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Anatomy + Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Integrates, processes and coordinates sensory data and motor commands
A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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2
Q
  • All neural tissue outside CNS
  • Sensory (afferent) division
  • Motor (efferent) division
A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

Central Nervous System organs

A
  • Spinal Cord
  • Brain (no correlation between size and intelligence)
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4
Q

Provide sensation to touch, position, pressure, pain and temperature

A

Somatic Sensory Receptors

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5
Q

Monitor internal organs

A

Visceral Sensory Receptors

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6
Q

Provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance and hearing

A

Special Sensory Receptor

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7
Q

Bacterial infection in PNS

A

Lepracy (fix spelling)

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8
Q

Carries motor commands from CNS to target organs

A

Effector

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9
Q

Carries messages to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

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10
Q

Carries messages to:
- Smooth Muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Glands
- Adipose tissue

A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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11
Q

Divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

Brain

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12
Q

Superficial layer of gray matter

A

Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Conscious thought
  • Memory storage and processing
  • Sensory processing
  • Regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
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14
Q

Coordinates and modulates motor commands from cerebral cortex. 2nd largest structure of brain.

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q
A

Diencephalon

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16
Q

Relay and processing centre for sensory information

A

Thalamus

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17
Q

Centre for emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

Regions of the Brain Stem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
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19
Q
  • Processing visual and auditory information
  • Helps maintain consciousness
A

Midbrain

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20
Q
  • Connects cerebellum to brain stem
  • Functions in somatic and visceral motor control
A

Pons

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21
Q
  • Relays sensory information to brain stem and thalamus
  • Autonomic regulation centres for heart rate and blood pressure
A

Medulla Oblongata

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22
Q

Receive stimuli

A

Dendrites

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23
Q

Contains nucleus

A

Cell Body

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24
Q

Carries information away from cell body

A

Axon

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25
Q

End of axon adjacent to Synapse. Presynaptic and postsynaptic cells on either side.

A

Axon Terminal

26
Q

Where Neuron communicates with another

A

Synapse

27
Q
A

Neurotubles

28
Q

Cells that support and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia or Glial Cells

29
Q

Maintain Blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

30
Q

Produce myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes

31
Q

Insulating cover that goes over neurons for protection of axon

A

Myelin

32
Q

Oligodendrocyte process winds around axon forming concentric layers of lipid-rich materials

A

Myelin Sheath

33
Q

Have myelin sheath

A

Myelinated Axons

34
Q

Why is myelin important?

A

Signal Speed

35
Q

Sections of axon wrapped

A

Internodes

36
Q

Gaps between internodes

A

Nodes

37
Q

Not completely covered by myelin

A

Un-Myelinated Axon

38
Q
A

Continuous Propagation

39
Q
A

Saltatory Propagation

40
Q

In PNS, myelin sheath is formed by

A

Schwann Cells

41
Q

Surround cell bodies in PNS

A

Satellite Cells

42
Q

Clusters of cell bodies

A

Ganglia

43
Q

3 Functional Classes of Neurons

A
  1. Sensory (about 10 million)
  2. Interneurons (about 20 billion)
  3. Motor (about half a million)
44
Q

Carries information from CNS to effectors along efferent fibres

A

Motor Neurons

45
Q

Innervate skeletal muscle under voluntary control. Axon within Peripheral nerve.

A

Somatic Motor Neurons

46
Q

Inner smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue

A

Visceral Motor Neurons

47
Q

Unequal distribution of charge

A

Membrane Potential

48
Q

Where does the transfer of action potential from one neuron to another or effector occur?

A

Synapse

49
Q

Formed by presynaptic cell axon. Contains neurotransmitters packaged in synaptic vesicles

A

Axon Terminal

50
Q

Narrow space between presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic Cleft

51
Q

Widespread of CNS and PNS; released at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs); best known and most studied neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

52
Q

Involved in attention and consciousness, control of body temperature and regulation of pituitary gland secretion

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

53
Q

Generally excitatory effect along autonomic pathways

A

Epinephrine (E)

54
Q

Important in emotional states, moods and body temperature; several illicit hallucinogenic drugs, such as Ecstasy, target serotonin receptors

A

Serotonin

55
Q

Direct inhibitory effects: opens Cl- channels; indirect effects: open K+ channels and blocks entry of Ca2+

A

Glutamine

56
Q

Functions of Acetylcholine

A

Enables muscle action, learning and memory

57
Q

Function of Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention and emotion

58
Q

Function of Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

59
Q

Function of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

60
Q

Function of Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

61
Q

What can Changes in membrane potential do?

A
  • Trigger muscle contraction
  • Trigger gland secretion
  • Transfer information in nervous system
62
Q
A

Anatomy + Physiology (5 decks)

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