Nervous System

Question 1

How many cranial nerves are in the PNS?

Answer 1

13

Question 2

How many spinal nerves are in the PNS?

Answer 2

31

Question 3

The PNS can be subdivided into?

Answer 3

Affererent and efferent

Question 4

What are the subdivisions subdivided into? Explain them.

Answer 4

Afferent:
Somatic and visceral
Somatic: skin, muscle and joint
Visceral: internal organs

Efferent:
Somatic and autonomic
Somatic: skeletal muscle
Autonomic: involuntary muscles

Question 5

What is the difference between the 2 subdivisions? What is the third one? What are their other names?

Answer 5

Afferent (sensory): brings sensory info towards the CNS
Efferent (motor): performs action away from the CNS
Intermediate (interneuron): carry between sensory and motor neurons

Question 6

Autonomic nerves can be subdivided into? Difference?

Answer 6

Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic: action stimulation
Parasympathetic: relaxation stimulation

Question 7

Is pupil dilation apart of sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 7

Sympathetic

Question 8

Is decrease in HR considered sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 8

Parasympathetic

Question 9

Is relaxation upon urination sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 9

Sympathetic

Question 10

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic NS?

Answer 10

Somatic is voluntary
Autonomic isn’t

Question 11

Neural tissue consists of 2 cell types, what are they and differ them.

Answer 11

Neurons and neuroglia
Neurons: sense, process info
Neuroglia: support and protect neurons

Question 12

What is the structure of a neuron and explain the structures role.

Answer 12

Dendrites: sense info then send it through the neuron
Cell body: stores the organelles
Axon: processes the info received from dendrites and sends it to the terminal boutons
Terminal bouton: receives info from the axon and passes the response to the connective tissue it’s connected to

Question 13

How can neurons be structurally classified?

Answer 13

Based on the placement of the cell body and number of processes extending

Question 14

What are the different structures of neurons? Describe.

Answer 14

Anaxonic:
More than 2 processes
Dendrites can’t be distinguished from axons

Bipolar:
2 Processes separated by the cell body
1 axon

Pseudounipolar:
1 process
Has a cell body curved outside the axon

Multipolar:
More than 2 processes
Many dendrites
1 axon

Question 15

What is movement towards the cell body called?

Answer 15

Retrograde

Question 16

What is the movement towards the synapse called?

Answer 16

Anterograde

Question 17

What parts are the brain divided to?

Answer 17

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 18

Where does the somatic and autonomic NS convey info from?

Answer 18

Somatic:
From cutaneous and special sense receptors found in the head and body wall

Autonomic:
From the viscera

Question 19

How many types of neurons are there and what are they?

Question 20

Give example of 3 neurons.

Answer 20

Sensory: pseudounipolar
Motor: multipolar
Interneuron: anoxion

Question 21

What are the protective and biological functions of pain?

Answer 21

Protective notifies you when you perform something that could potentially harm you, biological promotes healing and teaches you the negative outcome of your action

Question 22

What is nociception?

Answer 22

Physiology of pain

Question 23

What is released by broken tissue cells that stimulates nociceptor fibers?

Answer 23

Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Histamine
Serotonin
H+
ATP

Question 24

What are the types of nociceptors?

Answer 24

Mechanonociceptor: physical pain
Thermal nobiceptors: hot or cold
Chemical nociceptor: chemical substances
Polymodal nociceptor: all of the above

Question 25

How does slow peripheral sensitization work?

Answer 25

While traveling through the cell body, substance p is released which could either cause mast cell de granulation or vasodilation.
Cgrp is also then released which brings leukocytes to the site

Question 26

What is peripheral sensitization?

Answer 26

Changing the transduction sensitivity which increases pain
This results in lowering the threshold and activating the supra threshold

Question 27

What is the difference between Ad and C fibers?

Answer 27

Ad:
Myelinated, acute pain, strong pain, rate 12-30

Cf:
Unmyelinated, chronic pain, dull pain or burning sensation, rate 0.5-2

Question 28

Difference between nociceptive and neuropathic pain?

Answer 28

Nociceptive:
Caused physically
Local pain
Hurts normally

Neuropathic:
Pain due to lesion or disease in the somato-sensory system
Pain around the lesion
Throbbing, stabbing, pulsing pain