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Psychology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Transmit sensory information from receptors to the CNS via afferent tracts

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2
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons, and coordinate responses.

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3
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Transmit messages from the CNS to effector muscles, organs, and glands

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Recieve informations from other neurons

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5
Q

Soma

A

Integrates information from dendrites

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6
Q

Axon

A

Transmits messages from soma to axon terminals

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7
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty substance surrounding the axon that insulates the neuron, and increases the speed of neural transmission

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8
Q

Axon terminals

A

Stores and secretes neurotransmitters

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9
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Processes sensory information and coordinates motor responses

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10
Q

Brain

A

Receives and processes sensory information. Coordinates motor responses such as voluntary movement, emotions, concious thought and homeostasis.

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11
Q

Spinal cord

A

Allows for communication between brain and peripheral nervous system. Coordinates spinal reflexes.

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

All nerves outside the CNS. Carries sensory information to the CNS, and relays motor informations from the CNS to effectors.

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls concious/voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, and spinal reflexes.

Muscles constrict or relax

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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates activity of visceral muscles, organs and glands.

Doesn’t depend on control from the brain, generally operating without concious awareness.

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15
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for increasing arousal, activated by a stressor.

Releases adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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16
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

Maintains homeostasis, counterbalancing sympathetic nervous system activity.

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17
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A

Nerves located in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

Can function independent from the brain.

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18
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that relay signals across synapses.

Binds to complementary-shaped receptor sites on post-synaptic neurons.

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19
Q

Synapse

A

The point of communication between two neurons or a neuron and target cell.

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20
Q

Glutamate

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter.

Increases likelihood of post-synaptic neuron firing an action potential.

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21
Q

GABA

A

An inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Blocks/suppresses post-synaptic neuron activity

22
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Chemicals that effect a widespread brain region/many neurons

Increase/decrease the excitability/responsiveness of neurons

23
Q

Neuromodulation

A

The process where synaptic communication is either enhanced or decreased

24
Q

Dopamine

A

Regulates: voluntary motor movements, reward-based learning, memory, and motivation

25
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates: mood, sleep and the gut-brain axis

26
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

The ability of synaptic connections to change in response to activity

27
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Long-lasting strengthening of neural pathways as a result of repeated stimulation, resulting in increased efficacy of synaptic transmission.

  • additional axon terminals
  • additional dendrites
  • additional receptor sites
  • more synapses
  • increased glutamate release
  • dopamine release
28
Q

Long term depression

A

Long-lasting weakening of synaptic connections due to prolonged low-level stimulation, resulting in decreased efficacy of synaptic transmission

  • reduction of axon terminals
  • reduction of dendrites
  • reduction of receptor sites
  • less/weaker synapses
  • decreased glutamate release
  • dopamine release
29
Q

Sprouting

A

The formation of new synapses

30
Q

Rerouting

A

Reorganisation of neural pathways to establish alternate pathways

31
Q

Pruning

A

Elimination of neural pathways to increase efficacy of neural transmission

32
Q

Stress

A

A state of physiological or psychological arousal caused by internal or external stressors that is percieved by the individual as exceeding their ability to cope.

* Cumulative
* Psychobiological process

33
Q

Stressors

A

Stimuli that causes or produces stress

34
Q

Internal stressors

A

Originate from within the individual

Bio/psycho

35
Q

External stressors

A

Originate from outside the individual

Social

36
Q

Acute stress

A

Stress that occurs for a short period of time

37
Q

Chronic Stress

A

Stress that occurs for a prolonged period of time

38
Q

Non-specific stress response

A

Regardless of the stressor, the body will respond with the same physiological changes.

39
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

Responsible for the release of cortisol when confronting a stressor.

40
Q

Fight-flight-freeze response

A

Adaptive response to acute stress

41
Q

Fight response

A

Individual will confront the threat directly

42
Q

Flight response

A

Individual will attempt to evade the stressor

43
Q

Freeze

A

Body will immobilise to avoid detection from the threat

44
Q

Coping strategies

A

Specific methods used by an individual to manage or reduce stress

45
Q

Approach coping strategy

A

Address the stressor directly

46
Q

Avoidance coping strategy

A

Individual directs their energy away from the stressor

47
Q

Context-specific effectiveness

A

The extent to which a coping strategy is appropriate for the unique demands of a stressor

48
Q

Coping flexibility

A

The ability to swap coping strategies to meet the changing demands of a stressor

49
Q

Gut brain axis

A

Bidirectional communication link between the enteric and central nervous systems

sensory to brain, motor to gut, both control voluntary bowel movements

50
Q

Microbiota

A

The organisms within the gut that aid digestion

Psychology (4 decks)

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