Nervous System 3 Flashcards
Cerebrum
Comprises of two hemispheres
Connected via the corpus callosum
The cerebrum includes
Cerebral cortex (gray mater)
White mater
Corpus callosum
Basil ganglia
Hippocampus
Amygdala
The falx cerebri
Large crescent-shaped fold of meningeal layer of the Dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal figure separating the two hemispheres to the level of the corpus callosum
Tentorium cerebelli
Fold of meningeal layer of the dura mater that lies between the dorsum of the cerebellar hemispheres in posterior part of the cerebrum
It lies between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Largest brain commissure
Connects the two two hemispheres
Made up of white Mater (axons)
Information superhighway between the two hemispheres
Critical to integration of sensory, motor, emotional, cognitive and communication functions
Basal ganglia consist of
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Caudate
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nuclei
Functions of Basal Ganglia
Motor regulation
Mood and emotional states
Language and social pragmatic skills
Hippocampus
Lies deep behind the temporal cortex
Primary memory and learning center
Amygdala
Fear and emotional processing
Processing and storage of social experiences
Endocrine responses to emotional stimuli
Cerebral cortex consists of:
Cingulate gyrus
Insula
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebral cortex functions:
Cognitive functions
Language functions
Emotional processing
Sensory functions
Motor functions
Gyrus (gyri)
Mountains
Fissure
Deep groove/valley
Sulcus (sulci)
Shallow grooves
Longitudinal Fissure
DIVIDES CEREBRUM INTO RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES
Extends from rostral end to the caudal end of the cerebrum
Central fissure (Rolandic fissure)
SEPARATES THE FRONTAL LOBE FROM THE PARIETAL
Lies horizontally on the center of each hemisphere, extending from the longitudinal fissure superiorly to end at the temporal fissure inferiorly
Temporal fissure (sylvian)
SEPARATES THE TEMPORAL LOBE FROM THE FRONTAL AND FROM THE PARIETAL
Extends laterally on the lateral part of the cerebral cortex
Parieto-occipital sulcus
SEPARATES THE OCCIPITAL LOBE FROM THE PARIETAL
Perpendicular to the longitudinal figure
Extends inferiorly to the borders of the temporal cortex
Cingulate gyrus
Overlook the longitudinal fissure and buried within it
Functions:
Analyzing thoughts
Language script formation
Mood regulation
Insula / insular cortex
Involved in motor speech production
Center for intuition
Central part of the brain, default mechanism
Transforms emotional experiences into feelings and bodily sensation
Frontal lobe of cerebral cortex
Major landmarks:
Precentral gyrus (functionally known as the primary motor cortex)
Pre-motor cortex
Supplementary motor area
Prefrontal cortex
Broca’s area
Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
Responsible for motor activation
Gives origin to the pyramidal tract
Pre-motor cortex
Major center for motor planning
Contributes to activation of movement
Serves as a bank for storing movement maps/plans
Supplementary motor area
Contributes to speech motor planning
Contributes to editing of movement commands/scripts
Located superior to the pre-motor area and part of it is within the longitudinal fissure
Prefrontal cortex
Alertness and awareness
Attention
Emotional regulation
Motor control
Broca’s area
Located in posterior inferior left frontal lobe in front of the foot of the pre-motor area
Functions:
Lexical processing and storage
Processes and stores syntactic patterns
Motor programming for speech
Temporal lobe
Separated from frontal and parietal lobes by the lateral fissure (fissure of sylvius)
Landmarks:
Primary auditory cortex (BA 41 & 42)
Auditory association cortex (BA 21)
Wernicke’s area (BA 22 ONLY LH)
Functions:
Dominant for auditory processing, speech recognition, and comprehension of language
Wernickes area
BA 22 ONLY LH
Phonemic assembly
Sound-meaning association
Oral expression
Parietal lobe
Located immediately posterior to the central fissure
Primary area for processing of sensory information (written language)
Functions:
Locating objects and object manipulation
Touch perception
Goal directed voluntary movements
Post Central gyrus (somatosensory cortex)
Is a sensory map of entire body
Receives in process of sensory information from all body parts
Primary visual cortex
Located posterior to the temporal lobe and inferior to parietal lobe
Receives, processes, and stores visual stimuli
Also contributes to higher level visual processing
