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BIO100 unit 5 -- nervous & special > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

a-, an-

A

absence of, without, not

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2
Q

ambi-

A

both

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3
Q

astro-

A

star-shaped

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4
Q

bi-, bin-

A

two, twice, double

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5
Q

brady-

A

slow

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6
Q

dys-

A

difficult, painful, bad

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7
Q

electro-

A

electric, electrical activity

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8
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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9
Q

epi-

A

on, upon, above

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10
Q

hemi-

A

half

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11
Q

hyper-

A

above, excessive

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12
Q

hypo-

A

below, deficient, under

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13
Q

inter-

A

between

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14
Q

intra-

A

in, within

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15
Q

iso-

A

same, equal

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16
Q

micro-

A

small

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17
Q

mono-

A

one

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18
Q

pan-

A

all

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19
Q

para-

A

near, beside, beyond

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20
Q

poly-

A

many, much

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21
Q

post-

A

after

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22
Q

pre-

A

before

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23
Q

quadri-

A

four

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24
Q

sub-

A

below, under

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25
Q

syn-

A

together, joined

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26
Q

tachy-

A

fast, rapid

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27
Q

uni-

A

one

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28
Q

-al, -ar, -ic, -eal

A

pertaining to

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29
Q

-algia

A

pain

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30
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

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31
Q

-cele

A

hernia, swelling

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32
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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33
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

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34
Q

-esthesia

A

feeling

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35
Q

-genic

A

creating, producing, causing

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36
Q

-gram

A

a record, radiographic image

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37
Q

-graph

A

a record, instrument used to record

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38
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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39
Q

-ia

A

condition, abnormal state

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40
Q

-iatry

A

specialty, treatment

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41
Q

-ist

A

specialist

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42
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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43
Q

-ion

A

the act of

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44
Q

-kinesia

A

movement

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45
Q

-lemma

A

sheath, husk, membrane covering

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46
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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47
Q

-logist

A

specialist in the study of

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48
Q

-logy

A

study of

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49
Q

-lysis

A

destruction, separation, dissolution, loosening

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50
Q

-malacia

A

softening

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51
Q

-oma

A

tumor, mass

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52
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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53
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

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54
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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55
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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56
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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57
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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58
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture, repair

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59
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening

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60
Q

-tomy

A

incision

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61
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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62
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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63
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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64
Q

concuss/o

A

shaken violently

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65
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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66
Q

cry/o

A

cold

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67
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater, hard

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68
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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69
Q

esthes/o

A

feeling

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70
Q

gangli/o, ganglion/o

A

ganglion

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71
Q

gli/o

A

glue, neuroglial tissue

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72
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

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73
Q

iatr/o

A

physician, treatment

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74
Q

kinesi/o

A

movement

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75
Q

later/o

A

side, to one side

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76
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

meninges

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77
Q

ment/o, psych/o

A

mind

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78
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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79
Q

narc/o

A

stupor, numbness, sleep

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80
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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81
Q

poli/o

A

gray matter

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82
Q

presby/o

A

old age

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83
Q

radicul/o, rhiz/o

A

nerve root

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84
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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85
Q

thec/o

A

sheath, meninges

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86
Q

thromb/o

A

thrombus, clot

87
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

88
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer’s disease

89
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

90
Q

ADHD

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

91
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis (degenerative disease associated with hardening and loss of the myelin sheath)

92
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

93
Q

OCD

A

obsessive compulsive disorder

94
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

95
Q

PD

A

parkinson’s disease

96
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

97
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

98
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid; fluid found in the spaces of the brain and spinal cord

99
Q

PHACO

A

phacoemulsification

100
Q

CTE

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

101
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

102
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident; stroke

103
Q

PTSD

A

post traumatic stress disorder

104
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram (recording of electrical activity in the brain)

105
Q

SAH

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

106
Q

EP studies

A

evoked potential studies

107
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack; stroke that resolves within 24 hours

108
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

109
Q

afferent nerves

A

nerves that carry sensory signals (nerve impulses) toward the CNS from the periphery

110
Q

aphasia

A

loss of language function

111
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of the meninges named for the spider-web-like trabeculae that extend between it and the pia mater

112
Q

astrocyte

A

glial cell type of the CNS that provides support for neurons and maintains the blood-brain barrier

113
Q

ataxia

A

inability to coordinate movements of the body resulting in poor balance and awkward movements

114
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

functional division of the nervous system that is responsible for homeostatic reflexes that coordinate control of cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue

115
Q

axon

A

single process of the neuron that caries an electrical signal (action potential) away from the cell body toward a target cell

116
Q

axon hillock

A

tapering of the neuron cell body that gives rise to the axon

117
Q

axon segment

A

single stretch of the axon insulated by myelin and bounded by nodes of Ranvier at either end

118
Q

axon terminal

A

end of the axon, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell

119
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of an axon, which is different in composition than the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell body

120
Q

Babinksi sign

A

dorsiflexion of the foot with extension and splaying of the toes in response to the plantar reflex, normally suppressed by corticospinal input

121
Q

bipolar

A

shape of a neuron with two processes extending from the neuron cell body – the axon and one dendrite

122
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS

123
Q

brain

A

large organ of the central nervous system, composed of white and gray matter, contained within the cranium and continuous with the spinal cord

124
Q

brain stem

A

region of the adult brain that includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata and develops from the mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon of the embryonic brain

125
Q

Broca’s area

A

region of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech production and located only in the cerebral hemisphere responsible for language production, which is the left side in ~95% of the population.

126
Q

Brodmann’s areas

A

mapping of regions of the cerebral cortex based on microscopic anatomy that relates specific areas to functional differences, as described by the Brodmann in early 1900s

127
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of spinal nerve roots that descend from the lower spinal cord below the first lumbar vertebra and lie within the vertebral cavity; has the appearance of a horse’s tail

128
Q

caudate

A

nucleus deep in the cerebrum is part of the basal nuclei; along with the putamen, it is part of the striatum

129
Q

central nervous system

A

anatomical division of the nervous system located within the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely the brain and spinal cord

130
Q

central sulcus

A

surface landmark of the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes

131
Q

cerebellum

A

region of the adult brain connected primarily to the pons that developed from the metencephalon (along with the pons) and is largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedback from the periphery through the spinal cord

132
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer gray matter covering the forebrain, marked by wrinkles and folds known as gyri and sulci

133
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

one half of the bilaterally symmetrical cerebrum

134
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

circulatory medium within the CNS that is produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexus filtering the blood

135
Q

cerebrum

A

region of the adult brain that develops from the telencephalon and is responsible for higher neurological functions such as memory, emotion, and consciousness.

136
Q

choroid plexus

A

specialized structure containing ependymal cells that line blood capillaries and filter blood to produce CSF in the four ventricles of the brain

137
Q

corpus callosum

A

large white matter structure that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

138
Q

dendrite

A

one of many branchlike processes that extends from the neuron cell body and functions as a contact for incoming signals (synapses) from other neurons or sensory cells.

139
Q

descending tract

A

central nervous system fibers carrying motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery

140
Q

diencephalon

A

region of the adult brain that retains its name from embryonic development and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus

141
Q

direct pathway

A

connections within the basal nuclei from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata that disinhibit the thalamus to increase cortical control of movement

142
Q

dorsal nerve root

A

axons entering the posterior horn of the spinal cord

143
Q

dyspraxia

A

difficulty or inability to execute motor actions to plan movements when the muscles are not paralyzed

144
Q

dura mater

A

tough, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges that is attached to the inner surface of the cranium and vertebral column and surrounds the entire CNS

145
Q

efferent nerves

A

nerve tissue that carries impulses away from the CNS towards the peripheral that result in motor response (movement).

146
Q

embolus

A

obstruction in a blood vessel such as a blood clot, fatty mass, air bubble, or other foreign matter that interrupts the flow of blood to an organ or some part of the body

147
Q

enteric nervous system

A

neural tissue associated with the digestive system that is responsible for nervous control through autonomic connections

148
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell type in the CNS responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid

149
Q

epithalamus

A

region of the diencephalon containing the pineal gland

150
Q

fissures

A

a groove, natural division or elongated cleft, furrow, or tear; naturally occurring in the brain, they are also known as sulcus/sulci.

151
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and the vertebral arteries enter the cranium

152
Q

frontal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the frontal bone of the cranium

153
Q

ganglion

A

localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

154
Q

glial cell

A

one of the various types of neural tissue cells responsible for maintenance of the tissue, and largely responsible for supporting neurons.

155
Q

gray matter

A

regions of the nervous system containing cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons

156
Q

gyrus/gyri

A

ridge formed by convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum or cerebellum

157
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

disruption of blood flow to the brain caused by bleeding within the cranial vault

158
Q

hydrocephalus

A

an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain

159
Q

hypothalamus

A

major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for coordinating autonomic and endocrine control of homeostasis

160
Q

initial segment

A

first part of the axon as it emerges from the axon hillock, where the electrical signals known as action potentials are generated

161
Q

integration

A

nervous system function that combines sensory perceptions and higher cognitive functions (memories, learning, emotion, etc.) to produce a response

162
Q

ischemic stroke

A

disruption of blood flow to the brain because blood cannot flow through blood vessels as a result of a blockage or narrowing of the vessel.

163
Q

kinesthesia

A

a person’s sensation of body position, weight, and movement in space; body movement

164
Q

lumbar puncture

A

procedure used to withdraw CSF from the lower lumbar region of the vertebral column that avoids the risk of damaging CNS tissue because the spinal cord ends at the upper lumbar vertebrae

165
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

a sensory neuron that responds to mechanical pressure

166
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem, contains the control centers for heart and lung nerve function

167
Q

meninges

A

protective outer covering of the CNS composed of connective tissue

168
Q

microglia

A

glial cell type in the CNS that serves as the resident component of the immune system

169
Q

midbrain

A

a portion of the brainstem, positioned above the pons, also called mesencephalon, assists in motor reflexes associated with visual and auditory stimuli

170
Q

motor nerves

A

peripheral, efferent, myelinated nerve tissue that stimulates muscle contraction

171
Q

multipolar

A

shape of a neuron that has multiple processes– the axon and 2+ dendrites

172
Q

myelin

A

lipid-rich insulating substance surrounding the axons of many neurons, allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals

173
Q

myelin sheath

A

lipid-rich layer of insulation that surrounds an axon, formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS, facilitates the transmission of electrical signals

174
Q

nerve

A

cord-like bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input and response output to and from the central nervous system

175
Q

neuroglia

A

supportive tissue of the nervous system, including the network of branched cells in the central nervous system (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) and the supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system (Schwann cells and satellite cells), also called glia.

176
Q

neuron

A

neural tissue cell that is primarily responsible for generating and propagating electrical signals into, within, and out of the nervous system

177
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical that is released from a nerve cell, transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another nerve, muscle, organ, or other tissue.

178
Q

nociceptors

A

sensory neurons that respond to pain

179
Q

node of Ranvier

A

gap between two myelinated regions of an axon, allowing for strengthening of the electrical signal as it propagates down the axon

180
Q

nucleus

A

in the nervous system, a localized collection of neuron cell bodies that are functionally related; a “center” of neural function

181
Q

occipital lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the occipital bone of the cranium

182
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

glial cell type in the CNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in tracts

183
Q

paresis

A

partial, incomplete paralysis (partial loss of muscle control)

184
Q

parietal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the parietal bone of the cranium

185
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

anatomical division of the nervous system that is largely outside the cranial and vertebral cavities, namely all parts except the brain and spinal cord.

186
Q

pia mater

A

Thin, innermost membrane of the meninges that directly covers the surface of the CNS.

187
Q

pons

A

Latin word meaning bridge, essential part of the brain located above the medulla, action in regulation and controls of vital functions primarily sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, balance (equilibrium), taste, ocular movement, facial expression and sensation.

188
Q

process

A

In cells, an extension of a cell body; in the case of neurons, this includes the axon and dendrites.

189
Q

proprioception

A

The sensory awareness of posture, movement, and changes in balance. Perceptual capability knowing position, weight, and resistance of objects in relation to the body.

190
Q

response

A

Nervous system function that causes a target tissue (muscle or gland) to produce an event as a consequence to stimuli.

191
Q

satellite cell

A

Glial cell type in the PNS that provides support for neurons in the ganglia.

192
Q

Schwann cell

A

Glial cell type in the PNS that provides the myelin insulation for axons in nerves.

193
Q

sensation

A

Nervous system function that receives information from the environment and translates it into the electrical signals of nervous tissue.

194
Q

soma

A

In neurons, that portion of the cell that contains the nucleus; the cell body, as opposed to the cell processes (axons and dendrites).

195
Q

somatic nervous system

A

Functional division of the nervous system that is concerned with conscious perception, voluntary movement, and skeletal muscle reflexes.

196
Q

spinal cord

A

Organ of the central nervous system found within the vertebral cavity and connected with the periphery through spinal nerves; mediates reflex behaviors.

197
Q

stimulus

A

An event in the external or internal environment that registers as activity in a sensory neuron.

198
Q

stroke

A

Loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to a region of the central nervous system.

199
Q

subarachnoid space

A

Space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains CSF and the fibrous connections of the arachnoid trabeculae.

200
Q

sulcus/sulci

A

Groove formed by convolutions in the surface of the cerebral cortex; see fissure.

201
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate heart rate, constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure in response to stress.

202
Q

synapse

A

Narrow junction across which a chemical signal passes from neuron to the next, initiating a new electrical signal in the target cell.

203
Q

synaptic end bulb

A

Swelling at the end of an axon where neurotransmitter molecules are released onto a target cell across a synapse.

204
Q

syncope

A

fainting, passing out

205
Q

temporal lobe

A

Region of the cerebral cortex directly beneath the temporal bone of the cranium.

206
Q

thalamus

A

Major region of the diencephalon that is responsible for relaying information between the cerebrum and the hindbrain, spinal cord, and periphery.

207
Q

thermoreceptors

A

Specialized neurons that respond to changes in temperature.

208
Q

tract

A

Bundle of axons in the central nervous system having the same function and point of origin.

209
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

Temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain in which symptoms occur rapidly but last only a short time.

210
Q

unipolar

A

Shape of a neuron which has only one process that includes both the axon and dendrite.

211
Q

ventricle

A

Central cavity within the brain where CSF is produced and circulates

212
Q

visceral

A

pertaining to internal organs

213
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Region at the posterior end of the lateral sulcus in which speech comprehension is localized.

214
Q

white matter

A

Regions of the nervous system contain mostly myelinated axons, making the tissue appear white because of the high lipid content of myelin.

BIO100 unit 5 -- nervous & special (2 decks)

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