root
58
The posterior (dorsal) root contains:
Sensory neurons + cell bodies in the posterior root ganglion
59
The anterior (ventral) root contains:
Motor neurons - first degree neurons from CNS to effectors No ganglions as cell bodies in spinal cord itself
60
What is the cauda equina and where is it found?
The roots of nerves outside the spinal cord, found after the the conis medullaris (end of spinal cord proper)
61
What does the posterior grey horn contain?
Cell bodies + axons of interneurons Axons of incoming sensory neurons
62
What does the anterior grey horn contain?
Somatic motor nuclei
63
What does the lateral grey horn contain? When is it present?
Present only in thoracic and upper lumbar segments Contains autonomic motor nuclei
64
Where are autonomic motor nuclei (cell bodies) found?
Lateral grey horn - which is only present in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord
65
What is the difference between a tract and a nerve?
Tract - bundle of axons in CNS Nerve - bundle of axons in PNS
66
What are motor (descending) tracts??
Tracts containing axons carrying nerve impulses from the brain
67
In what spinal regions are the grey and white areas of the spinal cord the largest? Why?
Cervical and Lumbar - due to innervation of limbs
68
Define sensation and perception:
Sensation - conscious OR subconscious awareness of changes in the internal environment Perception - conscious interpretation of sensation
69
Sensory neurons carry ___ type(s) of sensory modality
One
70
General senses refer to: (5)
``` Tactile Thermal Pain Proprioceptive Visceral ```
71
Special senses refer to: (6)
``` Smell Taste Vision Hearing Equilibrium Balance ```
72
Describe the process of sensation (4)
1. Stimulation of sensory receptor 2. Transduction of stimulus 3. Generation of nerve impulses 4. Integration of sensory input (region in CNS reformed and integrates sensory nerve impulses)
73
First order sensory neurons start at _____
The sensory receptor
74
Second order sensory neurons start at _____
The posterior (dorsal) horn of the spinal cord
75
Where are the somatic and autonomic motor nuclei located?
Somatic motor nuclei - anterior (ventral) grey horn Autonomic motor nuclei - lateral grey horn
76
Free nerve endings are receptors for: (5)
``` Pain Temperature Tickle Itch Some touch ```
77
Encapsulated nerve endings are receptors for: (4)
Other somatic + visceral sensations Pressure Vibration Some touch
78
What is a generator potential? What kinds of cells can experience one? What's the difference between a generator potential and a receptor potential?
Generator potential - free and encapsulated nerve endings, when stimulated, eventually produce an action potential Receptor potential - sensory receptors that are SEPARATE CELLS - release neurotransmitters via exocytosis of synaptic vesicles which diffuse to create a postsynaptic potential in a first order neuron
79
Rapidly adapting receptors detect:
Changes in a stimulus
80
Slowly adapting receptors: (mechanism)
Continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as stimulus persists
81
Name the corpuscle and type of receptor touch is associated with
Meissen corpuscle - rapid adapting
82
Name the corpuscle and type of receptor pressure is associated with
Lanellated/Pacinian corpuscle - rapid adapting
83
Are receptors for touch + pressure encapsulated or free nerve endings? Are they myelinated? What is the conduction speed?
Encapsulated + myelinated - 50ms
84
Are receptors for pain + temperature encapsulated or free nerve endings? Are they myelinated? What is the conduction speed? Why?
Free nerve endings - 1ms Slow as it only needs to be activated occasionally
85
What's the difference between discriminative and crude touch?
Discriminative - able to be localised Crude - unable to be localised
86
What is the cause and symptoms of flaccid paralysis?
Damage / disease of lower motor neurons Affects same side of body Neither voluntary nor reflex action of muscle Muscle tone decreased/lost
87
What is the cause and symptoms of spastic paralysis?
Upper motor neuron damage /disease Affects opposite side of body Muscle tone increased; reflexes exaggerated
88
What is the difference between quadriplegia and paraplegia?
Quadriplegia - partial/total loss of use of all four limbs - lesion above T1 or C1-8 Paraplegia - paralysis in lower extremities - T, L, S - retains use of arms + torso
89
What is the mechanism resulting in spastic paralysis?
Lesion in corticospinalz tract affecting upper region of brain Upper motors damaged = cannot inhibit lower motor neurons Lower motor neurons without UMN control can fire as much as they like, whenever they like
90
Somatic sensory pathways relay info from ______ to the ______ in the cerebral cortex and to the cerebellum
Somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area
91
Where do first order somatosensory neurons start and terminate? How does this differ in the head and trunk?
Start in somatic receptors End in brain stem/spinal cord Head - cranial nerves - terminate in brain stem Trunk - spinal nerves - terminate in the spinal cord
92
Where do second order somatosensory neurons start and terminate? What occurs before they ascend to the final terminating area?
Start: Brainstem/spinal cord End: thalamus Axons decussate in brain stem/spinal cord before ascending to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
93
Where do third order somatosensory neurons start and terminate?
Start: ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus End: primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex on the same side
94
Name the two somatosensory pathways and what they correspond to, as well as the differences between them
1. Posterior column-medial lemjiscis parheay

MEDSCI 142 (1 decks)

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