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Ross > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system contains:

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system contains:

A

the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the tissues of the body

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3
Q

somatic system

A

This system is voluntary in nature. These nerves collect information from and return instructions to the skin, muscles, and joints

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4
Q

autonomic system

A

Mostly involuntary functions are con- trolled by this system as sensory information from the internal environment is sent to the CNS, and, in return, motor impulses from the CNS are sent to involuntary muscles: the heart, glands, and organs.

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5
Q

Parenchymal cells, or neurons

A

the cells that carry out the work of the neuron system

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6
Q

Stromal cells, or glia

A

the cells that provide a supportive function

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7
Q

The brain is divided into four parts:

A

the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem

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8
Q

frontal lobe

A

contains the functions of speech and the motor area that controls voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body

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9
Q

temporal lobe

A

contains the auditory and olfactory areas

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10
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensations of touch and taste

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11
Q

occipital lobe

A

responsible for vision

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movement but is involuntary in its function

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13
Q

The diencephalon is composed of:

A

the thalamus and the hypothalamus

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14
Q

thalamus

A

responsible for relaying sensory information (with the exception of smell) and translating it into sensations of pain, temperature, and touch

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15
Q

hypothalamus

A

activates, integrates, and controls the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with many functions, such as body temperature, sleep, and appetite

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16
Q

The brain stem is composed of three main parts:

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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17
Q

midbrain

A

connects the pons and cerebellum with the hemispheres of the cerebrum

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18
Q

pons

A

serves as a bridge between the medulla oblongata and the cerebrum

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19
Q

medulla oblongata

A

regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

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20
Q

The spinal cord extends from:

A

the medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra

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21
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of:

A

nerves that regulate involuntary function

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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system is capable of:

A

producing a “fight-or- flight” response

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23
Q

parasympathetic nervous system tends to do the opposite of the sympathetic nervous system by:

A

slowing the heart rate, lowering blood pressure, increasing digestive functions, and decreasing adrenal and sweat gland activity

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24
Q

somat/o // somatic

A

body

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25
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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26
Q

rhiz/o, radicul/o // radicular

A

nerve root

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27
Q

cord/o, myel/o // cordal

A

spinal cord

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28
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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29
Q

-glia

A

glue

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30
Q

-on

A

structure

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31
Q

-stasis

A

stopping, controlling

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32
Q

aphasia

A

Lack or impairment of the ability to form or understand speech.

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33
Q

athetosis

A

Continuous, involuntary, slow, writhing movement of the extremities

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34
Q

dysphagia

A

Condition of difficulty with swallowing

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35
Q

dyssomnia

A

Disorders of the sleep-wake cycles

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36
Q

fasciculation

A

Involuntary contraction of small, local muscles

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37
Q

hypokinesia

A

Decrease in normal movement; may be due to paralysis

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38
Q

paresthesia

A

Feeling of prickling, burning, or numbness

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39
Q

syncope

A

Fainting

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40
Q

ageusia

A

Absence of the ability to taste

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41
Q

agnosia

A

Inability to recognize objects visually, auditorily, or with other senses

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42
Q

agraphia

A

Inability to write.

43
Q

anosmia

A

Lack of sense of smell

44
Q

Parageusia

A

an abnormal sense of taste or a bad taste in the mouth

45
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform purposeful movements or to use objects appropriately

46
Q

Huntington chorea

A

Inherited disorder that manifests itself in adulthood as a progressive loss of neural control, uncontrollable jerking movements, and dementia

47
Q

hydrocephalus

A

Condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain

48
Q

contusion, cerebral

A

Head injury of sufficient force to bruise the brain

49
Q

hematoma

A

Localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue, or space, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel

50
Q

herniated intervertebral disk (HIVD)

A

A displacement of an intervertebral disk so that it presses on a nerve, causing pain and/or numbness

51
Q

cerebral palsy

A

Motor function disorder as a result of permanent, nonprogressive brain defect or lesion caused perinatally. Neural deficits may include paralysis, ataxia, athetosis, seizures, and/or impairment of sensory functions.

52
Q

spina bifida

A

Condition in which the spinal column has an abnormal opening that allows protrusion of the meninges and/or the spinal cord

53
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Inherited disease that occurs mainly in people of Eastern European Jewish origin; caused by an enzyme deficiency, which results in CNS deterioration

54
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Degenerative, fatal disease of the motor neurons, in which patients exhibit progressive muscle weakness and atrophy; also called Lou Gehrig disease

55
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Progressive, neurodegenerative disease in which patients exhibit an impairment of cognitive functioning

56
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Autoimmune disorder of acute polyneuritis producing profound myasthenia (muscle weakness) that may lead to paralysis

57
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Neurodegenerative disease characterized by destruction of the myelin sheaths on the CNS neurons (demyelination) and their abnormal replacement by the gradual accumulation of hardened plaques

58
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremors, fasciculations, slow shuffling gait, hypokinesia, dysphasia, and dysphagia

59
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

Disorder of the fifth cranial nerve (trigemina) characterized by stabbing pain that radiates along the nerve. Also called tic douloureux or prosopalgia

60
Q

Bell palsy

A

Paralysis of the facial nerve

61
Q

epilepsy

A

Group of disorders characterized by some or all of the following: recurrent seizures, sensory disturbances, abnormal behavior, and/or loss of consciousness

62
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

Abnormal condition characterized by facial grimaces, tics, involuntary arm and shoulder movements, and involuntary vocalizations, including coprolalia (kop pro LAYL yah) (the use of vulgar, obscene, or sacrilegious language)

63
Q

encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain, most frequently caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito

64
Q

meningitis

A

Any infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, most commonly due to viral infection, although more severe strains are bacterial or fungal in nature

65
Q

neuritis

A

Inflammation of the nerves

66
Q

poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a poliovirus

67
Q

polyneuritis

A

Inflammation of several peripheral nerves

68
Q

radiculitis

A

Inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve

69
Q

sciatica

A

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve. Symptoms include pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg

70
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

Ischemia of cerebral tissue due to an occlusion (blockage) from a thrombus (pl. thrombi) or embolus (pl. emboli), or as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage

71
Q

diplegia

A

Paralysis of the same body part on both sides of the body

72
Q

hemiparesis

A

Muscular weakness or slight paralysis on the left or right side of the body

73
Q

hemiplegia

A

Paralysis on the left or right side of the body

74
Q

monoparesis

A

Weakness or slight paralysis of one limb on the left or right side of the body

75
Q

monoplegia

A

Paralysis of one limb on the left or right side of the body

76
Q

paraparesis

A

Slight paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk

77
Q

paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk

78
Q

quadriparesis

A

Weakness or slight paralysis of the arms, legs, and trunk

79
Q

quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of arms, legs, and trunk

80
Q

meningioma

A

Slow growing, usually benign tumor of the meninges. Although benign, may cause problems because of their size and location

81
Q

neurofibroma

A

Benign fibrous tumors composed of nervous tissue

82
Q

neuroma

A

Benign tumor of the nerves

83
Q

astrocytoma

A

Tumor arising from star-shaped glial cells that is malignant in higher grades

84
Q

medulloblastoma

A

Tumor arising from embryonic tissue in the cerebellum. Most commonly seen in children.

85
Q

neuroblastoma

A

Highly malignant tumor arising from either the ANS or the adrenal medulla. Usually affects children younger than 10 years old

86
Q

cerebral angiography

A

X-ray of the cerebral arteries, including the internal carotids, taken after the injection of a contrast medium (Fig. 12-22); also called cerebral arteriography

87
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

Transverse sections of the CNS are imaged, sometimes after the injection of a contrast medium (unless there is suspected bleeding). Used to diagnose strokes, edema, tumors, and hemorrhage resulting from trauma.

88
Q

echoencephalography

A

Sonography exam of the brain, usually done only on newborns, because sound waves do not readily penetrate mature bone.

89
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Medical imaging that uses radiofrequency pulses in a powerful magnetic field. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is imaging of the carotid arteries using injected contrast agents.

90
Q

myelography

A

X-ray of the spinal canal after the introduction of a radiopaque substance

91
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Use of radionuclides to visualize brain function. Measurements can be taken of blood flow, volume, and oxygen and glucose uptake, enabling radiologists to determine the functional characteristics of specific parts of the brain

92
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

An injection of a radioactive sugar substance that is metabolized by the brain, which is then scanned for abnormalities

93
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of the electrical activity of the brain. May be used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, infection, and coma

94
Q

evoked potential (EP)

A

Electrical response from the brain stem or cerebral cortex that is produced in response to specific stimuli. This results in a distinctive pattern on an EEG

95
Q

multiple sleep latency test (MSLT)

A

Test that consists of a series of short, daytime naps in the sleep lab to measure daytime sleepiness and how fast the patient falls asleep; used to diagnose or rule out narcolepsy

96
Q

nerve conduction test

A

Test of the functioning of peripheral nerves

97
Q

Polysomnography (PSG)

A

Measurement and record of a number of functions while the patient is asleep (e.g., cardiac, muscular, brain, ocular, and respiratory functions). Most often used to diagnose sleep apnea

98
Q

Babinski reflex

A

in normal conditions, the dorsiflexion of the great toe when the plantar surface of the sole is stimulated.

99
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

Examination of fluid from the CNS to detect pathogens and abnormalities.

100
Q

deep tendon reflex (DTR)

A

Assessment of an automatic motor response by striking a tendon.

101
Q

gait assessment rating scale (GARS)

A

inventory of 16 aspects of gait (how one walks) to determine abnormalities.

102
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Procedure to aspirate CSF from the lumbar subarachnoid space.

103
Q
A

Ross (2 decks)

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