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MedPhys- Exam 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the peripheral sensory neurons go to?

A

Spinal cord at all levels
Reticular substance of medulla/pons
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex

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2
Q

What operates parallel to the motor sensory system?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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3
Q

What does Autonomic Nervous System control?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

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4
Q

How many different chemical transmitters are there for synapses?

A

40

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5
Q

What are the best known chemical transmitters?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Histamine
GABA
Glycine
Serotonin
Glutamate

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6
Q

Why do neuron bodies take up gray matter in vertebrae?

A

Because they are not myelinated, so they are grey. If they were myelinated, they would be white.

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7
Q

What is EPSP?

A

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential

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8
Q

What is IPSP?

A

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential

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9
Q

Are there more EPSP than IPSP in the body?

A

No, there are more IPSP

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10
Q

Presynaptic membrane contains large amounts of voltage-gated _________ channels.

A

Calcium

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11
Q

For Presynaptic membrane, does depolarization or repolarization occur?

A

Depolarization

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12
Q

What happens in depolarization of the presynaptic membrane?

A

Calcium channels open

Calcium ions flow into the terminal

This causes transmitter substance to be released by binding to the release sites at the transmitter vesicles

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13
Q

What happens in the postsynaptic neuron?

A

A binding component goes outward from membrane and into the synaptic cleft

The ionophore component passes through the postsynaptic membrane to the inferior of postsynaptic neuron

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14
Q

True/False: the body cannot change the receptor shape over time

A

False- it can change the shape to bond to different things

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15
Q

“Second Messenger” system has what kind of proteins involved?

A

G-Proteins: Alpha, beta, gamma

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16
Q

When alpha is separated after transmitter attached to receptor, what functions can it cause?

A

Open specific channels
Activate a cAMP cascade system
Activate gene transcription

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17
Q

Would the “Second Messenger system” be considered a binding component or an ionophore component?

A

Ionophoric component since it impact proteins on the inside of the membrane

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18
Q

ANS is voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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19
Q

Somatic Nervous System in voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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20
Q

Afferent describes neurons going to where?

A

Brain

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21
Q

Efferent describes neurons going where?

A

Efferent organs

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22
Q

Pyramidal pathway travels (up or down) the spinal cord

A

DOWN

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23
Q

Extrapyramidal tract controls what two things?

A

Posture and balance

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24
Q

Clonus is an example of what kind of pathway?

A

Pyramidal

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25
Q

What are the two main categories of extra-pyramidal disorders?

A

Akinetic rigid syndrome (parkinsons)
Dyskinesias

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26
Q

What is a motor pool?

A

All of the collective motor neurons that project to a muscle

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27
Q

What are the two mechanoreceptors for muscles?

A

Spindles & Golgi tendon organs

28
Q

Type 1 muscle is what kind of muscle?

A

Slow-twitch

Endurance

29
Q

Type 2 muscle is what kind of muscle?

A

Fast-twitch

Sprint

30
Q

Which kind of muscle neuron is easier to access- Type 1 or 2?

A

Type 1- it is smaller

31
Q

What makes mechanoreceptors unique in regard to the spinal cord?

A

Mechanoreceptors go through the spinal cord and the cord makes a response WITHOUT the influence of higher brain center influence

32
Q

Neurons have an average resting membrane potential of _______ mV

A

-70 mV

33
Q

What is the nernst equation?

A

Calculates potential INSIDE the membrane for a specific ion

33
Q

What is the goldman equation?

A

Calculates the nernst equation of ALL ions

34
Q

Membrane is most permeable to ____.

A

K+

35
Q

In the Na-K Pump, how many Na go out versus K going in?

A

3 Na out
2 K in

36
Q

When there is a leaky channel, is it leaky to Na or K?

A

K

37
Q

What is the resting membrane potential for large neurons?

A

-90 mV

38
Q

Describe the 3 steps of Action potentials

A

1) Resting/Polarized
-90 mV

2)Depolarization/Becoming positive
+35 mV
Sodium rushes in

3) Repolarization/Re-becoming negative
-90mV
Channel closed to Sodium
Potassium diffuses out to reset potential

39
Q

Activation gates are found ______ the cell

A) outside
B) inside

A

A) outside

40
Q

Repolarization gates are found ______ the cell

A) outside
B) inside

A

B) inside

41
Q

At what mV will the activation gate open?

A

When membrane is at -70 to -50 mV

42
Q

Myelination _______ conduction speed

A) increases
B) decreases

A

A) INCREASES

43
Q

Calcium is considered to be what in regard to the membrane?

A

Stabilizer

44
Q

How do anesthetics work?

A

Disable Na channels, so the nerve skips over them

45
Q

Can an Action Potential occur if the threshold is not exceeded?

A

Nope!

46
Q

Signal enters via the ________

A

dendrites

47
Q

Signal exits via the _________

A

axon terminal

48
Q

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is an ______.

A) Inhibitor
B) Excitation

A

A) inhibitor

49
Q

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is an _________.

A) Inhibitor
B) Excitation

A

A) Inhibitor of pain

49
Q

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is an _______.

A) Inhibitor
B) Excitation

A

B) Excitation

50
Q

Glycine is a neurotransmitter that is an ________.

A) Inhibitor
B) Excitation

A

A) Inhibitor

50
Q

What are the 6 steps of Neurotransmitter release?

A

1) AP depolarizes PREsynaptic membrane

2) Calcium channels open

3) Calcium causes neurotransmitter to release from their vesicles

4) Neurotransmitter binds to outside component

5) An ionophore component passes through POSTsynaptic membrane to the inside of postsynaptic neuron

6) G-proteins (alpha, beta, gamma) leave and perform the functions by opening specific channels/activate gene transcription

51
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis aka

A

Excitation

52
Q

Metabolic Acidosis aka

A

Inhibition

53
Q

What happens during Excitation of Neurotransmitters?

A

Sodium channels open!

Increases excitatory receptors and decreases inhibitory receptors

Less Cl and K inside

54
Q

What happens during Inhibition of Neurotransmitters?

A

Chloride channels open!

K increases inside

Increase inhibitory receptors
Decrease excitatory receptors

55
Q

What is the difference between neurotransmitters and neuropeptides?

A

Neurotransmitters:
-FAST-acting
-Made in cytosol of presynaptic terminal

Neuropeptides:
-SLOW-acting
-1000x more potent!
-Made by ribosomes in neurons
(think of hormones)

56
Q

Where is excitation greatest on the neuron?

A

At the tips of dendrites!

57
Q

When excitation approaches the cell body, what happens to potassium?

A

It leaks potassium

58
Q

Where is Inhibition greatest?

A

Closest to the cell body, specifically at axon hillock since that is where polarization is greatest

59
Q

Spatial vs Temporal summation

A

Spatial= more synapses firing at the same time in a close space

Temporal= consecutive synapse firing quickly that build on top of each other

60
Q

How will caffeine, theophylline or theobromine impact synaptic transmission?

A

Increase neuronal excitability

Reduces threshold of neurons

61
Q

How does strychnine impact synaptic transmission?

What symptom can it cause?

A

Increase excitability of neurons by stopping normal inhibitory substances

Can cause tonic muscle spasms

62
Q

How do anesthetics impact synaptic transmission?

A

Increase neuronal threshold for excitation by decreasing synaptic transmission

MedPhys- Exam 1 (9 decks)

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