nervous system Flashcards
What are the two parts of the nervous system?
PNS (peripheral nervous system) and CNS (central nervous system)
What are the functions of the PNS?
carries out actions sent from brains, relays info from the brain
What makes structures make up the peripheral nervous system?
made up of nerves
What are the functions of the CNS?
control center, sends motor commands from the brain to the body, controls involuntary movements
What structures make up the CNS?
the brain and the spinal cord
What are the three parts of the brain?
the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
What makes up the cerebrum?
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe
What makes up the cerebellum?
the cerebellum
What makes up the brainstem?
pons and medulla oblongata
Where is the cerebellum and what is it’s function?
underneath the occipital lobe, muscle coordination, movement, and balance
Where is the brainstem and what is it’s function?
bottom of brain, communication w/cerebrum and cerebellum
Where is the cerebrum and what is it’s function?
function and location of the lobes
Where is the frontal lobe and what is it’s function?
front of the brain, reasoning, happiness, problem solving, and speech
Where is the parietal lobe and what is it’s function?
side of brain: taste, bodily sensations
Where is the motor cortex and what is it’s function?
back of the frontal lobe: facial movement
Where is the occipital lobe and what is it’s function?
back of brain on top of occipital: vision
Where is the temporal lobe and what is it’s function?
on the side of the brain: lang. understanding, hearing
Where is the sensory cortex and what is it’s function?
the front part of the parietal lobe: bodily sensations
Where is the pons and what is it’s function?
top part of the brain stem: breathing
Where is the medulla oblongata and what is it’s function?
bottom of the brain stem: breathing, blood pressure regulation
Where is the Thalamus and what is it’s function?
near the center of the brain: relay station between senses and processing
Where is the Hypothalamus and what is it’s function?
It is in the center below the thalamus: thirst, hunger, sleeping, waking, and homeostasis
Where is the hippocampus and what is it’s function?
Above the pons: long term memory
Where is the amygdala and what is it’s function?
above the pituitary gland: happiness and stress
Where is the pineal body and what is it’s function?
above the cerebellum and next to the occipital lobe: growth
Where are the optic nerves and what is it’s function?
above the pons from bottom view: vision
Where is the olfactory bulb and what is it’s function?
above the optic nerves from bottom view: smell
Where is the vagus nerve and what is it’s function?
on both sides of the medulla oblongata below the facial nerve: rest and digestion
Where is the facial nerve and what is it’s function?
on both sides of the medulla oblongata, above the vagus nerve: face muscles and facial movements
Presynaptic neuron
The neuron sending the message.
Where is the corpus callosum and what is it’s function?
communicates between hemisphere
Postsynaptic neuron
The neuron receiving the message.
What ions rush into the presynaptic neuron once the action potential reaches the end of the axon?
sodium ions?
Synaptic Cleft
Area where synapse occurs, in between two neurons.
How do neurotransmitters get released into the synaptic cleft? What do they do after?
They are released from the vesicle, after they are released they travel into the synapse.
How does a brand new action potential start in the postsynaptic neuron?
The neurotransmitters go into the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron and then action potential starts again.
What is the function of Acetylcholine?
Contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood pressure, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.
What is the function of Dopamine?
Movement, memory, and feelings of pleasure.
What is the function of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ?
It reduces neuron excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission.
What is the function of Glutamate?
It shapes learning and memory/
Where is the pituitary gland and what is it’s function?
below the amygdala: growth
What is the function of Epinephrine?
It increases cardiac output and raises glucose levels in the blood.
What is the function of Serotonin?
It helps with sleeping, healing and digestion.
What is the function of Histamine?
When you have an allergic reaction it controls swelling.
Afferent
towards the brain
Efferent
Exiting the brain
Sensory Neuron, afferent or efferent, what does it connect to, and how does it relate to the reflex arc?
Afferent and connects to your senses, gets a message, a pan is too hot, to your brain.
Motor Neuron, afferent or efferent, what does it connect to, and how does it relate to the reflex arc?
Efferent and connects to your muscles, the motor neurons will tell your heart to beat faster and that you must move your hand away from the hot pan.
Interneuron, afferent or efferent, what does it connect to, and how does it relate to the reflex arc?
Both afferent and efferent, they connect to sensory and motor neurons. It connects to the reflex arc because they are used to get the message to and out of the spinal cord, speeding up the time it takes to process.
What is a reflex?
Something you do without thinking. very fast
What is the pathway of a reflex?
It goes from the start of the path to the spinal cord and back with a decision/movement.
What is a reaction?
A voluntary response that requires thought/processing in response to stimul
What is the pathway of a reaction?
It goes from the stimuli all the way to the brain where the message gets processed then sent back.
Which occurs faster, a reflex or a reaction? Why?
A reflex is faster because it doesn’t go to the brain.
How do reaction times change depending on the task at hand.
If it requires more processing in the brain the reaction time will be slower.
function of neurons
signaling/communicating with cells
function of glial cells
to protect the nerves
location and function of dendrite
on the bottom part of the soma: receives chemical signals
location and function of soma/cell body
part that branches of the nucleus: carries nucleus and provides energy to nerve
location and function of axon
connects both parts of neuron to each other: carries nerve impulses away from body
location and function of nucleus
center of the upper neuron: contains genetic info.
location and function of axon terminal
lower parts of neuron: releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
location and function of myelin
part of axon: layer of protein and fat that increase electrical impulse
What emotions are associated with the reward pathway?
happiness, pleasure
What neurotransmitter is involved in the pathway?
dopamine
Explain the impact drugs like Opioids can have on a neurotransmitter of the reward pathway?
It causes neurotransmitters to fire more or not fire enough, excitatory or inhibitory.
Explain how addiction develops?
Your brain becomes dependent on the drugs to properly function. The reward pathway gets used to the drugs and likes them so it always wants more.
Is this inhibitory or excitatory: mimicking a neurotransmitter, causing it to stay in the synaptic cleft for longer?
Inhibitory
Is this inhibitory or excitatory: blocking the reuptake of a neurotransmitter, causing it to stay in the synaptic cleft for longer.
Excitatory
Is this inhibitory or excitatory:block an inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA
Inhibitory
Is this inhibitory or excitatory: Block an inhibitory neurotransmitter like Glutamate
Inhibitory
location and function of node of ranvier
gaps in myelin and thatssss ittttt
location and function of Schwann cell
produced myelin and thatttsss ittttt
action potential
brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon takes place in neuron
sodium channel
transports: sodium
direction of ions: out and in
no energy needed
potassium channels
transports: potassium
direction of ions: in and out
no energy needed
sodium/potassium pump
transports: sodium and potassium
direction of ions: 3 sodium out 2 potassium in
energy is needed
Depolarization
-70mV potassium is in the cell
Repolarization
140 mV sodium comes in
Hyperpolarization
-80mV
Threshold
-55mV once it reaches this point the action potential has to fire
