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Anatomy 516-Nervous System > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron is made up of three basic parts

A
  • Cell Body
  • Dendrite
  • Axon
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2
Q

The Neuron

A

is the structural unit or building block of the nervous

system

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3
Q

Cell body

A

The neuron cell body contain the organelles that are

common to all cells: a cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasm

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

a short branched extension of a neuron, along which

impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

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5
Q

Axon

A

a long, thin process extending from the cell body. The axon’s cell membrane incorporates specialized protein ion channels that enable the axon to conduct an electrochemical signal (action potential) from the cell body to the axon terminals. Axon terminals of one neuron make synaptic contacts with other neurons’ dendrites or
on the cell body itself

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6
Q

Synapse

A

When the action potential reaches the axon terminals, a
neurotransmitter is released from synaptic vesicles into the terminals. The neurotransmitter molecules act on receptor molecules that are part of ion channels in the dendrites and soma of the next neuron in a chain.

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7
Q

A typical chemical synapse consists of

A

a terminal bouton (a swelling at the end of an axon terminal) that includes a presynaptic membrane, a
specialized postsynaptic membrane, and a space between the two (the synaptic cleft). The terminal bouton contains many synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter molecules.

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8
Q

presynaptic and postsynaptic regions contain

A

numerous mitochondria, which supply the energy needed by the synaptic transmission process

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9
Q

Types of Neurons:

A

1) Unipolar
2) Bipolar
3) Multipolar
4) Special types: Purkinje, Stellate, Pyrimidal

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10
Q

Special Histological Stains for Nerve Tissue

A
  • Golgi preparations: Great for isolating individual neurons for viewing.
  • Nissl preparations: Great for demonstrating cell bodies of neurons.
  • Myelin preparations: Stain myelinated fibers and not the cell bodies or dendrites.
  • H&E preparations (Haematoxylin & Eosin): usually used for normal nerve tissue staining.
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11
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves and ganglia

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13
Q

Collections of axons that carry action potentials from one place to another are called in the PNS are called

A

nerves

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14
Q

Collections of axons that carry action potentials from one place to another are called in the CNS

A

tracts

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15
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS are called

A

ganglia

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16
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS are called

A

nuclei or cortices

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17
Q

Glial Cells:

A

Non-neural cells that provide a variety of support functions for the neurons that relate to nutrition, regulation of the extracellular environment
including the blood-brain barrier, immune system, myelin insulation for many axons, and a host of other support function

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

found throughout the CNS

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19
Q

Astrocytes regulate

A

the ionic composition and pH of the extracellular environment and secrete various neuroactive
substances.

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20
Q

Astrocyte end-feet form the

A

glia limitans, a coating of the inner surface of the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

Glial Cells: 6 Types:

A
  • 1) Microglia
  • 2) Astrocytes
  • 3) Satellite
  • 4) Ependymal
  • 5) Oligodendrocytes
  • 6) Schwann Cells
22
Q

Microglia

A

clean up cellular debris via phagocytosis

23
Q

Astrocytes

A

support and repair neurons; form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS

24
Q

Satellite

A

form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS, function similarly to astrocytes

25
Q

Ependymal

A

form epithelial lining of the CNS & produce cerebrospinal fluid

26
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelinates axons of the neurons in the CNS

27
Q

Schwann Cells

A

myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS

28
Q

Meninges:

A

Covering of the CNS

29
Q

Dura Mater

A

The tough outermost lining covering the brain and spinal cord.

30
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

A delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle
of the three coverings of the central nervous system. The arachnoid mater is named for the delicate, spider-web-like filaments that extend from its deep surface, through the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space, to the pia mater.

31
Q

Pia Mater

A

the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the

membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

32
Q

Forebrain:

A

the anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. Also called
proencephalon.

33
Q

Hindbrain:

A

the lower part of the brainstem, comprising the

cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Also called rhombencephalon.

34
Q

The CNS has two kinds of tissue:

A

grey matter and white matter

35
Q

Grey matter

A

which has a pinkish-grey color in the living brain, contains the cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals of neurons, so it is where all synapses are.

36
Q

White matter

A

is made of axons connecting different parts of grey matter to each other. Unlike the white matter, the neurons of grey matter do not have extended
axons

37
Q

Grey matter

A

no myelin sheath

38
Q

white matter

A

is myelinated

39
Q

node of Ranvier

A

carry out the complicated exchange of sodium

and potassium ions across the membrane that is the basis of the conduction of the action potential.

40
Q

spinal cord extends from

A

medulla to space between L1 and L2

vertebrae

41
Q

A bundle of neurons surrounded by connective tissue is called a

A

Fascicle

42
Q

A bundle of Fasicles surrounded by connective tissue is called a

A

Nerve

43
Q

Peripheral nerve fibers carry

A

motor, sensory, and autonomic nerve

fibers

44
Q

The posterior root contains only

A

sensory neurons

45
Q

anterior root contains

A

motor neurons and fibers from the

autonomic nervous system

46
Q

Spinal nerves originate from the

A

Spinal Cord at a junction of an anterior and posterior root extending from the spinal cord.

47
Q

The posterior root carries

A

sensory neurons from the body back to the

CNS.

48
Q

The anterior root carries

A

motor neurons from the CNS to the muscles

and internal organs

49
Q

Dermatome

A

An area of the skin supplied by

nerves from a single spinal root

50
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System composed of three divisions:

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

51
Q

The enteric division consists of

A

a vast number of neurons arranged in a network of plexuses in the walls of the gut.

Anatomy 516-Nervous System (1 decks)

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