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Bio 30 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous system

A

Has 2 main parts/divisions

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

Nervous system ~~> CNS ~~> ?

A

The CNS has two parts

Brain 🧠
Spinal cord

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3
Q

Nervous system ~~> PNS ~~> ??

A

PNS goes into

•Sensory pathway
OR
•Motor pathway

Then from MOTOR PATHWAY goes into either
•Somatic nervous system (under conscious control) voluntary)
OR
•Autonomic nervous system (not under conscious control) involuntary *think automatic)

Then from AUTONOMIC goes into
•Sympathetic nervous system
OR
•Parasympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT
-Adrenaline rush
-Increase heart rate
-Increase breathing rate
-Increase blood glucose levels
-Pupils dilate (gets bigger to see more)
-Digestion goes down

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5
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

REST OR DIGEST
-Heart rate goes down ( back to normal)
-Breathing rate back down
-Blood glucose levels back down
-Pupils contract
-Digestion increases

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6
Q

What do the kidneys do in the sympathetic state of PNS

A

Stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine
*adrenaline

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7
Q

Cells of the nervous system

A

Neuron’s
• conducting cells (transmit nerve impulses) moves messages)

Glial cells
•non-conducting cells (structural support/ metabolism)

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8
Q

3 types of neurons

A

1) sensory neuron
-senses and transmit to CNS
-is in the PNS

2) Interneurons
-links sensory + motor neurons
-only in the CNS
- process & Integrate incoming sensory info and relay to motor info

3) motor neurons
- transmit info from CNS to muscles, glands, organs (effectors)

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9
Q

Reflex arc

A

-A sudden, unlearned, involuntary response
-Bypassed the brain 🧠

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10
Q

Neurilema

A

•Only SOME neurons (mostly PNS)
•Allows for regeneration after damage
•Usually not on neuron’s in the CNS, therefore injuries there can be permanent

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11
Q

Dendrites (in neuron)

A

Bring signal into cell body

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12
Q

Recptors

A

Receive the signal

( antenas on the end of dendrites)

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

In the middle of the cell body of a neuron

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14
Q

Cell body (neuron)

A

Main part at beginning of neuron

Soma

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15
Q

Axon hillock

A

Part before the axon in a neuron

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16
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Where action potentials occur

(In between myelin sheaths)

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17
Q

Axon

A

The long rope from the cell body to the axon terminal

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18
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Skipping down the axon

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19
Q

Schwann cell

A

Makes myelin sheath

( in the middle of myelin sheath)

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20
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Acts to protect the axon
Speeds up impulse
Made from Schwann cells
Fatty protein

If there is a breakdown of the myelin sheath, the signal will be slower (MS)

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21
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmylienated neurons

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22
Q

Pathway of sound through the ear

A

Sound waves
Pinna
Auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
3 ossicles
Oval window
Cochiea (hair cells to make an impulse)
Auditory nerve
Temporal lobe of the 🧠

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23
Q

White matter

A

Mylienated neurons

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24
Q

The 3 ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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25
Q

Cochlea

A

Contains organ of corti which has tiny hairs that convert sound waves into impulses

Looks like a snail 🐌

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26
Q

Ear drum

A

Tympanic membrane

Vibrates w mechanical waves

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27
Q

Semi circular canals

A

Fluid filled that help w balance (rollercoaster)

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28
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Equalizes pressure between your head and the atmosphere

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29
Q

3 main sections of the ear 👂

A

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

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30
Q

2 main functions of the ear

A

Hearing and balance (equilibrium)

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31
Q

Outer ear contains..

A

Pinna - skin flaps & cartilage

Auditory canal- hole up to the ear drum (tympanic membrane)

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32
Q

Middle ear - sound

A

Starts at ear drum(tympanic membrane)

Then

the 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Then

Oval window of cochlea (INNER ear)
Receives sound from ossicles

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33
Q

3 ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

34
Q

Middle ear - equilibrium

A

Eustachian tube
Equalizes air pressure between middle ear/ inner ear and mouth/ nasal passages)

35
Q

Inner ear - sound

A

Cochlea
•Coiled tube that identifies sound waves and turns them into nerve impulses and sends it to the temporal lobe
•contains basilar hairs that detect sound

36
Q

Inner ear- equilibrium

A

Semicircular canals
Fluid filled structures
Helps w balance

37
Q

Deafness

A

Comes from stiffening of the bones

Caused by prolonged exposure to sounds above 90dB can destroy hair cells

38
Q

Pathway of light into eye 👁️

A

Corneas
Aqueous humor
Pupil (surrounded by Iris)
Lens
Vitreous humor
Retina
Optic nerve
Occipital lobe

39
Q

Sensory receptors
(4 main points)

A

Sight
-photoreceptors (rods(see in dim light) and cones(color and acute detail) in the eye)
-Stimuli=light

Smell/taste
-chemoreceptors (tastebuds, olfactory)
-stimuli=chemical

Touch/hearing
-mechanoreceptors (in skin touch, pressure,pain,hair cells-hearing,balance)
-stimuli=mechanical

Thermoreceptors
-in skin for temp
-stimuli = energy

40
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensory adaptation occurs when a receptor becomes ACCUSTOMED to the stimulus

In other words “gets used to it”
Becomes less sensitive

41
Q

Sclera (in eye)

A

Outer layer
Support and protects eye

“S= support”

42
Q

Cornea 👁️

A

Outer front part
Refraction of light 💡

43
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Jelly substance that comes first (think A)

Refraction and nutrient

44
Q

Choroid layer 👁️

A

Middle layer in the back
Blood supply/ prevents scattering

45
Q

Iris 👁️

A

The color
Regulates the size of the pupil/amount of light

46
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Middle jelly
Maintain shape / light transition

47
Q

Conjunctiva 👁️

A

Thin film covers cornea
Protects cornea(pink eye)conjunctivitis)

48
Q

Lens

A

Accommodation

Focusing 🧘‍♀️

Like built in glasses 🤓

49
Q

Pupil 👁️

A

Opening in the Iris
Allows light into the eye

50
Q

Retina 👁️

A

Contains photoreceptors
Rods for low light ☕️
Cones for color/bright light 💡

“Think sea shell in the back of a cows eye receipting”

51
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Most sensitive
Most cones
🟠🟡🟢🔴⚪️🟣

“Think C= cones, sensitive cones”

52
Q

Dilated

A

To let more light in

When the pupil is big. The Iris is small

53
Q

Constricted 👁️

A

The Iris grows

54
Q

Facts abt the brain

A

-85% water
-10 billion neurons
-Surface is convoluted(wrinkles/folds) to increase surface area
-Inner part contains hollow fluid filled ventricles

55
Q

Brains are protected by membrane’s called MENINGES

(DAP)

A

Outer - dura mater
Middle - arachnoid
Inner - pla mater

~>inbetween these layers are cerebrospinal fluid which act as a shock absorber 🧽& transport 🦅 medium

56
Q

Medulla oblongata
(Parts of the brain 🧠 )

A

Controls autonomic function (vital functions)
❤️🫁👄

57
Q

Pons
🧠

A

Relay center between cerebellum and medulla
📩

58
Q

Corpus callosum 🧠

A

Left/ right hemisphere relay
⬅️➡️

Any damage to one side of the brain to fax the opposite side of the body
(Cris-cross effect)

“Think c-c =cris cross”

59
Q

Hypothalamus 🧠

A

Controls the pituitary gland

And the pituitary glands secrete hormones

60
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination

At the back of the brain. Kinda detached from the main portion.

61
Q

Cerebrum / cerebral cortex / crust

A

All 4 lobes
Everything that all 4 lobes do
Whole outer surface ( convoluted )

62
Q

Frontal lobe

A

The front part of the brain 🧠

Personality
Thinking 🤔
Memory
Behaviour
Problem solving 💡
Reasoning

63
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Middle top part of the brain 🧠

Controls
All other senses
Touch 👏
Taste 👅
Smell 👃

64
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Middle of the brain 🧠 (kinda by the ears 👂 )

Hearing / auditory 🎧

65
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Back of the head above the cerebellum

Controls sight 👀

66
Q

Cerebellum

A

Back of head/ bottom under the occipital lobe

Balance and coordination 💃

67
Q

Brain stem

A

Controls
breathing 😮‍💨
Heart rate ❤️
Temperature 🤒

(Vital functions)

68
Q

Medulla oblogata

A

Vital functions

breathing 😮‍💨
Heart rate ❤️
Temperature 🤒

69
Q

Synapse

What happens when the impulse gets to the end of the neuron?

A

-space between neurons is called synapse/ synaptic cleft
- neurons do not physically touch each other
- a chemical (neurotransmitters) is released from the vesicles in the pre-synaptic axon/neuron —> it crosses & is picked up by the receptor sites in the post-synaptic dendrites

70
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory OR inhibitory effects on the post-synaptic membrane

71
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Lower threshold potential

Raise the resting potential
“Depolarize the resting potential”

72
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Raise the threshold potential

Lower the resting potential
“Hyper-polarize the resting potential”

73
Q

What does cholinesterase do?

A

PAC-man eats the acetylcholine (muscle contraction)

Eats the little guys trying to find the receptors in a synapse

74
Q

Electric impulse

A

The bouncing down the action to send a chemical signal for synapses

75
Q

Synapses

A

Signal gets to end of axon

Ca2+ rushes into axon terminal

Vesicles get pushed to the edge

Neurotransmitters is released by exocitosis

Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapse

Receptors on post synaptic neuron receive the signal

Enzymes destroy remaining neurotransmitters (pack man’s )
OR
They go up the reuptake channel

76
Q

Action potential

A

Follows ALL OR NOTHING LAW

For impulse to be generated a stimulus must be strong enough to reach threshold

If to weak no action potentials

77
Q

The stages of transmission
(Action potentials)

A

1) polarization
Resting (-70mV)
Sodium ions on the outside potassium in the inside

2) depolarization
(-55mV) to stimulate
Sodium ions move into the neuron
Making it more positive
Goes till abt (+40mV)

3) repolarization
Potassium ions move out rly fast 💨

4) hyperpolarization
(-90mV)
When K+ gates finally close the neuron has dropped lower then resting

5) refractory period
Back to resting
When Na+ & K+ are returned to original state
The Na+/K+ pump transports (ATP) 3 sodium for every 2 potassium ions.

Doesn’t respond to a stimuli until everything is back ti resting.

78
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Jumping over the myliens on an axon

79
Q

Thalamus

A

your body’s information relay station.

80
Q

Nearsightedness (myopia)

A

common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry.

Bio 30 (2 decks)

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