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Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the dorsal body cavity. The integrating and control center of the nervous system. Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experience.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS))

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2
Q

Part of the nervous system outside the CNS. Consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord, and ganglia. Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord, and cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain. Serve as communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS.

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

The nervous system uses these to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body.

A

Sensory Input

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4
Q

The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment.

A

Integration

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5
Q

The nervous system activates effector organs—the muscles and glands—to cause a response.

A

Motor Output

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6
Q

Promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy. “Rest and digest” system, keeps body energy use as low as possible, even as it directs vital “housekeeping” activities like digesting food and eliminating feces and urine.

A

Parasympathetic Division

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7
Q

Mobilizes the body during activity. “Fight-or-flight” system. Evident when individual is excited or in emergency or threatening situations.

A

Sympathetic Division

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8
Q

Craniosacral; Has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers; Located in or near the visceral effector organs; Maintenance functions; conserves and stores energy; “rest and digest”.

A

Parasympathetic Division

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9
Q

Thoracolumbar; Has the opposite condition—the preganglionic fibers are short and the postganglionic fibers are long; Lie close to the spinal cord; Prepares body for activity; “fight or flight”.

A

Sympathetic Division

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10
Q

A clear, colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries. It forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to CNS structures effectively reducing the brain’s weight by 97%.

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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11
Q

A condition wherein something (such as a tumor) obstructs CSF circulation or drainage, CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain. The head enlarges because the skull bones have not yet fused. This causes damage to the brain because accumulating fluid compresses blood vessels and crushes the soft nervous tissue.

A

Hydrocephalus

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12
Q
  1. The choroid plexus of each ventricle produces CSF.
  2. CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and
    lateral apertures.
  3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space.
  4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid granulations.
A

Location and Circulatory Pattern of Cerebrospinal Fluid

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13
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

A

Choroid Plexus

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14
Q

Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each roughly an inch long, collectively they account for only 2.5% of total brain mass. Its centers produce the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival. Positioned between the cerebrum and the spinal cord, it also provides a pathway for fiber tracts running between higher and lower neural centers.

A

Brain Stem

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15
Q

Located between the diencephalon and pons. Contains visual (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior colliculi) reflex centers. Contains subcortical motor centers (substantia nigra and red nuclei). Contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV.

A

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

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16
Q

Bulging brain stem region wedged between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. Composed of conduction tracts. Contains nuclei of cranial nerves V–VIII.

A

Pons

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17
Q

Run longitudinally as part of the pathway between higher brain centers and the spinal cord.

A

Deep Projection Fibers

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18
Q

Form the middle cerebellar peduncles and connect the pons bilaterally with the two sides of the cerebellum dorsally fibers. Issue from numerous pontine nuclei, which relay “conversations” between
the motor cortex and cerebellum.

A

Superficial Ventral Fibers

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19
Q

Most inferior part of the brain stem that blends imperceptibly into the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum of the skull. Contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII–X and XII. Contains projection fibers. Site of decussation of pyramids.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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20
Q

Cardiac center which force and rate of heart contraction; Vasomotor center which changes blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure.

A

Cardiovascular Center

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21
Q

Respiratory rhythm and control the rate and depth of breathing.

A

Respiratory Centers

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22
Q

Located dorsal to the pons and medulla. Accounts for about 11% of total brain mass. Second only to the cerebrum in size, occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity. Protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, from which it is separated by the transverse cerebral fissure.

A

Cerebellum

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23
Q

Superior to the brain stem. Forms the central core of the forebrain and surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres.

A

Diencephalon

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24
Q

Consists of bilateral egg-shaped nuclei, which form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle. Deep, well-hidden brain region that makes up 80% of the diencephalon.

A

Thalamus

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25
Q

Involved in memory processing. Hypothalamus Merging into the midbrain inferiorly, it extends from the optic chiasma (crossover point of the optic nerves) to the posterior margin of the mammillary bodies. Caps the brain stem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle.

A

Cerebellum

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26
Q

Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon. Forms the roof of the third ventricle

A

Epithalamus

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27
Q

Sensory areas of cerebral cortex are involved in perception of sensory information. Motor areas control execution of voluntary movements. Association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence. Basal nuclei help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone. Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger.

A

Cerebrum

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28
Q

Localizes and interprets sensory inputs. Controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity. Functions in intellectual and emotional processing.

A

Cortical Gray Matter

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29
Q

Subcortical motor centers. Help control skeletal muscle movements.

A

Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)

30
Q

TRANSMIT NERVE
IMPULSES ALONG NERVE FIBERS TO OTHER NEURONS.

A

Neurons

31
Q

MADE UP OF BUNDLES OF NERVE FIBERS.

A

Nerves

32
Q

CARRY OUT A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS TO AID AND PROTECT COMPONENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A

Neuroglia

33
Q

Consciously Controlled System

A

Somatic Nervous System

34
Q

Unconsciously Controlled System

A

Autonomic Nervous System

35
Q

CARRY IMPULSES FROM OTHER NEURONS (OR FROM RECEPTORS) TOWARD THE CELL BODY.

A

Dendrites

36
Q

TRANSMITS THE IMPULSE AWAY FROM THE AXONAL HILLOCK OF THE CELL BODY AND MAY GIVE OFF SIDE BRANCHES.

A

Axon

37
Q

ENCLOSED BY SHEATHS OF MYELIN PROVIDED BY SCHWANN CELLS AND ARE MYELINATED FIBERS.

A

Large Axons

38
Q

The outer layer of myelin.

A

Neurilemma

39
Q

NARROW GAPS IN THE MYELIN SHEATH
BETWEEN SCHWANN CELLS.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

40
Q

LACK A MYELIN SHEATH AND ARE UNMYELINATED FIBERS.

A

Small Axons

41
Q

__________ IN THE CNS IS DUE TO MYELIN SHEATHS IN THIS AREA.

A

White Matter

42
Q

UNMYELINATED NERVE TISSUE IN THE CNS APPEARS __________.

A

Gray Matter

43
Q

THESE ARE ABLE TO REGENERATE BECAUSE OF THE NEURILEMMA, BUT THE CNS AXONS ARE
MYELINATED BY OLIGODENDROCYTES, THUS LACKING NEURILEMMA, AND USUALLY DO NOT REGENERATE.

A

Peripheral Neurons

44
Q

Usually have several dendrites and one axon. Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are of this
type, as well as all motor neurons.

A

Multipolar Neurons

45
Q

Have one main dendrite and one axon. They are found in the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory area (olfact = to smell) of the brain.

A

Bipolar Neurons

46
Q

Have dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body.

A

Unipolar Neurons

47
Q

Small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris.

A

Microglial Cells

48
Q

Form myelin in the brain and spinal cord.

A

Oligodendrocytes

49
Q

Near blood vessels andsupportstructures,aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces.

A

Astrocytes

50
Q

Cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles.

A

Ependyma

51
Q

The myelin-producing
neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system.

A

Schwann Cells

52
Q

Flat cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia.

A

Satellite Cells

53
Q

Begins at the base of the brain and extends as a slender cord to the level of the intervertebral disk between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

A

Spinal Cord

54
Q

Consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves—constantly receives signals about changes from the external environment and within the body. It then processes the information, decides what action needs to occur, and sends electrical and chemical signals to the cells, enabling proper response. It also powers our ability to learn, feel, create, and experience emotion. It is the most complex of all body systems.

A

Nervous System

55
Q

This reward system is attributed to neurons that release the neurotransmitter _________ in areas of the brain called the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala.

A

Dopamine

56
Q

Responsible for this “feel good” reward system.

A

Neurotransmitters

57
Q

The branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system.

A

Neurology

58
Q

With a mass of only 2 kg (4.5 lb), about 3% of total body weight.

A

Nervous System

59
Q

With sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) components.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

60
Q

Consists of a variety of different receptors as well as sensory neurons.

A

Sensory System

61
Q

Conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands.

A

Motor System

62
Q

Consists of neurons that conduct impulses from cutaneous and special sense receptors to the CNS, and motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue.

A

Somatic Nervous System

63
Q

Contains sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands. The motor part of the ANS consists of the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

64
Q

Consists of neurons in enteric plexuses that extend the length of the GI tract. Many neurons of the enteric plexuses function independently of the ANS and CNS. Sensory neurons of the ENS monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and stretching of its walls, whereas enteric motor neurons govern contraction of GI tract organs, and activity of the GI tract endocrine cells.

A

Enteric Nervous System

65
Q

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS; closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves.

A

Ganglion

66
Q

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS.

A

Nucleus

67
Q

Bundle of axons that is located in the PNS.

A

Nerve

68
Q

Bundle of axons that is located in the CNS.

A

Tract

69
Q

Composed primarily of myelinated axons.

A

White Matter

70
Q

Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia. It appears grayish, rather than white, because the Nissl bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in these areas.

A

Gray Matter

71
Q

Like muscle fibers, neurons are electrically excitable. Excitable cells communicate with each other by graded potentials or action potentials. Graded potentials allow communication over short distances only whereas action potentials allow communication over long distances. When an action potential occurs in a neuron (nerve cell).

A

Nerve Action Potential

Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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