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5042 exam > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

exam role frontal lobe

A

associated with

  1. reasoning,
  2. emotions
  3. parts of speech,
  4. problem solving
  5. planning,
  6. movement,
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2
Q

parietal lobe

A

associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

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3
Q

exam occipital lobe

A

associated with visual processing

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4
Q

exam temperal lobe

A

associated with

  • perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
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5
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter

site of concious mind

  • awareness
  • sensory perception
  • voluntary motor initiation
  • communication
  • understanding
  • memory storage
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6
Q

exam prefrontal cortex

A

Working memory for spatial tasks,

Executive area for task management,

Working memory for object-recall tasks,

Solving complex, multitask problems

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7
Q

exam hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus - involved in functions including homeostasis, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic nervous system emotion,

In addition, it controls the pituitary.

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8
Q

exam premotor cortex

A

Helps plan movements;

staging area for skilled motor activities, Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills (think piano player),

Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions, Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

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9
Q

exam cerebellum

A

associated with

regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.

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10
Q

exam medulla

A

responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as breathing and heartrate.

  • cardiac centre
  • vasomotor centre
  • respiratory centre
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11
Q

exam pons

A

involved in motor control and sensory analysis… for example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep. Some structures within the pons are linked to the cerebellum, thus are involved in movement and posture.

  • ” bridge” b/t cerebral hemispheres
  • cranial nerves V, VI, VII.
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12
Q

exam cerebrum

A

The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called “lobes”: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.

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13
Q

symptoms observe after damage to cerebral cortex (prefrontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes)

A
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14
Q

symptoms observe after damage to white matter

A
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15
Q

symptoms after damage to corpus collosum

A
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16
Q

symptoms after damage thalamus

A
17
Q

syptoms after damage hyothalamus

A
18
Q

syptoms after damage pons

A
19
Q

syptoms after damage medulla oblongata

A
20
Q

syptoms after damage cerebrum

A
21
Q

exam the role of SNS

A
22
Q

exam the role of PSNS

A
23
Q

exam how does ANS (SNS, PSNS), somatic NS control homeostasis

A

All visceral organs served by both SNS and PSNS, but

cause opposite effects, Dynamic antagonism between two divisions maintains homeostasis.Dynamic antagonism allows for precise control of visceral activity

– SNS increases heart and respiratory rates, and inhibits digestion and elimination

– PSNS decreases heart and respiratory rates, and allows for digestion and discarding of wastes.

  • hypothalamus is the main integrative centre for ANS activity.

– Centers of hypothalamus control

– Heart activity and blood pressure

– Body temperature, water balance, and endocrine activity

– Emotional stages (rage, pleasure) and biological drives (hunger, thirst, sex)

– Reactions to fear and “fight-or-flight” system

24
Q

exam what happen when is homeostatic imbalance of ANS

A
25
Q

exam what is the effects of age on ANS

A
26
Q

exam somatic nervous system

A

innervate skeletal muscle.

Cell body in CNS; thick, myelinated, group A fiber extends in spinal or cranial nerve to skeletal muscle

All somatic motor neurons release Ach

effects always stimulatory

27
Q

exam Comparison of motor neurons in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

A
28
Q

exam oligodendrocytes role

A

Oligodendrocytes wrap many times around axons in the central nervous system creating electrically insulating sheaths called myelin. Myelin increases the rate at which an axon can transmit signals.

29
Q

exam astrocytes role

A

Astrocytes are star-shaped neuroglia in the central nervous system that give

physical support to neurons, and help maintain the mineral and nutrient balance in the interstitial space.

30
Q

microglial role

A

Microglia arise from white blood cells called monocytes. They phagocytize microbes and cellular debris in the central nervous system.

31
Q

ependymal cell role

A

Ependymal cells are epithelial cells that line the space con- taining the cerebrospinal fluid. Ependymal cells use cilia to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid.

32
Q

exam pathophysiology of Motor neurone disease e.g. (ALS Ice bucket challenge)

A

it is neurondegenerative disease.

  • associated with the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Axons of the affected nerve degenerate.
  • leads to muscle wasting which begins as weakness and progresses to fatal paralysis.
33
Q

exam pathophysiology parkinson disease

A
  • neurondegenerative disease

– Associated with the loss of dopamine

secreting neurons.

– Decreased dopamine causes alterations in muscle function (hypertonia or akinesia).

TRAP

The cardinal signs of Parkinson’s are:

– Tremor at rest

– Rigidity

– Akinesia (absence of spontaneous movement) or bradykinesia (slow movement)

– Postural instability.

34
Q

exam pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease

A
35
Q

exam compare and contrast depression, dementia and delirium. how they can differentiated

A

?

36
Q

the role of serotonin in CNS and peripheral NS

A

a monoamine neurotransmitter

CNS- generally inhibitory effect

  • serotonin is involved with mood, anxiety, and sleep induction. levels of serotonin is elevated in Schizophrenia (delusion, hallucination and withdrawl).
  • drug that block serotonin transporters such as PROZAC are used to treat depression and anxiety disorder.

Peripheral NS - regulate intestinal movements. increase serotonin, increase gut motility

37
Q

substance P

A

a neuropeptide

CNS - sensory function of substance P is thought to be related to the transmission of pain information into the central nervous system. - activation os Substance P receptor stimulates the vomiting reflex from vomiting center in the medulla.

Peripheral Nervous system - Substance P and other sensory neuropeptides can be released from the peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers in the skin, muscle, and joints. It is proposed that this release is involved in neurogenic inflammation, which is a local inflammatory response to certain types of infection or injury. - potenet vasodilator with dependence on NO.

38
Q

endorphins

A
  • peptides produced by the central nervous system and the pituitary gland.
  • endorphins is released in the descending pain pathways, it has inhibitory effect.
  • “a morphine-like substance originating from within the body”
  • The opiates morphine and heroin bind to endorphin receptor on presynaptic neurons and reduce pain by blocking the release of neurotransmitter, inhibit pain transmission signal
39
Q

dopamine

A

amine

  • major role in reward-motivated behavior.
  • involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones.

released fom selected CNS synapses, and some ANS synapses. can be inhibitory or excitory effect

  • PD results from destruction of dopaine secreting neurons

peripheral NS -In blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator. in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. With the exception of the blood vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it.

5042 exam (6 decks)

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