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401 Exam 3 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Astrocyte

A

Ensheath synapses, regulate excitability, synaptic transmission, secretes ECM, involved in neurogenesis and cell migration

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1
Q

Microglia

A

Highly motile phagocytic scavenger, responsive to injury, infection, and electric activity

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2
Q

Ependymal cell

A

lining on the ventricles and central canal, production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), rich in mitochondria and microvilli

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3
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

provides myelin, exert axonal metabolic support

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4
Q

Satellite

A

assist in regulating the external chemical environment, synaptic transmission, and excitability, secrete ECM, involved in cell migration, are very sensitive to injury and may exacerbate pathological pain

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5
Q

Schwann cell

A

provides myelin, axonal metabolic support, axonal pathfiniding during nerve development and regeneration, production of the ECM that forms the endoneurium, modulation of neuromuscular synaptic activity, and presentation of antigens to T-lymphocytes.

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6
Q

Unipolar associates with…

A

Sensory ganglia

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7
Q

Unipolar structure

A

Has a round soma and one single neurite

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8
Q

Bipolar structure

A

Has oblong soma and two neurites

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9
Q

Afferent/Sensory Division and Function

A

Somatic vs. Visceral
Transmits AP from the periphery (body) to the CNS

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10
Q

Efferent/Motor Division and Function

A

Carries action potentials away from the CNS towards the periphery (body)

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Subdivision of efferent motor involuntary control: sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

Sympathetic

A

Process the body’s fight-or-flight response

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13
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Process the body’s “rest-and-digest” response

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14
Q

Describe neurons

A
  • Long axons
  • Vertebrate axon are insulated with myelin composed of oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS
  • Rapid conduction of electrical signals
  • Unidirectional manner
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15
Q

Describe neuronal synapses
(Pre/Post/Space)

A
  • Presynatic axonal terminal has membrane vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
  • Postsynaptic dendrites in form of dendritic spines containing receptors.
  • Aqueous space in between allow diffusion of water soluble neurotransmitter.
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16
Q

Describe neuronal spines

A

Composed of:
- receptors of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (NMDAR, AMPAR)
- Proteins stabilize synaptic architect
- Postsynaptic density has signaling proteins.

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17
Q

Neutro:astrocytes ratio?

A

1:1 - 1:4

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18
Q

From glycolysis, what product is the key intermediate metabolite to make glutamate?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate from Krebs cycle

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19
Q

How can alpha-KG convert to glutamate?

A

By putting in NH2 which is a by-product when alanine is converted to pyruvate (which is for Krebs cycle)

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20
Q

What can glutamate converted into?

A
  • alpha-KG (by GDH)
  • vesicular glutamate (VGLUT)
  • GABA
  • Glutathione/protein
  • Glutamine* (form loop to convert back to glutamate)
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21
Q

Difference between glutamate and GABA

A

Glutamate is excitatory, GABA is inhibitory

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22
Q

What amino acids glutamate derived from?

A

Glucose, alanine, and glutamine

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23
Q

Describe nerve terminal in glutamate neurotransmission?

A
  • Composed of synaptic vesicles with glutamate transporters; mitochondria with glutaminase (break down glutamine to form glutamate); metabotropic glutamate receptor (to enhance neurotransmission); glutamate transporter (EAAT2); glutamine transporter (SA).
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24
Q

What components are on dendritic spine in glutamate neurotransmission? (receiving end)

A
  • Glutamate receptors (AMPA and NMDA)
  • Glutamate transporters (EAAT 3/4)
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25
Q

Describe surrounding astrocyte in glutamate neurotransmission?

A
  • Glutamate (EAAT 1 and 2) and Glutamine (SN) transporter.
  • Glutamate converted to glutamine before exiting astrocytes.
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26
Q

Describe biophysical properties of synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors
(Think of the wave graph)

A

EPSC = brief fAst AMPA + prolonged slow NMDA
(EPSC = excitatory postsynaptic currents)

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27
Q

Compare ionotrophic vs. metabotrophic of glutamate signaling

A
  • Iono: NMDA, AMPA, Kainate = ligand-gated ion channels
  • Meta: IP3 + CA2+ for excitatory; cAMP for inhibitory = G-coupled proteins.
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28
Q

Describe GABA shunt

A
  • GABA-T (t = transaminase) removes GABA by directly forming succinic samialdehyde (SSA) via transamination with alpha-KG, which also reforms glutamate.
  • GAD + glutamate produces GABA and CO2
  • Succinic (SSA) is oxidized by nad AND SSA dehydrogenase (SSADH) to NADH+ and succinate (re-enter Krebs cycle).
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29
Q

Describe donut model of GABA(A)

A
  • Five subunit (alpha-beta-alpha-beta-gamma)
  • Five subunit interfaces (1-5)
  • Ligand binding pockets for GABA and benzodiazepine
  • Peptide loops (A-E) at subunit interfaces allowing GABA to bind.
  • Pore in the center represents Cl- channel.
  • Loops are homologous
  • Requires GABA binds first, then BZ facilitates/enhances the effect.
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30
Q

Describe function of GABA(b) receptors

A
  • Metabotropic receptors with STRONG dimers.
  • Stimulate opening of K+ channels for K+ to flow OUT (post-synaptic)
  • Cause HYPERpolarizing of neurons.
  • PREVENT opening of sodium channel and calcium channels (VDCC) [in presynap] and ultimately firing AP.
  • Stop neurotransmitter release
  • Decrease cAMP activity
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31
Q

Difference dorsal root ganglion vs. Ventral root?

A

Sensory goes dorsal, motor goes ventral

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32
Q

Principle of divergence?

A

1 neuron to communicate with many other neurons .
- Parasympathetic: 1:4
- Sympathetic: 1:20

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33
Q

Principle of convergence?

A

1 neuron to RECEIVE input from many neurons
- Sympathetic > Parasympathetic

34
Q

What’s tonic control?

A
  • State of continuous activity. Both divisions are active.
  • Effector organ receive competing inputs from sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
35
Q

What does visceral sensory neurons do?

A

They respond to stretching, temperature, chemical changes, irritation and pain (from viscera, glands, blood vessels)

36
Q

What route does visceral sensory neurons transmit information through?

A

general visceral afferent

37
Q

Collections of nerve cell bodies inside the PNS are called

A

ganglia

38
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system influences function in all of these organs except? (adrenal glands, heart, pupillary smooth muscles, salivary glands)

A

Adrenal gland (remember, adrenaline!)

39
Q

Paravertebral or sympathetic chain ganglia contain the cell bodies of what kind of neurons?

A

Sympathetic postganglion neurons

40
Q

Some of the nerves that innervate the lymph nodes have been determined to be adrenergic suggesting that the ______ may influence lymph node activity.

A

Sympathetic system

41
Q

Prevertebral ganglia contain the cells bodies of which kind of neurons?

A

Postganglion sympathetic neurons

42
Q

The synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic nervous system is found in …?

A

Terminal or intramural ganglia

43
Q

Mydriasis is the physiological action of dilation of the pupil which is under the control of ____ inervation.

A

Sympathetic

44
Q

Autonomic innervation of the heart

A

The heart is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and they have opposite effects on the heart.

45
Q

The autonomic outflow from the lumbar segments of the spinal cord contains ____ neurons whereas the sacral spinal cord contains ____ neurons.

A

Sympathetic preganglionic // Parasympathetic preganglionic

46
Q

Sequence of a typical reflex arc?

A

Receptor – afferent neurons — interneurons – efferent neurons – effector (tough a hot plate!)

47
Q

Activity of facial nerves (#7)

A

salivation, lacrimation

48
Q

Activity of glossopharyngeal nerve (#9)

A

chemoreception, baroreception, swallowing and salivation

49
Q

Activity of oculomotor (#3)

A

Pupillary constriction and accommodation

50
Q

Activity of sacral

A

Bladder constriction, erection of external genitalia

51
Q

Activity of vagus (#10)

A

visceral sensation, chemoreception, baroreception, control of parasympathetic centers

52
Q

A state of continuous activity is referred as

A

Tonic

53
Q

The secretion of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of the ______.

A

sympathetic stimulation

54
Q

Where would you not find a cholinergic nicotinic receptor?

A

Parasympathetic target organs (because it has mAChR)

55
Q

Effects of the sympathetic division (FIGHT AND FLIGHT!) include all EXCEPT

A

increase motility of the viscera

56
Q

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the _____.

A

Hypothalamus

57
Q

Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ____.

A

NE and epinephrine are secreted into the bloodstream

58
Q

The route of MAJOR parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the _____.

A

vagus nerve

59
Q

Alpha and beta receptors are classes of ______ receptors.

A

adrenergic

60
Q

Cholinergic receptors are either nicotinic or ______.

A

Muscarinic

61
Q

The parasympathetic division uses only ______ as a neurotransmitter.

A

acetycholine

62
Q

NE and epinerphrine are ______ secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.

A

catecholamines

63
Q

The _____ respond to stretching, temperature, chemical changes, irritations and pain from viscera, glands, and blood vessels.

A

visceral sensory neurons

64
Q

The response of the visceral reflex arc is produced by preganglionic fibers emerging from spinal cord’s _____.

A

Lateral horn

65
Q

Autonomic ganglia are ____ ganglia made up of cell bodies of multipolar neurons, whereas dorsal root ganglia are ____ ganglia of unipolar neurons.

A

motor (efferent) /// sensory (afferent)

66
Q

The _____ ganglia are located within the walls of the target organ.

A

intramural

67
Q

What is RAS?

A

Reticular Activating System - important for complex network of interconnected nuclei throughout the brainstem that govern basic functions of somatic (premotor), cardiovascular, pain, sleep, habituation.

68
Q

Components of meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater (with trabeculae, space and villi), pia mater

69
Q

CSF production

A

Choroid plexus

70
Q

Location of CSF circulation?

A

subarachnoid space

71
Q

CSF absorption

A

Venous sinuses, arachnoid villi

72
Q

Pathway of CSF circulation

A

Lateral ventricle - foramen monro (4 mens in a row) - 3rd ventricle - aqueduct of Sylvius (thin woman named Sylvia) - 4th ventricle - Median Magendie to Central canal to subarachnoid OR Lateral Luschka to subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - dorsal sagittal sinus

73
Q

Hydrocephalus (congenital)

A

Malformations interfere with CSF flow causing expansion of ventricular system. Most common stenosis of aqueduct of Sylvius.

74
Q

Hydrocephalus (acquired)

A
  • Neoplasia
  • Inflammation (FIP)
  • Dural fibrosis
  • Occipital bone hypoplasia
75
Q

Characteristics of CSF
(High/low values)

A

High % of water and Cl- value; equal Na+ and Osmolarity, the rest is low.

76
Q

Ependymocytes

A
  • Rich in mitochondria
  • Linked to by desmosomes
  • Apical microvilli and cilia
  • Basal membrane infoldings
77
Q

Tanycytes

A
  • Located at 3rd ventricles
  • Linked by tight junctions
  • Apical microvilli, one or no cillium
  • Basal membrane protrusions contact blood vessels and hypothalamic neurons
78
Q

Blood-CSF barrier. Location? Ultrafiltration? Clinical implication?

A

1) L: choroidal epithelial cells, pial endothelium and basal membrane
2) U: restrictive passage from blood to CSF.
3) C: higher protein content

79
Q

Arachnoid-CSF barrier. Location? Ultrafiltration? Clinical implication?

A

L: arachnoid villi and venous sinus.
One-way valve, flow from arachnoid space to venous sinus
Clinical: external hydrocephalus

80
Q

Blood brain barrier. Location? Ultrafiltration? Clinical implication?

A

L: neurovascular unit brain microvascular endothelium, pericyte, astrocytic end-feet and basal lamina
C: antibodies, antibiotics, many drugs and contrast agent cannot cross BBB.

81
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The outer zone of neural tissue that contains neuronal cell bodies or somata, organized in layers of laminae - cerebral and cerebellar

82
Q

What is nucleus? nuclei?

A

Cluster of neuron (gray matter) with similar or related function located deep into cerebral hemispheres and brainstem.

83
Q

Tract or fibers

A

Bundles of axons

401 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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