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kine final > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

3 main functions of the nervous system

A

sensory, integration, motor

Sensory: detecting changes in your environment (internal or external)
Integration: processing and decision making
Motor: telling the body what to do in response

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2
Q

two components of the nervous system

A

CNS - central nervous system
PNS - peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

aspects of the CNS (2)

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

aspects of the PNS (4)

A

everything thats not in the CNS (all but brain and spinal cord)

-nerves (cranial and spinal)
-ganglia
-sensory receptors in skin
enteric plexuses in small intestine (aka the guts brain)

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5
Q

which component of the nervous system is for decision making

A

CNS

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6
Q

afferent vs efferent

A

afferent = bringing towards
efferent = carrying away

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7
Q

are sensory nerves afferent or efferent

A

afferent

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8
Q

are motor nerves afferent or efferent

A

efferent

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9
Q

what is the ganglia

A

where two nerves meet up and cast a signal

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10
Q

the central nervous system is further divided into two..

A

SNS - somatic NS
ANS - autonomic NS

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11
Q

SNS (receptors and motor) - conscious or unconscious?

A

conscious understanding and voluntary control/movement

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12
Q

ANS further divides into:

A

-sympathetic and parasympathetic divisons

-enteric NS

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13
Q

ANS - para and sympathetic devisions - (receptors and motor) - conscious or unconscious?

A

the brain picks up the signal on an unconscious and involuntary level

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14
Q

ENS

A

-can often function without sending signals back to the CNS
-involuntary

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15
Q

neurons

A

-core functions cells in the NS
-transmit signals

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16
Q

3 components of the neuron structure

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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17
Q

cell body contains..

A

typical organelles

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18
Q

dendrites

A

extension of the cytoplasm that direct nervous signals into the cell body

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19
Q

axon

A

extension of the cytoplasm that carry signals ways from the cell body

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20
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue wrapped around the axon that makes signals flow faster

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21
Q

another name for non-nervous cells in the CNS

A

glial cells

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22
Q

4 types of non-nervous/glial cells in CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells

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23
Q

purpose of astrocytes

A

-regulate what comes in contact with the neuron
-help hold things together

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24
Q

purpose of oligodendrocyte

A

create myelin sheath

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25
Q

purpose of microglial cells

A

destroy viruses and bacteria

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26
Q

purpose of ependymal cells

A

line specific open cavities

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27
Q

2 types of non-nervous cells in the PNS

A

satellite cells, schwann cells

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28
Q

satellite cells

A

regulate nutrient and waste movement between neuron and external env

(like astocytes but for the PNS)

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29
Q

schwann cells

A

wrap around the axons in the PNS to form myelin sheaths

(like oligodendrocytes but for the PNS)

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30
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a break down of ___ that slows transmission and create stiffness

A

myelin sheaths

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31
Q

where does the brain develop in the fetus

A

in the neural tube

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32
Q

three primary brain vesicles

A

fore, mid, hind-brain

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33
Q

5 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

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34
Q

frontal lobe location

A

front

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35
Q

parietal lobe location

A

upper sides

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36
Q

occipital lobe location

A

low sides

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37
Q

temporal lobe location

A

back

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38
Q

insula location

A

deep to all other lobes (not visible on the surface)

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39
Q

brain fissure

A

a division between two segments of the brain (ie the left and right hemispheres)

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40
Q

gyrus

A

bumps on the outermost layer of the cerebrum

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41
Q

sulcus

A

valleys on the outermost layer of the cerebrum

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42
Q

grey matter

A

in the outermost section of the brain (cortex)

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43
Q

white matter

A

lighter colour on the inside (comes from myelinated axons)

44
Q

which vesicle/region hold the cerebellum

A

hindbrain

45
Q

forebrain (deep grey matter)

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal nuclei/ganglia

46
Q

thalamus

A

passes sensory signals towards the cerebrum

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the ANS and the endocrine system

48
Q

what does the endocrine system produce?

A

hormones

49
Q

basal nuclei

A

collection of cell bodies in the CNS that passes voluntary motor signals from the cerebrum

50
Q

how does parkinsons affect basal nuclei

A

additional involuntary movements pass though

51
Q

forebrain (white matter) - tracts of grouped together myelinated axons

A

commissural tracts, protection tracts, association tracts

52
Q

commissural tracts

A

axons that connect the left and right sides of the brain

53
Q

protection tracts

A

axons that cary sensory info out toward spinal cord and bring back motor signal

54
Q

association tracts

A

stay within their respective hemi (left or right)

55
Q

longitudinal fibers/tracts

A

travel though the hemi

56
Q

arcuate fibers/tracts

A

stay within their lobe

57
Q

midbrain

A

responsible for eye movement and visual/auditory reflex

58
Q

peduncles

A

attach the cerebellum to the midbrain

59
Q

hindbrain

A

pons and medulla oblongata

60
Q

pons

A

regulate breathing

61
Q

medula oblongate

A

regulates vital functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)

62
Q

vermis

A

connects the right and left hemi’s to the cerebellum

63
Q

meninges

A

protective areas surrounding the brain and spinal cord that allows cerebral spinal fluid to access all areas of the brain

64
Q

three layers of cranial meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

65
Q

dura mater

A

external layer

66
Q

arachnoid mater

A

spider layer

67
Q

pia mater

A

tender layer

68
Q

venus sinus (veins)

A

spaces between two dura mater layers that collects poorly oxygenated blood

69
Q

where is CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) made

A

in the ventricles

70
Q

3 functions of CSF

A

protects brain fro impact, buoyancy, marker of NS health

71
Q

four ventricles

A

lateral (x2), third, fourth-ventricle

72
Q

total number of spinal nerve pairs in the spinal cord

A

31 (one pair at each vertebral layer)

73
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

74
Q

conus medullaris

A

marks the bottom of the spinal cord

75
Q

filum terminale function

A

acts as an anchor from the conus medullaris to the coccyx

76
Q

what is filum terminale made of

A

pia mater

77
Q

cauda equina

A

spinal nerves that continue below the spinal cord

78
Q

where does a spinal tap take place

A

between L2 and L3

79
Q

internal structure of the spinal cord (3 things)

A

myelinated axons, sensory neurons, motor neurons

80
Q

sensory neurons

A

enter through the posterior to bring info from the body to the spinal cord

81
Q

motor neurons

A

exit through the anterior to bring info out from the spinal cord into the body

82
Q

cranial nerves vs spinal nerves

A

cranial - connect directly to the brain
spinal - pair at each vertebral layer

83
Q

each spinal nerve divides to form the first branches

A

posterior rami, anterior rami

sensory and motor neurons in both

84
Q

spinal nerve plexi

A

network of nerves that works together to innervate an area

85
Q

innervate

A

supple the area

86
Q

4 plexi

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral-plexus

87
Q

what the the thoracic region have inplace of plexi?

A

intercostal nerves

88
Q

Cervical plexus (C1 – C4)

A

innervates areas around the neck, upper shoulders and chest

89
Q

phrenic nerve

A

through the thorax to the diaphragm helps with breathing

comes from the anterior rami of C3,C4,C5

(memory note: C3, 4, 5, keeps the diaphragm alive)

90
Q

Brachial plexus (C5-8 – T1)

A

innervates upper limbs and thorax

91
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

innervates anterior arm muscles

92
Q

median nerve

A

innervates anterior forearm (wrist and hand)

93
Q

ulnar nerve

A

funny bone - innervates little hand muscles

94
Q

radial nerve

A

forearm muscles and posterior arm

95
Q

Lumbar plexus (L1 – L4)

A

mainly innervates lower limbs

96
Q

femoral nerve

A

innervates anterior thigh

97
Q

Secral plexus (L4-5 – S4) — NOT A QUESTIONS, just know the region (L4-5 – S4)

A
97
Q

obturator nerve

A

innervates adductors

98
Q

sciatic nerve

A

-biggest nerve in the body (size of 2 fingers)
-pressure on it when you sit

99
Q

how many cranial nerves are ther

A

12 pairs

100
Q

names of the 12 pairs and their functions

Memory note for names: Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel Vanessa Grant’s vagina and hymen
Memory note for function: some say marry money but my brother says big brains mean more

A

Olfactory n S
Optic n S
Oculomotor n M
Trochlear n M
Trigeminal n B
Abducens n M
Facial n B
Vestibulocochlear n S
Glossopharyngeal n B
Vagus n B
(Spinal) Accessory n M
Hypoglossal n M

101
Q

somatic (SNS) vs autonomic (ANS)

A

SNS, a single neuron can begin in the spinal cord and travel to its destination

ANS, there is always going to be at least 2 neurons involved in a motor signal

102
Q

name of the two neurons used to transmit a motor signal in the ANS

A

pre and post ganglionic neuron

103
Q

which one is not myelinated (travels slower) - pre or post ganglionic

A

post

104
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS

A

usually work in opposition of each other

105
Q

neurons in cranial nerve 10

A

ensure resting heart rate isnt too fast

106
Q

sympathetic neurons between t1 and L2 of the spinal nerve are helpful for:

A

fight or flight/emergency situations

kine final (3 decks)

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