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Motor System > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Two key concepts in motor control

A

Functional Segregation

Hierarchical Organization

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2
Q

The motor system is divided into a number of different areas that control different aspects of movement (a “divide and conquer” strategy).

A

Functional Segregation

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3
Q

The higher-order areas concern themselves with more global tasks regarding action, such as deciding when to act, devising an appropriate sequence of actions, and coordinating the activity of many limbs.

A

Hierarchical Organization

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4
Q

The motor system hierarchy consists of 3 levels

A

Level 3
Level 2
Level 1

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5
Q

resides in areas of association cortex and the basal ganglia, which determine the goal of movements

A

Level 3 (Highest level of control)

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6
Q

consists of primary motor cortex and cerebellum, which determine the correct sequence of commands, which allow the goal to be achieved

A

Level 2

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7
Q

consists of neuronal circuits in the spinal cord, which function to implement descending commands

A

Level 1 (Lowest level of control)

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8
Q

Major conduit of sensory and motor information between the brain and periphery; connected to the periphery via

A

spinal nerves, which are part of PNS

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9
Q

Each spinal nerve attaches to the spinal cord by two branches

A

a dorsal root and a ventral root.

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10
Q

The dorsal root brings ________ information and the ventral root carries away_________ information

A

afferent

efferent

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11
Q

consists of defined nerve tracts which are arranged in columns (dorsal, ventral, lateral)

A

White matter

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12
Q

_______ columns carry sensory information

A

Dorsal

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13
Q

________ columns carry both sensory and motor information

A

ventral and lateral

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14
Q

Neurons in the ventral horn, which innervate skeletal muscle and cause the muscle contraction are called

A

alpha motor neurons

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15
Q

Motor neurons are clustered in columnar, spinal nuclei called

A

motor neuron pools.

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16
Q

the sense of the body’s position in space based on specialized receptors that reside in the muscles and tendons

A

Proprioception

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17
Q

All of the motor neurons in a motor neuron pool innervate a ______ muscle, and all motor neurons that innervate a particular muscle are contained in the ______ motor neuron pool.

A

single

same

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18
Q

Provide information to CNS about the muscle stretch (length) and the speed with which muscle length is changing

A

Muscle spindles

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19
Q

Consist of specialized muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers inside the fibrous capsule

A

Muscle spindles

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20
Q

Motor supply to contractile filaments within muscle spindle is provided by ____-motor neurons

A

gamma

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21
Q

Sensory nerve fibers which are incapsulated within tendons.

Provide information to CNS about the load or force applied to a muscle

A

Golgi tendon organs

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22
Q
  1. ________ signal information about the length and velocity of a muscle
  2. ________ organs signal information about the load or force applied to a muscle
A

Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon

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23
Q

Unlike conscious behavior, in which any one of a number of responses is possible, a _____response is predictable, because the pathway between receptor and effector is always the same.

A

reflex

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24
Q

_______ contain automatic response to change in environment

A

reflex Arc

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25
Q

four types of reflexes

A
  • somatic
  • autonomic
  • spinal
  • cranial reflexes
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26
Q

Component of the reflex arc (5)

A 
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
effector organ
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27
Q

Physiological function of the stretch reflex is to resist ______. When a _____ is placed on the muscle, it is stretched, which results in reflex contraction of the muscle to take up the load.

A

gravity

load

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28
Q

Withdrawal reflex can be voluntary overridden (T/F)

A

true

29
Q

The brain communicates with the spinal motor circuitry through two major groups of descending pathways

A

Lateral descending pathway

ventromedial pathway

30
Q

pathway that involves voluntary movement of the distal muscles (e.g., muscles of the arm and hand).

A

lateral descending pathway

31
Q

pathway that involves proximal and axial muscles to help maintain head position and posture

A

ventromedial descending pathway

32
Q

Motor neurons in the spinal cord are referred to as

A

lower motor neurons

33
Q

All motor system neurons higher in the hierarchy are referred to as

A

upper motor neurons

34
Q

Damage to lower motor neurons is associated with (4)

A

flaccid paralysis
muscular atrophy
hypotonia (decreased muscle tone)
hyporeflexia or areflexia.

35
Q

infects and selectively destroys the motor neurons cell bodies located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

A

Poliovirus

36
Q

Cause of upper motor neuron syndrome (3)

A

include stroke, tumors, and blunt trauma.

37
Q

Upper motor neurons are typically inhibitory in nature, thus a lesion that disrupts upper motor neurons will remove inhibition, resulting in (3)

A

hyper-reflexia
hypertonia
spastic paresis (incomplete paralysis).

38
Q

upturned toes when the lateral edge of the sole is stroked with the blunt object

A

Positive Babinski’s reflex

39
Q

the normal response is downturned toes and is referred to as

A

planar response

40
Q

The motor cortex comprises three different areas of the frontal lobe, immediately anterior to the central sulcus:

A

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
supplementary motor area

41
Q
  • Movements stimulated by applying weak electrical currents
  • Detailed somatotopic map
  • Neuronal output can be traced directly to spinal motor neurons producing movements in the contralateral side of the body
A

primary motor cortex

42
Q

destruction of cortex in this area produces specific movement deficits

A

primary motor cortex (contralateral side)

43
Q

involved in the selection of appropriate motor plans for voluntary movements

A

premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

44
Q

involved in the execution of voluntary movements in selection of appropriate plans.

A

primary motor cortex

45
Q

Stimulation of ______ cortex and ______ area requires higher levels of current to elicit movements, and often results in more complex movements than stimulation of ________ motor cortex

A

premotor cortex
supplementary motor
primary

46
Q

when damage occurs in these areas, the person cannot process complex sensory information to accomplish purposeful movement in a spatial context.

A

premotor cortex

supplementary motor area

47
Q

_________ neurons respond not only to a particular action of the monkey but also to the sight
(or sound) of another individual performing the same action.

A

mirror

48
Q

Modulate the output of the descending pathways without directly causing motor output

A

Basal ganglia nuclei

49
Q

Nuclei of the basal ganglia in the forebrain

A

striatum
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

50
Q

The _________ receive a large amount of input from cerebral cortex, and after processing, send it back to cerebral cortex via ventral lateral nucleus (VLN) of thalamus called ___________

A

basal ganglia

motor loop

51
Q

Direct pathway from the putamen suppresses the inhibitory output from the internal segment of the globus pallidus on VLN of thalamus is called

A

excitatory net effect

52
Q

Indirect pathway is conveyed through the subthalamic nucleus. Exitatory neurons from subthalamic nucleus boost the activity of inhibitory output neurons and suppress VLN is called

A

inhibitory net effect

53
Q

Dopaminergic neurons from _______ _______ regulate motor behavior by stimulating the direct pathway and inhibiting the indirect pathway

A

substantia nigra

54
Q

The normal functioning of the basal ganglia involves a proper balance between the activity of _____ and _______ pathways.

A

direct

indirect

55
Q

Basal ganglia activate the motor program stored in motor cortex circuits appropriate for the current task via the _______ ________ and inhibit competing motor programs via the _________ ______

A

direct pathway

indirect pathway.

56
Q

Voluntary movements are not _______ in the basal ganglia (they are ________ in the cortex)

A

initiated

initiated

57
Q

_______ ________ act as a gate that enables the execution of appropriate motor programs in the motor control hierarchy

A

Basal ganglia

58
Q

many neurons like the brain
Receives a very large amount of input from motor cortical areas as well as from the somatosensory, vestibular, visual and auditory systems

A

Cerebullum

59
Q

the cerebellum consists of two major parts:

A

cerebellar deep nuclei (output structures)

cerebellar cortex

60
Q

phylogenetically the oldest part, has vestibular connections and is concerned with equilibrium and eye movements.

A

Vestibulocerebellum

61
Q

receives proprioceptive input from the body as well as a copy of the “motor plan” from the motor cortex. By comparing plan with performance, it smoothes and coordinates movements that are ongoing=comparator function

A

Spinocerebellum

62
Q

the newest from a phylogenetic point of view.

It interacts with the motor cortex in planning and programming movements.

A

Cerebrocerebellum

63
Q

Cerebral diseses (3)

A

ataxia
dysmentria
ipsilateral

64
Q

inaccurate and poorly coordinated movements

A

Ataxia

65
Q

inability to estimate distance as it relates to voluntary movement (finger-to-nose test)

A

Dysmetria

66
Q

Physical findings cerebral disease are _______ to the cerebellar lesion (i.e. the patient will fall toward the side of the cerebellar lesion)

A

ipsilateral

67
Q

is absent at rest and initiated during voluntary movement toward the target

A

Intention tremor

68
Q

is the inability to perform rapidly alternating opposite movements such as repeated pronation and supination of the hands

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

69
Q

Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to cerebellar degeneration, most profoundly seen in vermis, causing patients to have gait ______

A

ataxia

Motor System (1 decks)

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