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A/P & Patho Test 2 > Nervous System (2/4) > Flashcards

Nervous System (2/4) Flashcards

1
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

_______ the postsynaptic cell

Opening of ____ channels

Include ___, _______, ______, ______, _______ and _______

A

Depolarize

Na+

Ach, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Glutamate, and Serotonin

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2
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)

_______ the post synaptic cell

Opening of ___ or ____ channels

Include __-_____ _____ _____ (GABA) and ______

A

Hyperpolarize

K+ or Cl-

Y-Amino Butyric Acid, Glycine

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3
Q

Summation at Synapses

_____ summation: Occurs if several nerve terminals fire at the _____ _____

_______ summation: Occurs if another actional potential ______ the nerve terminal before the first one has _______. This adds to first, producing a larger response in a stepwise fashion, called the “______ ______”

________, augmentation and post-tetanic potentiation: Occurs after ______ stimulation and is due to accumalation of ____

A

Spatial; Same Time

Temporal; Invades, Disappeared

Staircase Effect

Facilitation, Tetanic, Ca++

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter Synthesis

A. Acetylcholine is created from _______ + _______

A

Acetyl CoA, Choline

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Norepi/Epi/Dopamine

Tyrosine is converted to L-dopa by enzyme ______ ______. This is the _____-______ step.

L-dopa is converted to Dopamine by enzyme ____ ________

Dopamine is converted to Norepinephrine by enzyme _______ _______

Norepi is converted to Epi by enzmye _________ __ __________

A

Tyrosine Hydoxylase; Rate-Limiting

Dopa Decarboxylase

Dopamine B-Hydroxylase

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (S-adenosylmethionine)

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6
Q

Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Noreprinephrine is metabolized by ______ _______ (MAO)

_____ and _____ destroy Epi and Norepinephrine

A

Monoamine Oxidase

MAO, COMT

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter Metabolism

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are metabolized by _____ into ________ ______, which is metabolized by _______ into __________ ______ (VMA) for excretion into urine

A

MAO, Dihydroxymandelic Acid

COMT, Vanillylmandelic Acid

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8
Q

Neurotransmittters

  1. Small molecule, _____ acting transmitters inlcude?
  2. Neuropeptides, ______ acting transmitters include?
A

  1. Ach, Epi, Norepi, Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine, GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Nitric Oxide (NO)
  2. Hypothalmic hormones, Pituitary hormones, Peptides (Substance P, Gastrin, Insulin, Glucagon), Angiotensin II, Bradykinin
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9
Q

Neurons in Brain Stem (and Secretion)

These neurons send control signals upward into the _______ and _______ and downward into the ______ _______

_____ _____ secretes ________

________ neurons of ______ ______ secrete _________

______ ______ secretes ________

______ of the _____ secretes ________

A

Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Spinal Cord

Substantia Nigra, Dopamine

Gigantocellular, Reticular formation, Acetylcholine

Locus Ceruleus, Norepinephrine

Nuclei of the Raphe, Serotonin

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10
Q

The 4 major neurotransmitters are ________, ________, ________, and _________

A

Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine, Acetylcholine

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

Widely distributed and mainly ______, but _______ on the heart

Organophosphate, AKA _______, act as acetylcholine _____ (AChE) blockers, causing prolonged effect of ______, leading to cholinergic symptoms such as ______, ______, increased _______, and muscle ______

Treatment of exposure to pesticides: _______, due to its ability to block _______ receptors

A

Excitatory, Inhibitory

Pesticides, Esterase, Ach

Vomiting, Diarrhea, Secretions, Twitches

Atropine, Muscarinic

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12
Q

Acetylcholine

Ach release is inhibited by _______ toxin, leading to ______ ______

Curare blocks the _____ receptor, leading to ______ ______

Decreased levels of ___ are seen in ________ disease. Treatment is to give ________, which is an ________ (AChE) blocker

Ach receptors are destroyed in this disease: ______ ______

A

Botulinum, Muscle Paralysis

Ach, Muscle Paralysis

Acetylcholine, Alzheimer’s

Rivastigmine, Anticholinesterase

Myasthenia Gravis

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13
Q

Norepinephrine

Released from ______ ______ of midbrain, SNS

“______ ______” neurotransmitter

Binds to __ or __ receptors

Release in enhanced by ________

Reuptake is blocked by ________ antidepressants and _____

A

Locus Ceruleus

Feeling Good

Alpha or Beta

Amphetamines

Tricyclic, Cocaine

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14
Q

Norepinephrine

_______ decreases level of Norepi, leading to _______

Metabolized by _____ and ______

Name the 4 metabolites of Norepi?

_________ ____ (VMA) is the most important metabolite of Norepi. This metabolite is used for the diagnosis of _______, because increased urinary excretion of VMA is seen in this disorder

A

Reserpine, Depression

MOA, COMT

3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid (DOMA), Normetanephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyglycol (MOPEG)

Vanillylmandellic Acid, Pheochromocytoma

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15
Q

Epinephrine

Secreted along with norepinephrine from the _____ ______

A

Adrenal Medulla

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16
Q

Dopamine

Released from ______ _____ and inhibits _______ secretion

Decreased levels are seen in _______ disease due to a ________ of dopamenergic neurons in the substantia nigra

Increased levels of dopamine are seen in ________

A

Substantia Nigra, Prolactin

Parkinson’s, Degeneration

Schizophrenia

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17
Q

Serotonin (5-Hydroxytrypyamine, 5-HT)

Secreted from _____ _____, to the _____ _____ of the spinal cord

Is formed from _______

Inhibitor of _____ pathways in the spinal cord, contributing to ____ ______ “feeling good NT”

______ inhibits the reuptake (recycling) of serotonin, leading to ______ levels, causing an _______ effect

A

Raphe Nuclei, Dorsal Horn

Tryptophan

Pain, Mood elevation

Fluoxetine (Prozac), Increased, Antidepressant

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18
Q

Histamine

Present in ______, formed from _______

Increases ____ _____ in stomach (Can treat this with ____ blockers)

Is also released by ____ _____

A

Hypothalamus, Histidine

Acid Secretion, H2

Mast Cells

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19
Q

Glutamate

Most common ______ neurotransmitter

“_____ _______”: excites the cells to death

Increases intracellular ____ and ____ after stroke (already damaged cells become more damaged)

There are ____ types of glutamate receptors

Three subtypes are ______ receptors, including ______

A

Excitatory

Stroke Neurotransmitter

Na+, Ca++

4

Inotropic, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)

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20
Q

GABA

Is an ______ NT in the spinal cord, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex

GABA-A receptors increase ____ conductance, and is the site of action for _______ (Valium) and _______

GABA-B receptors increase ___ conductance

A

Inhibitory

Cl-, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates

K+

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21
Q

Glycine

Inhibitory NT mainly in the _____ _____ (similar to GABA, but limited to one location)

Increases ___ conductance

_______ toxin blocks glycine, leading to uncontrolled ______

A

Spinal Cord

Cl-

Tetanus (clostridium tetanus), Contraction

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22
Q

Nitric Oxide

Short acting inhibitory NT located in the ___ tract, _____ ______, and _____

Action is enhanced by _______

Acts via _____ mechanism

A

GI, Blood Vessels, CNS

Sildenafil (Viagra)

cGMP

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23
Q

Endorphins

Natural ______

Examples are ______ and _______

Endorphins inhibit release of _______ __, which propogates ____ signaling in the PNS

A

Opiate

Dynorphin, Enkephalins

Substance P, Pain

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24
Q

Somatostatin

Very ______ hormone

Has an anti _____ ______ effect

A

Inhibitory

Growth Hormone

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25
Q

Norepinephrine (Recap)

Increased in ______, decreased in ______; synthesized in the _____ _____

A

Anxiety, Depression

Locus Ceruleus

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26
Q

Dopamine (Recap)

Increased in _______, decreased in _______ disease and _______

Synthesized in the ______ ______

A

Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, Depression

Substantia Nigra

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27
Q

Serotonin (5-HT) (Recap)

Decreased in _______ and _______

Synthesized in the ______ ______

A

Anxiety, Depression

Raphe Nucleus

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28
Q

Acetylcholine (Recap)

Decreased in ______, ______, and _____ ______

Synthesized at ______ sites

A

Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, REM Sleep

Multiple

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29
Q

GABA (Recap)

Decreased in _______ and _______

Synthesized at ______ sites

A

Anxiety, Huntington’s

Multiple

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30
Q

NMDA Receptor Activation

NMDA receptor is in its resting state when it’s blocked, or “plugged” by ____

Just think, ___ = relaxation and ____ = excitation

______ and _____ opens the channels, but depolarization does not occur while the ____ plug is still blocking the channel

When depolarization of NMDA receptor occurs, ____ plug is removed along with _____ and _____ binding on receptor sites, leading to receptor ______

A

Mg++

Mg++, Ca++

Glutamate, Glycine, Mg++

Mg++, Glutamate, Glycine, Activation

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31
Q

Environmental Changes

Acidosis: ______ neuronal activity. pH change from 7.4 to 7.0 will usually induce _____

Alkalosis: _______ neuronal excitability. pH change from 7.4 to 8.0 usually will induce ______

Hypoxia: Brain highly dependent on ______. Interruption of brain _____ ____ for 3 to 7 seconds can lead to ________

A

Depresses, Coma

Increases, Seizures

Oxygen, Blood Flow, Unconsciousness

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32
Q

Sensory Receptors

Specialized ______ cells or ______ that transduce environmental signals into ______ signals

The environmental signals which can be detected are mechanical _____, ______, ______, ______, and ________

A

Epithelial, Neurons, Neural

Force, Light, Sound, Chemicals, Temperature

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33
Q

Sensory Transducers

  1. Mechanoreceptor include ______ corpuscles, _____ receptors, stretch receptors in _____, and _____ cells in auditory and vestibular system
  2. Photoreceptor includes _____ and _____ of retina
  3. Chemoreceptor includes ______ receptors, ______ receptors, ________, and carotid body ___ receptors
  4. Extreme of temperature and pain due to ________
A

Pacinian, Joint, Muscle, Hair

Rods, Cones

Olfactory, Taste, Osmoreceptors, O2

Nocireceptors

34
Q

Mechanoreceptors

Pancinian Corpuscle: ______ like structure in the subcutaneous area, senses ______ or _____, and ______ adapts

Meissner’s Corpuscle: Present in non _____ skin, senses ______, and ______ adapts

Ruffini’s Corpuscle: ______, senses ______, and _____ adapts

Merkel’s Disk: Transducer is on _______ cells, senses ______, and ______ adapts

A

Onion, Vibrations, Tapping, Rapidly

Hairy, Velocity, Rapidly

Encapsulated, Pressure, Slowly

Epithelial, Location, Slowly

35
Q

Nerve Fiber Types

A-Alpha: Is a large ______; includes muscle ______ afferent and _____ tendon organs. This one is the _____ in diameter and has the fastest conduction ______

A-Beta: Related to _____ and _____; includes secondary afferent of muscle ______. This one is ______ in diameter and conducts at a ______ velocity

A-Gamma: Includes motoneuron to muscle ______ with ______ diameter and ______ conduction velocity

A

Motoneuron, Spindle, Golgi

Largest, Velocity

Touch, Pressure, Spindle

Medium, Medium

Spindle, Medium, Medium

36
Q

Nerve Fiber Types

A-Delta: Related to _____, ______, ______, and ______

Note: related to _____ pain; This one is most sensitive to ______ ______

_____ diameter with ______ conduction velocity

B: Involves _______ autonomic fibers

C: Involves _______ autonomic fibers, _____ pain and temp reception (because it is ______); resitant to ______ ______; ______ diameter and _______ conduction velocity

A

Touch, Pressure, Temp, Pain

Fast, Local Anesthetic, Small, Medium

Preganglionic

Postganglionic, Slow, Unmyelinated

Local Anesthetics, Smallest, Slowest

37
Q

Steps in Sensory Transduction

  1. Stimulus arrives at the ______ receptor (The stimulus could be a _____ of light on the retina, a molecule of NaCl on the ______, or a depression of the _____)
  2. ____ channels are opened in the sensory receptors, allowing ______ to flow. Usually, current in inward, which produces ______ of the receptor
A

Sensory, Photon, Tongue, Skin

Ion, Current, Depolarization

38
Q

Steps in Sensory Transduction

  1. Change in the membrane ______ produced by the stimulus is the ______ potential or ______ potential

If the receptor potential is ______, it brings the membrane potential closer to _______

If the receptor potential is large enough, the membrane potential will ______ the threshold potential, and an ____ _____ (impulse) will be fired by the sensory neuron

A

Potential, Receptor, Generator

Depolarizing, Threshold

Exceed, Action Potential

39
Q

Adaptation of Receptors

_____ adapting or tonic receptors (muscle spindle, pressure, slow pain) respond _______ to a ______ stimulus

_______ adapting receptors (Pancinian corpuscle, light touch) show a decline in action potential _______ with time in response to _______ stimulus

A

Slowly, Repetitively, Prolonged

Rapidly, Frequency, Constant

40
Q

Sensory Pathways

A. Sensory Receptors: transduce the stimulus into _____ _____ (receptor potential)

B. First Order Neurons: are the ______ ______ neurons. They receive transduced signals and send the information to the _____. Their cell bodies are in _____ or spinal cord ______

A

Electric Energy

Primary Afferent, CNS

DRG, Ganglia

41
Q

Sensory Pathways

C. Second Order Neurons: Located in the ______ _____ or _____ _____

Receive information from primary afferent neurons in _____ _____ and transmit it to the _______

Axon of the second order neuron usually ______ the midline in a relay nucleus in the spinal cord before they ascend to the thalamus

Sensory information on one side of the body ______ to the contralateral thalamus

A

Spinal Cord, Brain Stem

Relay Nuclei, Thalamus

Crosses

Ascends

42
Q

Sensory Pathways

D. Third Order Neurons: Located in the relay nuclei of the thalmus. From there, ______ sensory information ascends to the _____ ______

E. Fourth Order Neurons: Located in the appropriate sensory area of the cerebral cortex. The information received results in a ______ _______ of the stimulus

A

Encoded, Cerebral Cortex

Conscious Perception

43
Q

Two Pathways: Sensory Information

A. ______ (posterior) column tract

B. ________ tract, which includes the ______ ______ tract and the _______ (anterior) _______ tract

**Think: Sensory = _______ and Motor = _______

A

Dorsal

Anterolateral, Lateral Spinothalamic,

Ventral, Spinothalmic

Ascending, Descending

44
Q

Almost all sensory information enters spinal cord through _____ _____ of spinal nerves

There are two pathways for sensory afferents: ______ column tract and ________ system

A

Dorsal Roots

Dorsal, Anterolateral

45
Q

Somatosensory Pathways

The dorsal colum tract crosses the midline in the _____ _____, while the anterolateral system crosses the midline in the _____ _____

Dorsal column system is responsible for _____ touch, _____, and ________ (orientation of limbs/body parts in their normal position)

An example of fine touch is ____ ______ discrimination (tips of two pens together on fingertips

A

Brain Stem, Spinal Cord

Fine, Pressure, Proprioception

2- Point

46
Q

Somatosensory Pathways

Anterolateral system is responsbile for _____, ______, and _____ touch

Examples of light touch: Placing _____ against hand, Pinching _____, _____ water

Can have one type of sensation ______ the other because sensations may be carried by two different ______

A

Pain, Temperature, Light

QTip, Hand, Hot

Without, Tracts

47
Q

Dorsal (Posterior) Column System

Consists of ______ and ______ (sensation from the leg down)

Processes sensations of _____ touch (tactile localization) and two point discrimination, _______, _______, and ______

Primary ______ neurons have cell bodies in the DRG. Their axon ascends _______ (same side) to the medulla

A

Cuneatus, Gracilis

Fine, Presssure, Proprioception, Vibration

Afferent, Ipsilaterally

48
Q

Dorsal (Posterior) Column System

From medulla, the second order neurons _____ the midline and ascend to the contralateral ______, where they synapse on the ______ order neuron

Third order neurons ascend to the _______ cortex, where they synapse on ______ order neurons

A

Cross, Thalamus, Third

Somatosensory, Fourth

49
Q

Anterolateral System

Processes sensation of _____ touch, _____, _____, _____, and ______ sensations

Sensory fibers enter the ______ ______ and terminate in the ______ _____

Second order neurons ______ the midline of spinal cord and ascend to the contralateral _____, where they synapse on _____ order neuron

Third order neurons ascend to the _______ cortex, where they synapse on the _____ order neuron

A

Light, Pain, Temperature, Tickling, Sexual

Spinal Cord, Dorsal Horn

Cross, Thalamus, Third

Somatosensory, Fourth

50
Q
A
51
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

The major somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex are ____ and ____

S1 has a _______ representation similar to that of the thalamus

This “map” of body is called ______ _______

The largest area represents the _____, _____, _____, and _____, where precise localization is most important

A

S1, S2

Somatotropic

Sensory Homunculus

Lips, Face, Hands, Fingers

52
Q

Somatic Sensory Cortex

Destruction of ______ area 1 results in:

Loss of _____ _______ ability

Inability to judge the degree of _______

Inability to determine the _____ of an object

Inability to dtermine the _____ or _____ of objects via touch; this is called ________

Inability to judge _______

A

Somatic

Discrete Localization

Pressure

Weight

Shape, Form, Astereognosis

Texture

53
Q

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

They block ______ transmission between motor nerve ending and the _______ receptors on the neuromuscular end plate of _____ muscle

A

Cholinergic, Nicotinic, Skeletal

54
Q

Non-depolarizing (competitive) Blockers

____ cannot attach to receptors and the channels cannot open, leading to ______ of muscle contraction

Ex: _______, _______, _______, _______

Reversal of blockade: _____ inhibitors, such as _______ or ________, which will increase level of ____ in the synaptic cleft

Adverse effects of NMB: ______, decreased _____, and ________ (due to histamine release)

A

Ach, Inhibition

Tubocarine, Atracurium, Pancuronoium, Vecuronium

AchE, Neodtigmine, Edrophonium, Ach

Flushing, BP, Bronchoconstriction

55
Q

Depolarizing Blockers

_____ looks like Ach and acts like Ach to _____ the junction

Succinylcholine cannot be destroyed by ____, so it remains at a high concentration in the synaptic cleft

Causes depolarization by opening ___ channels, known as _____ __. This produces twitching and ______ of muscle, followed by flaccid ______

The continuous depolarization gives way to gradual ______ as the ___ channels close

A

Succ, Depolarize

AchE

Na+, Phase I, Fasciculation, Paralysis

Repolarization, Na+

56
Q

Depolarizing Blockers

This causes resistance to ______, known as ______ __, and a flaccid paralysis

Succ is destroyed by _____ ______ _______

Adverse effects may include: ______ ______ if succ is used with Halothane, ______ release (leading to skin rash), _______ (dangerous in burns and tissue trauma) and ______

A

Depolarization, Phase II

Plasma Choline Esterase

Malignant Hyperthermia, Histamine, Hyperkalemia, Apnea

57
Q

Depolarizing NMB

Phase I: Membrane depolarizes, resulting in an initial discharge that produces _____ _____, followed by flaccid ______

Phase II: Membrane repolarizes, but receptor is _____ and _____ to the effect of Ach

A

Transient Fasciculations, Paralysis

Desensitized, Unresponsive

58
Q

Functional Brain Systems

Networks of _____ working together and spanning wide areas of the brain

The two systems are the _____ system and _____ ______

A

Neurons

Limbic, Reticular Formation

59
Q

Limbic System

Structures located on the medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

Parts especially important in emotion: _____: deals with anger, danger, and fear responses

_______ ______: plays a role in expressing emotions via _____ and resolving _____ ______

A

Amygdala

Cingulate Gyrus, Gestures, Mental Conflict

60
Q

Limbic System

Puts emotional responses to _____ (skunks smelling bad)

Responsible for “F” activities: _____, ______, ______, ______, and _____

A

Odors

Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex

61
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Dorsal column tract is a _____ route, whereas RAS is an _____ route for sensory information

Maintains ____ and ____ state

RAS is ____ when sleeping

Complete loss of RAS activity is _____

General anesthesia produces _____ and _____ by depressing RAS

A

Direct, Indirect

Alert, Awake

Off

Coma

Sedation, Hypnosis

62
Q

Thalamus

Has some ability to discriminate ______ sensation

Thalamus has important role in the perception of _____ and ________

Information from different parts of the body is arranged _______

Destruction of thalmic nuclei results in loss of sensation on the _______ side of the body

A

Tactile

Pain, Temperature

Somatotopically

Contralateral

63
Q

Hypothalamus

Located below the thalmus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the ____ ventricle

Mamillary bodies are small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the ______ and act as the relay station for ______ pathways

Infundibulum: stalk of the hypothalamus, connects to the ______ gland and is the main _____ control center of the body

A

Third

Hypothalamus, Olfactory

Pituitary, Visceral

64
Q

Hypothalmic Nuclei

Dorsomedial Nucleus: ____ tract stimulation

Posterior Hypothalamus: Increased ____, Pupilary _____, and _____

Perifornical Nucleus: _____, Increased ____, and ____

Ventromedial Nucleus: _____, _______ control

Mamillary body: ______ reflexes

Arcurate Nucleus and Periventricular Zone: _____, _____, and ______ control

A

GI

BP, Dilation, Shivering

Hunger, BP, Rage

Satiety, Neuroendocrine

Feeding

Hunger, Satiety, Neuroendocrine

65
Q

Hypothalmic Nuclei

Lateral Hypothmalic Area: _____ and _____

Paraventricular Nucleus: ______ release, _____ conservation, ______

Medial Preoptic Area: ______ contraction, ______ HR, ______ BP

Posterior Preoptic and Anterior Hypothalmic areas: ______ ______ regulation, ______, ______, and _____ inhibition

Optic Chiasm: ______ nerve regulation

A

Thirst, Hunger

Oxytocin, Water, Satiety

Bladder, Decreased, Decreased

Body Temperature, Panting, Sweating, Thyrotropin

Optic

66
Q

Hypothalmic Nuclei

Supraoptic Nucleus: ______ release

Infundibulum

A

Vasopressin

67
Q

Landmark Dermatomes

C2: _____ half of _____ “cap”

C3: High _____ _____ shirt

C4: ____ _____ shirts

T4: at the ______

T7: at the ______ process

T10: At the ______ (belly button)

A

Posterior, Skull

Turtle Neck

Low Collar

Nipple

Xiphoid

Umbilicus

68
Q

Landmark Dermatomes

L1: at the _____ region

L4: Includes the ______

S2, S3, S4: _____ and sensation of the _____ and _____ area

A

Inguinal

Kneecaps

Erection, Penile, Anal

69
Q

Pain

Associated with the detection and perception of _____ stimuli (______)

The receptors for pain are _____ _____ endings in the skin, muscle, and viscera

Neurotransmitters for nociceptors include ______ __. Inhibition of the release of Substance P is the basis of pain relief by ______

A

Noxious, Nociceptors

Free Nerve

Substance P, Opioids

70
Q

Pain

Fibers for fast pain and slow pain

Fast Pain: Carried by ___ through ___ fibers. It has a ____ onset and offset, and is well ______

Slow Pain: Carried by ___ fibers. Characterized by ______, ______, or ______ that is poorly localized

A

Alpha-Delta, Rapid, Localized

C, Aching, Burning, Throbbing

71
Q

Pain

Referred Pain

Pain of visceral origin is referred to sites on the skin and follows the _______ rule

These sites are _______ by nerve that arises from the _____ segment of the spinal cord

Example: ______ heart pain is referred to the chest and shoulder

A

Dermatome

Innervated, Same

Ischemic

72
Q

Referred Pain

Pain stimuli arising from the _____ are perceived as ______ in origin

This may be due to the fact that visceral pain afferents travel along the _____ _______ as somatic pain fibers

A

Viscera, Somatic

Same Pathways

73
Q

Abnormalities of Pain

Hyperalgesia: increased _____ of pain receptors

Allodynia: pain due to ______ that normally does not provoke pain

Thalmic Syndrome: destruction of _____ _____

Herpes Zoster (Shingles): second stage of _____ ____; reactivation of herpes zoster infection that are ______ in DRG. Causes extremely painful bands of ______

A

Sensitivity

Stimulus

Thalmic Nuclei

Chicken Pox, Dorman

Vesicles

74
Q

Abnormalities of Pain

Tic Douloureux: severe ____ pain in the ______ nerve area

Involves cranial nerves ___ and ___

A

Facial, Trigeminal

V and IX

75
Q

Headaches

Non-neurological causes: _____ infection, _____, _____ infection, ____, ______ spine problems of C1 and C2

Potential fatal causes: ______ mass, _______ hemorrhage (worst headache of my life)

Migraine Headache: ____ in classical type

Cluster Headache: Give ___ ______

Tension Headache

A

Sinus, Glaucoma, Oral, TMJ, Cervical

Intracranial, Subarachnoid

Aura

100% Oxygen

76
Q

Headache

Hangover: caused by ______ of the _____ from alcohol breakdown prodcuts and additives

Eye Strain: Excessive _______ of _____ muscles to focus

A

Irritation, Meninges

Contraction, Ciliary

77
Q

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Pallor of distal fingers, resulting from closure of digital _____. Shows as ______ of finger tips

Similar to Raynaud’s disease, but is always ______ to an underlying disorder (Ex: Lupus)

Treatment: Sympathectomy

A

Arteries, Cyanosis

Secondary

78
Q

Raynaud’s Disease

Recurrent ______ after cold exposure

_______ color response (white, blue, red)

Commonly occurs in _____ women

A

Vasospasm

Triphasic

Younger

79
Q

Visceral Pain (Nerve related pain)

Name 4?

A

Ischemia

Chemical Irritation

Spasm of Hollow Viscous

Over-distention of hollow viscous

80
Q
A

A/P & Patho Test 2 (2 decks)

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