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Comparative Anatomy Unit 3 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A
  • function unit of the nervous system
  • conducts impulses
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2
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • support and protect neurons
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3
Q

Nerve impulse

A

movement of ions across and along neuron (electrical signal)

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4
Q

Neuron Structure

A

Dendrites, Cell body, axon, axon terminal (telodendria), synaptic knobs, myelin sheath

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5
Q

Synapse

A

connection that allows transmission of electrical signal from one neuron to the next

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6
Q

Transmission Path

A

Dendrites -> Cell body -> Axon -> Axon Terminals -> Synaptic Knobs -> Neuron or effector

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7
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • Nuclei (collection of neuron cell bodies)
    *Derived from neural tube
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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • all nerves outside of CNS
  • Ganglia (collection of neuron cell bodies)
    * Derived from neural crest cells
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9
Q

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

A

transmit nerve impulses TO CNS from receptors in response to stimulus

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10
Q

Motor (efferent) Neurons

A

Transmit nerve impulses FROM CNS to muscles or glands

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Transmit and receive impulses to and from other neurons WITHIN CNS

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12
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

Message (impulse) travels from somatic receptor to CNS (receives sensory info from fascia, skin, joints aka BODY WALL)

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13
Q

Somatic Motor

A

Message (impulse) travels from CNS to somatic effector (voluntary: skeletal muscle)

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14
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

Message travels from visceral receptor to CNS (body cavities)

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15
Q

Visceral Motor (Autonomic)

A

Message travels from CNS to visceral effector (involuntary nervous system: cardiac muscle)

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16
Q

Prosencephalon: Forebrain

A

Secondary: Telencephalon (cerebrum)
Diencephalon (Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus)

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17
Q

Mesencephalon: Midbrain

A

Secondary: Mesencephalon

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18
Q

Rhombencephalon: Hindbrain

A

Secondary: Metencephalon (Pons (mammals only), cerebellum)
Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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19
Q

Hindbrain- Medulla Oblongata Function

A
  • major route for pathways to and from other brain parts
  • regulates visceral reflexes (involuntary)
  • origin of many cranial nerves
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20
Q

Hindbrain- Cerebellum Function

A
  • modifies and monitors motor function (maintains positional equilibrium and motor coordination)
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21
Q

Midbrain- Tectum Function

A
  • dorsal part of midbrain
  • sensory component of the midbrain (receives visual, auditory, and balance sensory info)
22
Q

Midbrain- Tegmentum Function

A
  • ventral part of midbrain
  • motor component of the midbrain
  • origin of some cranial nerves
23
Q

Forebrain- Diencephalon Function

A

Thalamus: Main relay station for sensory info
Epithalamus: Includes pineal gland (circadian rhythm)
Hypothalamus: Stimulates the pituitary gland to regulate the body via hormones

24
Q

Forebrain- Cerebrum Function

A
  • olfaction
  • higher processing and integration of information
25
Q

Telencephalon Ventricular Structures

A

Lateral Ventricles (LVs)

26
Q

Diencephalon Ventricular Structures

A

Third Ventricle (3rd)

27
Q

Mesencephalon Ventricular Structures

A

Cerebral aqueduct (CA)

28
Q

Rhombencephalon Ventricular Structures

A

Fourth ventricle (4th)

29
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid Functions

A

Buoyancy, protection, chemical stability (filtration)

30
Q

CNS Meninges

A

Meninges: connective tissue wrappings around brain and spinal cord
Fish: 1 layer (primitive)
Non-mammal tetrapods: 2 layers (dura mater, secondary meninx)
Mammals: 3 layers (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
* more layers, better circulation of CSF

31
Q

Gray matter

A
  • contains motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies
32
Q

White Matter

A

contains axons

33
Q

Reflex Arc: PNS

A

Stimulus-> Sensory nerve (ventral or dorsal ramus) -> Ventral root -> Spinal nerve -> Motor nerve (ventral or dorsal ramus) -> effector

34
Q

Spinal Nerves: Lamprey

A

Dorsal nerve: SS, VS, VM
Ventral nerve: SM
No spinal nerves

35
Q

Spinal Nerves: Fish, Amphibians

A

Dorsal root: SS, VS, VM
Ventral root: SM, VM
Spinal nerves present

36
Q

Spinal Nerves: Amniotes

A

Dorsal root: SS, VS
Ventral root: SM, VM
Spinal nerves present

37
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Network of VENTRAL rami of spinal nerves

38
Q

CN O (T)

A

Terminal
Function: Sex pheromone reception

39
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory
Function: Smell

40
Q

CN II

A

Optic
Function: Vision

41
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor
Function: Extrinsic eye mm

42
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear
Function: Extrinsic eye m. (1)

43
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal
Function: Arch I (sensory and motor)

44
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens
Function: Extrinsic eye m. (1)

45
Q

CN VII

A

Facial
Arch 2 (sensory and motor), taste

46
Q

CN VIII

A

Auditory (Vestibulocochlear)
Function: Balance and hearing

47
Q

CN IX

A

Vagus
Arches 4-7 (sensory and motor), heart (lungs), anterior digestive tract

48
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal accessory
Function: cucullaris derivatives

49
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal
Function: Tongue

50
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Rest and digest
  • Preganglionic neuron cell body: Craniosacral
  • Preganglionic axon: Long
  • Postganglionic cell body: close to or within wall of effector
  • Postganglionic axon: Short
51
Q

Sympathetic Division

A
  • Fight or flight
  • Preganglionic neuron cell body: Thoracolumbar
  • Preganglionic axon: Short
  • Postganglionic cell body: Near vertebral column
  • Postganglionic axon: Long

Comparative Anatomy Unit 3 (4 decks)

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