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nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

PNS (peripheral nervous system) and CNS (central nervous system)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the PNS?

A

carries out actions sent from brains, relays info from the brain

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3
Q

What makes structures make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

made up of nerves

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4
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A

control center, sends motor commands from the brain to the body, controls involuntary movements

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5
Q

What structures make up the CNS?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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6
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

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7
Q

What makes up the cerebrum?

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe

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8
Q

What makes up the cerebellum?

A

the cerebellum

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9
Q

What makes up the brainstem?

A

pons and medulla oblongata

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10
Q

Where is the cerebellum and what is it’s function?

A

underneath the occipital lobe, muscle coordination, movement, and balance

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11
Q

Where is the brainstem and what is it’s function?

A

bottom of brain, communication w/cerebrum and cerebellum

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12
Q

Where is the cerebrum and what is it’s function?

A

function and location of the lobes

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13
Q

Where is the frontal lobe and what is it’s function?

A

front of the brain, reasoning, happiness, problem solving, and speech

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14
Q

Where is the parietal lobe and what is it’s function?

A

side of brain: taste, bodily sensations

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15
Q

Where is the motor cortex and what is it’s function?

A

back of the frontal lobe: facial movement

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16
Q

Where is the occipital lobe and what is it’s function?

A

back of brain on top of occipital: vision

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17
Q

Where is the temporal lobe and what is it’s function?

A

on the side of the brain: lang. understanding, hearing

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18
Q

Where is the sensory cortex and what is it’s function?

A

the front part of the parietal lobe: bodily sensations

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19
Q

Where is the pons and what is it’s function?

A

top part of the brain stem: breathing

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20
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata and what is it’s function?

A

bottom of the brain stem: breathing, blood pressure regulation

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21
Q

Where is the Thalamus and what is it’s function?

A

near the center of the brain: relay station between senses and processing

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22
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus and what is it’s function?

A

It is in the center below the thalamus: thirst, hunger, sleeping, waking, and homeostasis

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23
Q

Where is the hippocampus and what is it’s function?

A

Above the pons: long term memory

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24
Q

Where is the amygdala and what is it’s function?

A

above the pituitary gland: happiness and stress

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25
Q

Where is the pineal body and what is it’s function?

A

above the cerebellum and next to the occipital lobe: growth

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26
Q

Where are the optic nerves and what is it’s function?

A

above the pons from bottom view: vision

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27
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb and what is it’s function?

A

above the optic nerves from bottom view: smell

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28
Q

Where is the vagus nerve and what is it’s function?

A

on both sides of the medulla oblongata below the facial nerve: rest and digestion

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29
Q

Where is the facial nerve and what is it’s function?

A

on both sides of the medulla oblongata, above the vagus nerve: face muscles and facial movements

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30
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

The neuron sending the message.

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31
Q

Where is the corpus callosum and what is it’s function?

A

communicates between hemisphere

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32
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

The neuron receiving the message.

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33
Q

What ions rush into the presynaptic neuron once the action potential reaches the end of the axon?

A

sodium ions?

33
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Area where synapse occurs, in between two neurons.

34
Q

How do neurotransmitters get released into the synaptic cleft? What do they do after?

A

They are released from the vesicle, after they are released they travel into the synapse.

35
Q

How does a brand new action potential start in the postsynaptic neuron?

A

The neurotransmitters go into the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron and then action potential starts again.

36
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine?

A

Contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood pressure, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

37
Q

What is the function of Dopamine?

A

Movement, memory, and feelings of pleasure.

38
Q

What is the function of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ?

A

It reduces neuron excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission.

39
Q

What is the function of Glutamate?

A

It shapes learning and memory/

40
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and what is it’s function?

A

below the amygdala: growth

41
Q

What is the function of Epinephrine?

A

It increases cardiac output and raises glucose levels in the blood.

42
Q

What is the function of Serotonin?

A

It helps with sleeping, healing and digestion.

43
Q

What is the function of Histamine?

A

When you have an allergic reaction it controls swelling.

44
Q

Afferent

A

towards the brain

45
Q

Efferent

A

Exiting the brain

46
Q

Sensory Neuron, afferent or efferent, what does it connect to, and how does it relate to the reflex arc?

A

Afferent and connects to your senses, gets a message, a pan is too hot, to your brain.

47
Q

Motor Neuron, afferent or efferent, what does it connect to, and how does it relate to the reflex arc?

A

Efferent and connects to your muscles, the motor neurons will tell your heart to beat faster and that you must move your hand away from the hot pan.

48
Q

Interneuron, afferent or efferent, what does it connect to, and how does it relate to the reflex arc?

A

Both afferent and efferent, they connect to sensory and motor neurons. It connects to the reflex arc because they are used to get the message to and out of the spinal cord, speeding up the time it takes to process.

49
Q

What is a reflex?

A

Something you do without thinking. very fast

50
Q

What is the pathway of a reflex?

A

It goes from the start of the path to the spinal cord and back with a decision/movement.

51
Q

What is a reaction?

A

A voluntary response that requires thought/processing in response to stimul

52
Q

What is the pathway of a reaction?

A

It goes from the stimuli all the way to the brain where the message gets processed then sent back.

53
Q

Which occurs faster, a reflex or a reaction? Why?

A

A reflex is faster because it doesn’t go to the brain.

54
Q

How do reaction times change depending on the task at hand.

A

If it requires more processing in the brain the reaction time will be slower.

55
Q

function of neurons

A

signaling/communicating with cells

56
Q

function of glial cells

A

to protect the nerves

57
Q

location and function of dendrite

A

on the bottom part of the soma: receives chemical signals

58
Q

location and function of soma/cell body

A

part that branches of the nucleus: carries nucleus and provides energy to nerve

59
Q

location and function of axon

A

connects both parts of neuron to each other: carries nerve impulses away from body

60
Q

location and function of nucleus

A

center of the upper neuron: contains genetic info.

61
Q

location and function of axon terminal

A

lower parts of neuron: releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

62
Q

location and function of myelin

A

part of axon: layer of protein and fat that increase electrical impulse

63
Q

What emotions are associated with the reward pathway?

A

happiness, pleasure

64
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in the pathway?

A

dopamine

65
Q

Explain the impact drugs like Opioids can have on a neurotransmitter of the reward pathway?

A

It causes neurotransmitters to fire more or not fire enough, excitatory or inhibitory.

66
Q

Explain how addiction develops?

A

Your brain becomes dependent on the drugs to properly function. The reward pathway gets used to the drugs and likes them so it always wants more.

67
Q

Is this inhibitory or excitatory: mimicking a neurotransmitter, causing it to stay in the synaptic cleft for longer?

A

Inhibitory

68
Q

Is this inhibitory or excitatory: blocking the reuptake of a neurotransmitter, causing it to stay in the synaptic cleft for longer.

A

Excitatory

69
Q

Is this inhibitory or excitatory:block an inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA

A

Inhibitory

69
Q

Is this inhibitory or excitatory: Block an inhibitory neurotransmitter like Glutamate

A

Inhibitory

70
Q

location and function of node of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin and thatssss ittttt

71
Q

location and function of Schwann cell

A

produced myelin and thatttsss ittttt

72
Q

action potential

A

brief electrical impulse that travels down the axon takes place in neuron

73
Q

sodium channel

A

transports: sodium
direction of ions: out and in
no energy needed

74
Q

potassium channels

A

transports: potassium
direction of ions: in and out
no energy needed

75
Q

sodium/potassium pump

A

transports: sodium and potassium
direction of ions: 3 sodium out 2 potassium in
energy is needed

76
Q

Depolarization

A

-70mV potassium is in the cell

77
Q

Repolarization

A

140 mV sodium comes in

78
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

-80mV

79
Q

Threshold

A

-55mV once it reaches this point the action potential has to fire

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