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MEDSCI 142 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the major subdivisions of the brain (5)

A 
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Cerebellum
Brain stem
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2
Q

What are the other names for the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Telencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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3
Q

What is the forebrain comprised of?

A

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is the hindbrain composed of?

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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5
Q

What lobe is at the front of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe

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6
Q

What lobe is at the back of the brain?

A

Occipital lobe

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7
Q

What lobe is on the top of the brain?

A

Parietal lobe

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8
Q

What lobe is on the bottom of the cerebrum?

A

Temporal lobe

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9
Q

What is a gyrus? (Gyri)

A

Folds

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10
Q

What are fissures? How are they different from sulci?

A

Fissures are deep grooves, whereas sulci are shallower

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11
Q

What are sulci? How is it different from a fissure?

A

Sulci are shallow grooves, whereas fissures are deep grooves.

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12
Q

What is the function and location of the longitudinal fissure?

A

The longitudinal fissure is located between the two brain hemispheres. Its function is to divide the brain into these two hemispheres.

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13
Q

Through what structure are the two hemispheres connected? What is it made of?

A

Corpus callosum - a broad band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What type of function does the anterior half of the hemisphere correspond to?

A

Motor

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15
Q

What type of function does the posterior half of the hemisphere correspond to?

A

Somatosensory

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16
Q

What is the supramarginal gyrus’ function? What does it contribute to?

A

Language perception + processing, contributes towards reading and writing

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17
Q

What area is the one responsible for the motor movement during writing?

A

Exner’s area

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18
Q

Where is Exner’s area located?

A

Above Broca’s area

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19
Q

What is the function of the angular gyrus?

A

Transfers visual info to Wernicke’s area

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20
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Motor production of language

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21
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

Comprehension + understanding of written or spoken language

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22
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus

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23
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

To generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement.

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24
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Motor planning area - middle frontal gyrus

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25
Q

What are the two places Broca’s area is connected to?

A

Primary motor cortex and Wernicke’s area

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26
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex located?

A

In the postcentral gyrus

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27
Q

What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?

A

Receives all sensory input from the body. Nerves sensing, pain, visual, auditory stimuli all send information to the somatosensory cortex for processing.

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28
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

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29
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Secondary auditory cortex (surrounding the primary auditory cortex) - superior temporal gyrus

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30
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus’ function and what type of fibre is it?

A

Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas - association tract

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31
Q

What are the three tract fibre types?

A

Association

Commisural

Projection

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32
Q

What is the function of association tract fibres?

A

Conducts nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

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33
Q

What is the function of commisural tract fibres?

A

Conduct nerve impulses between gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere

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34
Q

What is the function of projection tract fibres?

A

Conducts nerve impulses from cerebrum to low r parts of CNS (thalamus, brain stem or spinal cord and vice versa)

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35
Q

Five 3 examples of commisural tracts

A

Corpus callosum

Anterior commisure

Posterior commisure

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36
Q

What is the frontal association cortex responsible for?

A

Intelligence

Personality

Behaviour

Mood

Cognitive function

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37
Q

What is the parietal association cortex responsible for?

A

Spatial skills

3D recognition (shapes, faces, concepts, abstract perception)

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38
Q

What is the temporal association complex responsible for?

A

Memory

Mood

Aggression

Intelligence

39
Q

What is the non-dominant hemisphere (right) responsible for?

A

Non-verbal language (e.g body language)

Emotional language (e.g tone of language)

Spatial skills (3D)

Conceptual understanding

Artistic/musical skills

40
Q

What are the three types of aphasia?

A

Fluent (Wernicke’s) aphasia

Non-fluent (Broca’s) aphasia

Connectional Aphasia

41
Q

Describe the symptoms and cause of fluent aphasia

A

Clear speech; lacks meaning/understanding

Broca’s area intact but Wernicke’s area (and thus understanding) is compromised

42
Q

Describe the symptoms and cause of non-fluent aphasia

A

Cannot speak fluently, however understanding intact

Wernicke’s area intact, Broca’s area (and thus production of speech) compromised

43
Q

What is the cause of connectional aphasia and how can you identify it?

A

Damage to arcuate fasciculus - understands but response irrelevant

Can ask person to write - bypasses arcuate fasciculus

Wernicke’s -> supramarginal gyrus -> planning cortex + Exner’s area

44
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), temperature regulation

45
Q

What is the pons responsible for?

A

Connects upper and lower parts of brain - relays messages between cortex and cerebellum

46
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Centre for respiration and circulation.

Regulates breathing, heart + blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, swallowing.

Sensory + motor neurons from forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla

47
Q

Sensory and motor neurons from what parts of the brain travel through the medulla?

A

The forebrain and the midbrain

48
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

All the stacked vertebrae in the spine

49
Q

What is the vertebral canal?

A

The space in the vertebral column through which the spinal cord passes (vertebral foramen)

50
Q

List the three miningeal layers, the spaces separating them and their organisation

A

Dura mater - fat + CT

Subdural space - interstitial fluid

Arachnoid mater

Subarachnoid space - CSF

Pia mater

51
Q

The spinal cord extends from the ________ (part of brain)

A

Medulla oblongata

52
Q

Growth of the spinal cord stops at age ___ - ___ and is ____ cm in adults

A

4-5

42-45cm

53
Q

The two enlargements in the spinal cord are the ____ and ____ enlargements, occurring at approximately ___ - ___ and ___ - ___

A

Cervical - C4-T1

Lumbar - T9 -12

54
Q

There are __ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

55
Q

The spinal nerves exit the vertebral column via the _________ ______

A

Intervertebral foramen

56
Q

List the 5 sections of the spinal cord and how many pairs of spinal neurons they are composed of

A 
8 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar 
5 - sacral
1 - coccygeal
57
Q

The two bundles of axons coming out of each spinal segment is known as the ____

A

Root

58
Q

The posterior (dorsal) root contains:

A

Sensory neurons + cell bodies in the posterior root ganglion

59
Q

The anterior (ventral) root contains:

A

Motor neurons - first degree neurons from CNS to effectors

No ganglions as cell bodies in spinal cord itself

60
Q

What is the cauda equina and where is it found?

A

The roots of nerves outside the spinal cord, found after the the conis medullaris (end of spinal cord proper)

61
Q

What does the posterior grey horn contain?

A

Cell bodies + axons of interneurons

Axons of incoming sensory neurons

62
Q

What does the anterior grey horn contain?

A

Somatic motor nuclei

63
Q

What does the lateral grey horn contain? When is it present?

A

Present only in thoracic and upper lumbar segments

Contains autonomic motor nuclei

64
Q

Where are autonomic motor nuclei (cell bodies) found?

A

Lateral grey horn - which is only present in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord

65
Q

What is the difference between a tract and a nerve?

A

Tract - bundle of axons in CNS

Nerve - bundle of axons in PNS

66
Q

What are motor (descending) tracts??

A

Tracts containing axons carrying nerve impulses from the brain

67
Q

In what spinal regions are the grey and white areas of the spinal cord the largest? Why?

A

Cervical and Lumbar - due to innervation of limbs

68
Q

Define sensation and perception:

A

Sensation - conscious OR subconscious awareness of changes in the internal environment

Perception - conscious interpretation of sensation

69
Q

Sensory neurons carry ___ type(s) of sensory modality

A

One

70
Q

General senses refer to: (5)

A 
Tactile
Thermal
Pain
Proprioceptive
Visceral
71
Q

Special senses refer to: (6)

A 
Smell
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium 
Balance
72
Q

Describe the process of sensation (4)

A
  1. Stimulation of sensory receptor
  2. Transduction of stimulus
  3. Generation of nerve impulses
  4. Integration of sensory input (region in CNS reformed and integrates sensory nerve impulses)
73
Q

First order sensory neurons start at _____

A

The sensory receptor

74
Q

Second order sensory neurons start at _____

A

The posterior (dorsal) horn of the spinal cord

75
Q

Where are the somatic and autonomic motor nuclei located?

A

Somatic motor nuclei - anterior (ventral) grey horn

Autonomic motor nuclei - lateral grey horn

76
Q

Free nerve endings are receptors for: (5)

A 
Pain
Temperature
Tickle
Itch
Some touch
77
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings are receptors for: (4)

A

Other somatic + visceral sensations
Pressure
Vibration
Some touch

78
Q

What is a generator potential? What kinds of cells can experience one? What’s the difference between a generator potential and a receptor potential?

A

Generator potential - free and encapsulated nerve endings, when stimulated, eventually produce an action potential

Receptor potential - sensory receptors that are SEPARATE CELLS - release neurotransmitters via exocytosis of synaptic vesicles which diffuse to create a postsynaptic potential in a first order neuron

79
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors detect:

A

Changes in a stimulus

80
Q

Slowly adapting receptors: (mechanism)

A

Continue to trigger nerve impulses as long as stimulus persists

81
Q

Name the corpuscle and type of receptor touch is associated with

A

Meissen corpuscle - rapid adapting

82
Q

Name the corpuscle and type of receptor pressure is associated with

A

Lanellated/Pacinian corpuscle - rapid adapting

83
Q

Are receptors for touch + pressure encapsulated or free nerve endings? Are they myelinated? What is the conduction speed?

A

Encapsulated + myelinated - 50ms

84
Q

Are receptors for pain + temperature encapsulated or free nerve endings? Are they myelinated? What is the conduction speed? Why?

A

Free nerve endings - 1ms

Slow as it only needs to be activated occasionally

85
Q

What’s the difference between discriminative and crude touch?

A

Discriminative - able to be localised

Crude - unable to be localised

86
Q

What is the cause and symptoms of flaccid paralysis?

A

Damage / disease of lower motor neurons

Affects same side of body

Neither voluntary nor reflex action of muscle

Muscle tone decreased/lost

87
Q

What is the cause and symptoms of spastic paralysis?

A

Upper motor neuron damage /disease

Affects opposite side of body

Muscle tone increased; reflexes exaggerated

88
Q

What is the difference between quadriplegia and paraplegia?

A

Quadriplegia - partial/total loss of use of all four limbs - lesion above T1 or C1-8

Paraplegia - paralysis in lower extremities - T, L, S - retains use of arms + torso

89
Q

What is the mechanism resulting in spastic paralysis?

A

Lesion in corticospinalz tract affecting upper region of brain

Upper motors damaged = cannot inhibit lower motor neurons

Lower motor neurons without UMN control can fire as much as they like, whenever they like

90
Q

Somatic sensory pathways relay info from ______ to the ______ in the cerebral cortex and to the cerebellum

A

Somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area

91
Q

Where do first order somatosensory neurons start and terminate? How does this differ in the head and trunk?

A

Start in somatic receptors
End in brain stem/spinal cord

Head - cranial nerves - terminate in brain stem

Trunk - spinal nerves - terminate in the spinal cord

92
Q

Where do second order somatosensory neurons start and terminate? What occurs before they ascend to the final terminating area?

A

Start: Brainstem/spinal cord
End: thalamus

Axons decussate in brain stem/spinal cord before ascending to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

93
Q

Where do third order somatosensory neurons start and terminate?

A

Start: ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

End: primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex on the same side

94
Q

Name the two somatosensory pathways and what they correspond to, as well as the differences between them

A
  1. Posterior column-medial lemjiscis parheay

MEDSCI 142 (1 decks)

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