Nervous System (2/4) Flashcards
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)
_______ the postsynaptic cell
Opening of ____ channels
Include ___, _______, ______, ______, _______ and _______
Depolarize
Na+
Ach, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Glutamate, and Serotonin
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)
_______ the post synaptic cell
Opening of ___ or ____ channels
Include __-_____ _____ _____ (GABA) and ______
Hyperpolarize
K+ or Cl-
Y-Amino Butyric Acid, Glycine
Summation at Synapses
_____ summation: Occurs if several nerve terminals fire at the _____ _____
_______ summation: Occurs if another actional potential ______ the nerve terminal before the first one has _______. This adds to first, producing a larger response in a stepwise fashion, called the “______ ______”
________, augmentation and post-tetanic potentiation: Occurs after ______ stimulation and is due to accumalation of ____
Spatial; Same Time
Temporal; Invades, Disappeared
Staircase Effect
Facilitation, Tetanic, Ca++
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
A. Acetylcholine is created from _______ + _______
Acetyl CoA, Choline
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Norepi/Epi/Dopamine
Tyrosine is converted to L-dopa by enzyme ______ ______. This is the _____-______ step.
L-dopa is converted to Dopamine by enzyme ____ ________
Dopamine is converted to Norepinephrine by enzyme _______ _______
Norepi is converted to Epi by enzmye _________ __ __________
Tyrosine Hydoxylase; Rate-Limiting
Dopa Decarboxylase
Dopamine B-Hydroxylase
Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (S-adenosylmethionine)
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Noreprinephrine is metabolized by ______ _______ (MAO)
_____ and _____ destroy Epi and Norepinephrine
Monoamine Oxidase
MAO, COMT
Neurotransmitter Metabolism
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are metabolized by _____ into ________ ______, which is metabolized by _______ into __________ ______ (VMA) for excretion into urine
MAO, Dihydroxymandelic Acid
COMT, Vanillylmandelic Acid
Neurotransmittters
- Small molecule, _____ acting transmitters inlcude?
- Neuropeptides, ______ acting transmitters include?
- Ach, Epi, Norepi, Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine, GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Nitric Oxide (NO)
- Hypothalmic hormones, Pituitary hormones, Peptides (Substance P, Gastrin, Insulin, Glucagon), Angiotensin II, Bradykinin
Neurons in Brain Stem (and Secretion)
These neurons send control signals upward into the _______ and _______ and downward into the ______ _______
_____ _____ secretes ________
________ neurons of ______ ______ secrete _________
______ ______ secretes ________
______ of the _____ secretes ________
Diencephalon, Cerebrum, Spinal Cord
Substantia Nigra, Dopamine
Gigantocellular, Reticular formation, Acetylcholine
Locus Ceruleus, Norepinephrine
Nuclei of the Raphe, Serotonin
The 4 major neurotransmitters are ________, ________, ________, and _________
Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine, Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Widely distributed and mainly ______, but _______ on the heart
Organophosphate, AKA _______, act as acetylcholine _____ (AChE) blockers, causing prolonged effect of ______, leading to cholinergic symptoms such as ______, ______, increased _______, and muscle ______
Treatment of exposure to pesticides: _______, due to its ability to block _______ receptors
Excitatory, Inhibitory
Pesticides, Esterase, Ach
Vomiting, Diarrhea, Secretions, Twitches
Atropine, Muscarinic
Acetylcholine
Ach release is inhibited by _______ toxin, leading to ______ ______
Curare blocks the _____ receptor, leading to ______ ______
Decreased levels of ___ are seen in ________ disease. Treatment is to give ________, which is an ________ (AChE) blocker
Ach receptors are destroyed in this disease: ______ ______
Botulinum, Muscle Paralysis
Ach, Muscle Paralysis
Acetylcholine, Alzheimer’s
Rivastigmine, Anticholinesterase
Myasthenia Gravis
Norepinephrine
Released from ______ ______ of midbrain, SNS
“______ ______” neurotransmitter
Binds to __ or __ receptors
Release in enhanced by ________
Reuptake is blocked by ________ antidepressants and _____
Locus Ceruleus
Feeling Good
Alpha or Beta
Amphetamines
Tricyclic, Cocaine
Norepinephrine
_______ decreases level of Norepi, leading to _______
Metabolized by _____ and ______
Name the 4 metabolites of Norepi?
_________ ____ (VMA) is the most important metabolite of Norepi. This metabolite is used for the diagnosis of _______, because increased urinary excretion of VMA is seen in this disorder
Reserpine, Depression
MOA, COMT
3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid (DOMA), Normetanephrine, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyglycol (MOPEG)
Vanillylmandellic Acid, Pheochromocytoma
Epinephrine
Secreted along with norepinephrine from the _____ ______
Adrenal Medulla
Dopamine
Released from ______ _____ and inhibits _______ secretion
Decreased levels are seen in _______ disease due to a ________ of dopamenergic neurons in the substantia nigra
Increased levels of dopamine are seen in ________
Substantia Nigra, Prolactin
Parkinson’s, Degeneration
Schizophrenia
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytrypyamine, 5-HT)
Secreted from _____ _____, to the _____ _____ of the spinal cord
Is formed from _______
Inhibitor of _____ pathways in the spinal cord, contributing to ____ ______ “feeling good NT”
______ inhibits the reuptake (recycling) of serotonin, leading to ______ levels, causing an _______ effect
Raphe Nuclei, Dorsal Horn
Tryptophan
Pain, Mood elevation
Fluoxetine (Prozac), Increased, Antidepressant
Histamine
Present in ______, formed from _______
Increases ____ _____ in stomach (Can treat this with ____ blockers)
Is also released by ____ _____
Hypothalamus, Histidine
Acid Secretion, H2
Mast Cells
Glutamate
Most common ______ neurotransmitter
“_____ _______”: excites the cells to death
Increases intracellular ____ and ____ after stroke (already damaged cells become more damaged)
There are ____ types of glutamate receptors
Three subtypes are ______ receptors, including ______
Excitatory
Stroke Neurotransmitter
Na+, Ca++
4
Inotropic, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
GABA
Is an ______ NT in the spinal cord, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex
GABA-A receptors increase ____ conductance, and is the site of action for _______ (Valium) and _______
GABA-B receptors increase ___ conductance
Inhibitory
Cl-, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates
K+
Glycine
Inhibitory NT mainly in the _____ _____ (similar to GABA, but limited to one location)
Increases ___ conductance
_______ toxin blocks glycine, leading to uncontrolled ______
Spinal Cord
Cl-
Tetanus (clostridium tetanus), Contraction
Nitric Oxide
Short acting inhibitory NT located in the ___ tract, _____ ______, and _____
Action is enhanced by _______
Acts via _____ mechanism
GI, Blood Vessels, CNS
Sildenafil (Viagra)
cGMP
Endorphins
Natural ______
Examples are ______ and _______
Endorphins inhibit release of _______ __, which propogates ____ signaling in the PNS
Opiate
Dynorphin, Enkephalins
Substance P, Pain
Somatostatin
Very ______ hormone
Has an anti _____ ______ effect
Inhibitory
Growth Hormone
Norepinephrine (Recap)
Increased in ______, decreased in ______; synthesized in the _____ _____
Anxiety, Depression
Locus Ceruleus
Dopamine (Recap)
Increased in _______, decreased in _______ disease and _______
Synthesized in the ______ ______
Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, Depression
Substantia Nigra
Serotonin (5-HT) (Recap)
Decreased in _______ and _______
Synthesized in the ______ ______
Anxiety, Depression
Raphe Nucleus
Acetylcholine (Recap)
Decreased in ______, ______, and _____ ______
Synthesized at ______ sites
Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, REM Sleep
Multiple
GABA (Recap)
Decreased in _______ and _______
Synthesized at ______ sites
Anxiety, Huntington’s
Multiple
NMDA Receptor Activation
NMDA receptor is in its resting state when it’s blocked, or “plugged” by ____
Just think, ___ = relaxation and ____ = excitation
______ and _____ opens the channels, but depolarization does not occur while the ____ plug is still blocking the channel
When depolarization of NMDA receptor occurs, ____ plug is removed along with _____ and _____ binding on receptor sites, leading to receptor ______
Mg++
Mg++, Ca++
Glutamate, Glycine, Mg++
Mg++, Glutamate, Glycine, Activation
Environmental Changes
Acidosis: ______ neuronal activity. pH change from 7.4 to 7.0 will usually induce _____
Alkalosis: _______ neuronal excitability. pH change from 7.4 to 8.0 usually will induce ______
Hypoxia: Brain highly dependent on ______. Interruption of brain _____ ____ for 3 to 7 seconds can lead to ________
Depresses, Coma
Increases, Seizures
Oxygen, Blood Flow, Unconsciousness
Sensory Receptors
Specialized ______ cells or ______ that transduce environmental signals into ______ signals
The environmental signals which can be detected are mechanical _____, ______, ______, ______, and ________
Epithelial, Neurons, Neural
Force, Light, Sound, Chemicals, Temperature
Sensory Transducers
- Mechanoreceptor include ______ corpuscles, _____ receptors, stretch receptors in _____, and _____ cells in auditory and vestibular system
- Photoreceptor includes _____ and _____ of retina
- Chemoreceptor includes ______ receptors, ______ receptors, ________, and carotid body ___ receptors
- Extreme of temperature and pain due to ________
Pacinian, Joint, Muscle, Hair
Rods, Cones
Olfactory, Taste, Osmoreceptors, O2
Nocireceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Pancinian Corpuscle: ______ like structure in the subcutaneous area, senses ______ or _____, and ______ adapts
Meissner’s Corpuscle: Present in non _____ skin, senses ______, and ______ adapts
Ruffini’s Corpuscle: ______, senses ______, and _____ adapts
Merkel’s Disk: Transducer is on _______ cells, senses ______, and ______ adapts
Onion, Vibrations, Tapping, Rapidly
Hairy, Velocity, Rapidly
Encapsulated, Pressure, Slowly
Epithelial, Location, Slowly
Nerve Fiber Types
A-Alpha: Is a large ______; includes muscle ______ afferent and _____ tendon organs. This one is the _____ in diameter and has the fastest conduction ______
A-Beta: Related to _____ and _____; includes secondary afferent of muscle ______. This one is ______ in diameter and conducts at a ______ velocity
A-Gamma: Includes motoneuron to muscle ______ with ______ diameter and ______ conduction velocity
Motoneuron, Spindle, Golgi
Largest, Velocity
Touch, Pressure, Spindle
Medium, Medium
Spindle, Medium, Medium
Nerve Fiber Types
A-Delta: Related to _____, ______, ______, and ______
Note: related to _____ pain; This one is most sensitive to ______ ______
_____ diameter with ______ conduction velocity
B: Involves _______ autonomic fibers
C: Involves _______ autonomic fibers, _____ pain and temp reception (because it is ______); resitant to ______ ______; ______ diameter and _______ conduction velocity
Touch, Pressure, Temp, Pain
Fast, Local Anesthetic, Small, Medium
Preganglionic
Postganglionic, Slow, Unmyelinated
Local Anesthetics, Smallest, Slowest
Steps in Sensory Transduction
- Stimulus arrives at the ______ receptor (The stimulus could be a _____ of light on the retina, a molecule of NaCl on the ______, or a depression of the _____)
- ____ channels are opened in the sensory receptors, allowing ______ to flow. Usually, current in inward, which produces ______ of the receptor
Sensory, Photon, Tongue, Skin
Ion, Current, Depolarization
Steps in Sensory Transduction
- Change in the membrane ______ produced by the stimulus is the ______ potential or ______ potential
If the receptor potential is ______, it brings the membrane potential closer to _______
If the receptor potential is large enough, the membrane potential will ______ the threshold potential, and an ____ _____ (impulse) will be fired by the sensory neuron
Potential, Receptor, Generator
Depolarizing, Threshold
Exceed, Action Potential
Adaptation of Receptors
_____ adapting or tonic receptors (muscle spindle, pressure, slow pain) respond _______ to a ______ stimulus
_______ adapting receptors (Pancinian corpuscle, light touch) show a decline in action potential _______ with time in response to _______ stimulus
Slowly, Repetitively, Prolonged
Rapidly, Frequency, Constant
Sensory Pathways
A. Sensory Receptors: transduce the stimulus into _____ _____ (receptor potential)
B. First Order Neurons: are the ______ ______ neurons. They receive transduced signals and send the information to the _____. Their cell bodies are in _____ or spinal cord ______
Electric Energy
Primary Afferent, CNS
DRG, Ganglia
Sensory Pathways
C. Second Order Neurons: Located in the ______ _____ or _____ _____
Receive information from primary afferent neurons in _____ _____ and transmit it to the _______
Axon of the second order neuron usually ______ the midline in a relay nucleus in the spinal cord before they ascend to the thalamus
Sensory information on one side of the body ______ to the contralateral thalamus
Spinal Cord, Brain Stem
Relay Nuclei, Thalamus
Crosses
Ascends
Sensory Pathways
D. Third Order Neurons: Located in the relay nuclei of the thalmus. From there, ______ sensory information ascends to the _____ ______
E. Fourth Order Neurons: Located in the appropriate sensory area of the cerebral cortex. The information received results in a ______ _______ of the stimulus
Encoded, Cerebral Cortex
Conscious Perception
Two Pathways: Sensory Information
A. ______ (posterior) column tract
B. ________ tract, which includes the ______ ______ tract and the _______ (anterior) _______ tract
**Think: Sensory = _______ and Motor = _______
Dorsal
Anterolateral, Lateral Spinothalamic,
Ventral, Spinothalmic
Ascending, Descending
Almost all sensory information enters spinal cord through _____ _____ of spinal nerves
There are two pathways for sensory afferents: ______ column tract and ________ system
Dorsal Roots
Dorsal, Anterolateral
Somatosensory Pathways
The dorsal colum tract crosses the midline in the _____ _____, while the anterolateral system crosses the midline in the _____ _____
Dorsal column system is responsible for _____ touch, _____, and ________ (orientation of limbs/body parts in their normal position)
An example of fine touch is ____ ______ discrimination (tips of two pens together on fingertips
Brain Stem, Spinal Cord
Fine, Pressure, Proprioception
2- Point
Somatosensory Pathways
Anterolateral system is responsbile for _____, ______, and _____ touch
Examples of light touch: Placing _____ against hand, Pinching _____, _____ water
Can have one type of sensation ______ the other because sensations may be carried by two different ______
Pain, Temperature, Light
QTip, Hand, Hot
Without, Tracts
Dorsal (Posterior) Column System
Consists of ______ and ______ (sensation from the leg down)
Processes sensations of _____ touch (tactile localization) and two point discrimination, _______, _______, and ______
Primary ______ neurons have cell bodies in the DRG. Their axon ascends _______ (same side) to the medulla
Cuneatus, Gracilis
Fine, Presssure, Proprioception, Vibration
Afferent, Ipsilaterally
Dorsal (Posterior) Column System
From medulla, the second order neurons _____ the midline and ascend to the contralateral ______, where they synapse on the ______ order neuron
Third order neurons ascend to the _______ cortex, where they synapse on ______ order neurons
Cross, Thalamus, Third
Somatosensory, Fourth
Anterolateral System
Processes sensation of _____ touch, _____, _____, _____, and ______ sensations
Sensory fibers enter the ______ ______ and terminate in the ______ _____
Second order neurons ______ the midline of spinal cord and ascend to the contralateral _____, where they synapse on _____ order neuron
Third order neurons ascend to the _______ cortex, where they synapse on the _____ order neuron
Light, Pain, Temperature, Tickling, Sexual
Spinal Cord, Dorsal Horn
Cross, Thalamus, Third
Somatosensory, Fourth
Somatosensory Cortex
The major somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex are ____ and ____
S1 has a _______ representation similar to that of the thalamus
This “map” of body is called ______ _______
The largest area represents the _____, _____, _____, and _____, where precise localization is most important
S1, S2
Somatotropic
Sensory Homunculus
Lips, Face, Hands, Fingers
Somatic Sensory Cortex
Destruction of ______ area 1 results in:
Loss of _____ _______ ability
Inability to judge the degree of _______
Inability to determine the _____ of an object
Inability to dtermine the _____ or _____ of objects via touch; this is called ________
Inability to judge _______
Somatic
Discrete Localization
Pressure
Weight
Shape, Form, Astereognosis
Texture
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
They block ______ transmission between motor nerve ending and the _______ receptors on the neuromuscular end plate of _____ muscle
Cholinergic, Nicotinic, Skeletal
Non-depolarizing (competitive) Blockers
____ cannot attach to receptors and the channels cannot open, leading to ______ of muscle contraction
Ex: _______, _______, _______, _______
Reversal of blockade: _____ inhibitors, such as _______ or ________, which will increase level of ____ in the synaptic cleft
Adverse effects of NMB: ______, decreased _____, and ________ (due to histamine release)
Ach, Inhibition
Tubocarine, Atracurium, Pancuronoium, Vecuronium
AchE, Neodtigmine, Edrophonium, Ach
Flushing, BP, Bronchoconstriction
Depolarizing Blockers
_____ looks like Ach and acts like Ach to _____ the junction
Succinylcholine cannot be destroyed by ____, so it remains at a high concentration in the synaptic cleft
Causes depolarization by opening ___ channels, known as _____ __. This produces twitching and ______ of muscle, followed by flaccid ______
The continuous depolarization gives way to gradual ______ as the ___ channels close
Succ, Depolarize
AchE
Na+, Phase I, Fasciculation, Paralysis
Repolarization, Na+
Depolarizing Blockers
This causes resistance to ______, known as ______ __, and a flaccid paralysis
Succ is destroyed by _____ ______ _______
Adverse effects may include: ______ ______ if succ is used with Halothane, ______ release (leading to skin rash), _______ (dangerous in burns and tissue trauma) and ______
Depolarization, Phase II
Plasma Choline Esterase
Malignant Hyperthermia, Histamine, Hyperkalemia, Apnea
Depolarizing NMB
Phase I: Membrane depolarizes, resulting in an initial discharge that produces _____ _____, followed by flaccid ______
Phase II: Membrane repolarizes, but receptor is _____ and _____ to the effect of Ach
Transient Fasciculations, Paralysis
Desensitized, Unresponsive
Functional Brain Systems
Networks of _____ working together and spanning wide areas of the brain
The two systems are the _____ system and _____ ______
Neurons
Limbic, Reticular Formation
Limbic System
Structures located on the medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Parts especially important in emotion: _____: deals with anger, danger, and fear responses
_______ ______: plays a role in expressing emotions via _____ and resolving _____ ______
Amygdala
Cingulate Gyrus, Gestures, Mental Conflict
Limbic System
Puts emotional responses to _____ (skunks smelling bad)
Responsible for “F” activities: _____, ______, ______, ______, and _____
Odors
Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, and Sex
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Dorsal column tract is a _____ route, whereas RAS is an _____ route for sensory information
Maintains ____ and ____ state
RAS is ____ when sleeping
Complete loss of RAS activity is _____
General anesthesia produces _____ and _____ by depressing RAS
Direct, Indirect
Alert, Awake
Off
Coma
Sedation, Hypnosis
Thalamus
Has some ability to discriminate ______ sensation
Thalamus has important role in the perception of _____ and ________
Information from different parts of the body is arranged _______
Destruction of thalmic nuclei results in loss of sensation on the _______ side of the body
Tactile
Pain, Temperature
Somatotopically
Contralateral
Hypothalamus
Located below the thalmus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the ____ ventricle
Mamillary bodies are small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the ______ and act as the relay station for ______ pathways
Infundibulum: stalk of the hypothalamus, connects to the ______ gland and is the main _____ control center of the body
Third
Hypothalamus, Olfactory
Pituitary, Visceral
Hypothalmic Nuclei
Dorsomedial Nucleus: ____ tract stimulation
Posterior Hypothalamus: Increased ____, Pupilary _____, and _____
Perifornical Nucleus: _____, Increased ____, and ____
Ventromedial Nucleus: _____, _______ control
Mamillary body: ______ reflexes
Arcurate Nucleus and Periventricular Zone: _____, _____, and ______ control
GI
BP, Dilation, Shivering
Hunger, BP, Rage
Satiety, Neuroendocrine
Feeding
Hunger, Satiety, Neuroendocrine
Hypothalmic Nuclei
Lateral Hypothmalic Area: _____ and _____
Paraventricular Nucleus: ______ release, _____ conservation, ______
Medial Preoptic Area: ______ contraction, ______ HR, ______ BP
Posterior Preoptic and Anterior Hypothalmic areas: ______ ______ regulation, ______, ______, and _____ inhibition
Optic Chiasm: ______ nerve regulation
Thirst, Hunger
Oxytocin, Water, Satiety
Bladder, Decreased, Decreased
Body Temperature, Panting, Sweating, Thyrotropin
Optic
Hypothalmic Nuclei
Supraoptic Nucleus: ______ release
Infundibulum
Vasopressin
Landmark Dermatomes
C2: _____ half of _____ “cap”
C3: High _____ _____ shirt
C4: ____ _____ shirts
T4: at the ______
T7: at the ______ process
T10: At the ______ (belly button)
Posterior, Skull
Turtle Neck
Low Collar
Nipple
Xiphoid
Umbilicus
Landmark Dermatomes
L1: at the _____ region
L4: Includes the ______
S2, S3, S4: _____ and sensation of the _____ and _____ area
Inguinal
Kneecaps
Erection, Penile, Anal
Pain
Associated with the detection and perception of _____ stimuli (______)
The receptors for pain are _____ _____ endings in the skin, muscle, and viscera
Neurotransmitters for nociceptors include ______ __. Inhibition of the release of Substance P is the basis of pain relief by ______
Noxious, Nociceptors
Free Nerve
Substance P, Opioids
Pain
Fibers for fast pain and slow pain
Fast Pain: Carried by ___ through ___ fibers. It has a ____ onset and offset, and is well ______
Slow Pain: Carried by ___ fibers. Characterized by ______, ______, or ______ that is poorly localized
Alpha-Delta, Rapid, Localized
C, Aching, Burning, Throbbing
Pain
Referred Pain
Pain of visceral origin is referred to sites on the skin and follows the _______ rule
These sites are _______ by nerve that arises from the _____ segment of the spinal cord
Example: ______ heart pain is referred to the chest and shoulder
Dermatome
Innervated, Same
Ischemic
Referred Pain
Pain stimuli arising from the _____ are perceived as ______ in origin
This may be due to the fact that visceral pain afferents travel along the _____ _______ as somatic pain fibers
Viscera, Somatic
Same Pathways
Abnormalities of Pain
Hyperalgesia: increased _____ of pain receptors
Allodynia: pain due to ______ that normally does not provoke pain
Thalmic Syndrome: destruction of _____ _____
Herpes Zoster (Shingles): second stage of _____ ____; reactivation of herpes zoster infection that are ______ in DRG. Causes extremely painful bands of ______
Sensitivity
Stimulus
Thalmic Nuclei
Chicken Pox, Dorman
Vesicles
Abnormalities of Pain
Tic Douloureux: severe ____ pain in the ______ nerve area
Involves cranial nerves ___ and ___
Facial, Trigeminal
V and IX
Headaches
Non-neurological causes: _____ infection, _____, _____ infection, ____, ______ spine problems of C1 and C2
Potential fatal causes: ______ mass, _______ hemorrhage (worst headache of my life)
Migraine Headache: ____ in classical type
Cluster Headache: Give ___ ______
Tension Headache
Sinus, Glaucoma, Oral, TMJ, Cervical
Intracranial, Subarachnoid
Aura
100% Oxygen
Headache
Hangover: caused by ______ of the _____ from alcohol breakdown prodcuts and additives
Eye Strain: Excessive _______ of _____ muscles to focus
Irritation, Meninges
Contraction, Ciliary
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Pallor of distal fingers, resulting from closure of digital _____. Shows as ______ of finger tips
Similar to Raynaud’s disease, but is always ______ to an underlying disorder (Ex: Lupus)
Treatment: Sympathectomy
Arteries, Cyanosis
Secondary
Raynaud’s Disease
Recurrent ______ after cold exposure
_______ color response (white, blue, red)
Commonly occurs in _____ women
Vasospasm
Triphasic
Younger
Visceral Pain (Nerve related pain)
Name 4?
Ischemia
Chemical Irritation
Spasm of Hollow Viscous
Over-distention of hollow viscous
