Nervous System Flashcards
(Unit 1, Part A)
1
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
- brain and spinal cord
- Acts as coordinating center
2
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Carries info between organs of the body and the CNS
- Further broken down into the somatic and autonomic
3
Q
Somatic vs. Autonomic
A
Voluntary vs. Involuntary
4
Q
What is a neuron?
A
Specialized cell, functional unit of the nervous system
5
Q
Glial Cells
A
- Outnumber neurons 10:1
- Act as supportive cells
- Nonconducting cells
- Glial = “Glue”
6
Q
Sensory Receptors
A
Receives stimuli
7
Q
Sensory Neurons
A
Transmit info received from sensory receptors to inter neurons (CNS), myelinated, PNS
8
Q
Inter neurons
A
- Receives info, processes it and decides what to do
- Found in the brain and spinal cord
- unmeylinated
- CNS
9
Q
Motor Neurons
A
- Transmit info from inter neurons to muscles, organs and glands
- myelinated
- PNS
9
Q
Effectors
A
- Carry out instructions received from motor neurons
- muscle or gland
10
Q
Homeostasis
A
To maintain balance
11
Q
Sympathetic
A
Prepares body for stress
12
Q
Parasympathetic
A
“Rest and Digest”
Restores to normal balance
13
Q
Label the neuron
A
14
Q
Identify each type of neuron
A
15
Q
Soma
A
Body/Cell body
16
Q
Grey Matter
A
Unmyelinated neurons
17
Q
Axon carries…
A
carries impulses away from cell body
18
Q
Order of reflex arc
A
- Sensory receptor
- Sensory neuron
- Inter neuron
- Motor neuron
- Effector
19
Q
Depolarization
A
sodium channels open, Na flows in, becomes more +/ve
20
Q
Sodium Potassium pump
A
Pumps 2K in and 3Na out for axon to remain -/ve inside, restores concentration gradient
21
Q
All or None principle
A
It reaches threshold or it doesn’t, cant change threshold
22
Q
What happens when a neuron receives a threshold stimulus?
A
It becomes more permeable to Na ions and Na begins to rush into the cell, causes axon to become +/ve
23
Q
Repolarization
A
Process when the cell returns to -/ve state, potassium channels open, k flows out
24
Refactory Period Includes (two processes)
Repolarization and Hyperpolarization
25
Hyperpolarization
cell overshoots and the potential becomes around -90mV
26
When can't the cell respond to stimulus again right after it fired, why can the chemcial message be sent in only one way
During the refractory period, stops impulse from going backwards
27
Label action potential diagram
28
Pre-synaptic neuron vs. Post-synaptic neuron
1st vs. Second
Axon bulbs to dendrite
29
Name of the gap between two neurons
Synaptic cleft
30
During depolarization, Na channels will..
open if excitatory neurotransmitter
31
During hyper polarization, K channels will...
open if inhibitory neurotransmitter
32
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse btwn motor neuron and muscle cell
33
Acetylcholine
Excitatory NT of muscle tissue, stimulates contraction
34
Cholinesterase
Enzyme that breakes down acetlycholine NT to allow muscle to relax (release contraction)
35
What happens after acetylchoine is broken down by cholinesterase
The pieces are recycled
36
Label a flow chart of the neuromuscular junction
37
Cerebellum
balance and cordination
38
Pons
relays information
39
Thalamus
connects forebrain and hindbrain
40
Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis, regulates emotions
41
Cerebrum (cortex)
- left and right
- center for intellect, memory, personality and language
42
Meninges
- protects CNS, prevents passage of many toxins, allows nutrient passage
43
Ventricle - brain
- Cavity that makes CSF
44
What is CSF? What should it have/ not have?
- Cerebral spinal fluid
- Should be steral, no germs, no WBC's
45
Ventricle - brain
- cavity that makes CSF
46
Corpus callosum
- connects left and right hemisphere
47
Pituitary gland
hormone production
48
Vertebrae
protects spinal cord
49
Spinal cord
transmits info to and from brain
50
Label a brain diagram
51
What is the frontal lobe and what parts does it include
- Executive functions
- What makes you, you
- Thinking, mood, personality, behavior
Includes: Motor cortex (Voluntary muscle control), frontal cortex (decision making, planning), Broca's area (forming speech)
52
What is the parietal lobe and what parts does it include
- located on the sides
- senses
Includes: somatosentory cortex (sense of touch), sensory association cortex (integration of sensory info)
53
What is the occipital lobe and what parts does it include
Includes: Visual assocaiton cortex (combinign images and object recognition),
54
What is the Temporal lobe and what parts does it include
- "temples, tempo" hearing
- Wernickes area (comprehension of language/ speech
55
Sclera
Outer layer (white of eye), protection
56
Cornea
Bends light rays to lens, protection
57
Choroids
Nutrients and blood exchange (middle layer)
58
Iris
Regulates the size of pupil, (colored part)
59
Pupil
Opening for light
60
Ciliary Muscles
Muscles used to focus, changes lens shape
61
Visual Accommodation
The process of lens changing shape to focus an image on the retina
62
To focus on distant objects...
- Cilliary muscles RELAX, ligaments TIGHTEN, lens FLATTEN
63
To focus on near objects...
Cilliary muscles CONTRACT, ligaments RELAX, lens ROUND
64
Rods
detects low light, black and white, peripheral, movement tracking
65
Cones
Color/light wavelengths, center
66
Fovea Centralis
Has most cones, center of visual field, directly at the back, dark spot
67
Lens
bends light, focuses light
68
Aqueous humours
1st, infront of lens, shape, fluid
69
Vitreous humors
2nd, behind lens, shape, fluid
70
Optic nerve
has sensory neurons, sends info to brain
71
Optic disk
a.k.a blind spot, no photo receptors, entrance of optic nerves to back of eye
72
Retina
inner/middle layer, has rods, cones and fovea centralis
73
Sensation
when cerebral cortex receives info from senses
74
Perception
interpretation of info received from senses
75
The sodium potassium pump, pumps
3 Na out and 2 K in
76
Is the neuron +/ve or -/ve at rest
-/ve (the cytoplasm, the inside is -/ve compaired to the outside)
77
Epinephrine/adrenaline
Epi pen, stress, neurotransmitters and hormones
78
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
79
Medulla Oblangata
Breathing and heart rate
80
Excitatory NT
Na channels are triggered to open, K closed threshold is reached, becomes +/ve
81
Inhibitory NT
K channels open, Na closed, creates hyper polarization, becomes -/ve
82
Saltatory Conduction
signal jumps to "bald spots"
83
Node of ranvier
"bald spots"
84
Who makes myelin sheath
Schwann/ glial cells
85
What is the purpose of the myelin sheath
To increase speed of transmition
86
Myopia
A.k.a Nearsighted, eye is too short, resulting in an image that is in focus behind the retina
87
Hyperopia
A.k.a Farsighted, eye is too long, resulting in an image that is in focus behind the retina
88
If you have cataracts you might experience and why
difficulty focusing on light, blurry vision as the lens can become opaque/ cloudy
89
Flow diagram of pathway of eye
visual stimuli, retina (rods and cones), optic nerves, occipital lobe
90
Blindspot
Ganglion cells pass through the retina to become the optic nerve, no sensory receptors are present
91
Ganglion cells
Neurons in the retina that send visual information from the eye to the brain
92
Pinna
Earlobe, collects sound waves
93
Semicircular canal
- balance and body/head psotioning
- NOT for hearing
- 3 loops
94
Oval window
entry to inner ear
95
Auditory nerve
sensory neuron
96
Cochlea
- contains fluid
-organ of hearing
- sensory mechoreceptors
97
Eustachian
- connects to pharyx
- pressure balance
98
Ossicles
- tiny bones x3
transmits vibrations
99
Tympanum
(eardrum), sound amplification, membrane
100
Auditory canal
amplification and collection of sound
101
Outer ear contains
pinna, auditory canal
102
Middle ear contains
tympanum, ossicles, cochlea, semicircular canal, oval window
103
Inner ear contains
auditory nerve
104
Chemoreceptors
chemical, odor and taste
105
Proprioceptor
detects movement and body positioning
106
Photoreceptors
"photo" light and color
107
Mechanoreceptor
"mechanical forces" pressure, sound waves
108
Thermorecepetors
"thermometer" temperature and radiant energy (thermal)
