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Bio Nervous System > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • maintaining constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment
  • eg: we get cold so we shiver, we get hot so we sweat
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2
Q

Different types of receptors (5)

A

Chemoreceptors –> chemicals (eg: taste buds on tongue)
Mechanoreceptors –> pressure, vibrations and touch (pressure receptors in skin)
thermoreceptors –> temperature (hot and cold receptors in skin)
photoreceptors –> light (rods and cones in retina)
pain receptors, nocireceptors –> cell damage/excess heat

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3
Q

Nervous System breakdown

A

CNS (body master control unit)
1. brain and spinal cord

PNS (body link to the outside world)
1. autonomic NS (internal stimuli, involuntary process)
- sympathetic NS (fight or flight)
- parasympathetic NS (rest + digest)

  1. somatic NS (external stimuli, voluntary movements, sensory info from organs to CNS and then to muscles)
    - sensory input (Afferent)
    - motor output (Efferent)
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4
Q

3 functions of the nervous system

A

1) Sensory input from sensory receptors (PNS) is transfered to CNS.
2) integration and intepretation in the CNS
3) Conduction of signal from CNS to effector cells, muscles + glands which carry out the bodys responses (PNS)

SENSORY INPUT PNS –> INTEGRATION/INTREPRATION CNS –> MOTOR OUTPUT PNS

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5
Q

Dendrites

A
  • INPUT zone where cell recieved neural information
  • recieve info from environment/other neurons
  • conduct nerve impulses AWAY from cell body
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6
Q

Cell bodies

A
  • contains the nucleus
  • recieve, sort, priritize neural information
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7
Q

Axon Hillock

A
  • act like a switch
  • trigger electrical impulses to move to the axon
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8
Q

Axon

A
  • OUTPUT zone
  • conducts nerve impulses toward axon terminal
  • long cord like extension of cytoplasm, conducts nerve impulses away from cell body
  • larger diameter of the axon the faster the speed of nerve impulse
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9
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Allow diffusion of ion

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10
Q

Axon terminal

A
  • At hthe end
  • forms junctions with other cells
  • store NT chemicals which control transfer of neural info btwn neurons
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11
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • insulation for neurons
  • made up of schwann cells
  • nerve impulses move faster along myelinated nerve fibres than unmyelinated
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12
Q

Neurilemma

A
  • surrounds the axon, on top of myelin
  • formed by schwann cells and promotes regeneration of damaged azons
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13
Q

White/Gray matter and neurilemma etc

A
  • Just because there is a myelin sheath doesn’t mean there is a neurilemma
    White matter in brain have myelin
    Gray matter dont have myelin (in spinal cord)
    White and gray matter both odnt have neurilemma which means damage to CNS is permnant
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14
Q

Order of axon, myelin etc

A

Innermost –> outermost
Axon > myelin > neurilemma > Schwann

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15
Q

Schwann Cell

A

Produces the myelin sheath

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16
Q

3 groups of neurons

A

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
- relay info/stimuli thats received by sensory receptors about external/internal environment
- cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in clusters called ganglia (outside the spinal cord)

2) interneurons (association neurons)
- link neurons to other neurons
- integrate + interpret sensory info + connect sensory neurons to outgoing motor neurons
- only in brain + spinal cord

3) motor neurons (efferent neurons)
- relay information to the effectors (cell/organ that responds to stimulus)

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17
Q

Glial cells

A

non conducting cells that are Support cells
- support neurons structurally
- deliver nutrients + remove waste
- repair neurons in PNS
- insulate neurons

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18
Q

Glial cells in the PNS

A

Schwann cells
- axon > myelin > neurilemma
- has a nucleus that directs growth of myelin
- gaps btwn schwan cells are nodes of ranvier

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19
Q

Glial cells in the CNS

A

1) oligiodendrocytes
- wrap around neurons making insulating sheaths
- made up of myelin (white matter)

  1. astrocytes
    - provide structure + metabolic support
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20
Q

Reflex Arc

A
  • reflexes involuntary + unconscious
  • neural circuit that travels through spinal cord and provides a framework for reflex action
    sensory receptor –> sensory neuron –> interneuron in spinal cord –> motor neuron –> effector
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21
Q

action potential

A

change in electrical potential associated with passage of an impulse

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22
Q

voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels and mechanically gated channels

A

voltage gated: open at certain membrane potential and close at others (eg: NA channels open around -55mV)

ligand gated channels: open when a specific NT latches

mechanically gated channels: open in response to physically stretching the membrane

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23
Q

If action potentials are all the same how do we know the strength of a stimulus?

A

1) More sensory receptors fiting, mean more action potentials = stronger stimulus
2) higher frequency of firing = stronger stimulus

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24
Q

Salatory conduction

A

node to node conduction. conduction that happens myelinated axons.
1) saves energy by decreasing use of sodium potassium pump
2) its faster which allows organism to react faster

25
Q

Synapse

A

region btwn neurons or btwn neurons and effectors
- junction/cross roads

26
Q

Presynaptic and Postsynaptic neuron

A

presynaptic: (cell that sends the signal) neuron that carries impulse towards synapse
postsynaptic: (recieving cell) neuron that carried impulse away from synapse

27
Q

Excitatory vs inhinitory neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory: Makes the inside more positive (depolarized), closer to action potential threshold and more likely to cause an action potential

Inhibitroy: hyper polarizes by making the inisde more negative and driving it away from the threshold.

28
Q

Summation

A

effect produced by accumlation of NTs from 2+ neurons

29
Q

Aceyylcholine and Cholinesterase

A

Acetylcholine: An excitatory NT that causes NA+ channels to open and causes depolarization.

Cholinsterase: Presynaptic membrane releases this and it destroys acetylcholine. Once acetylcholine is destroyed the sodium channels close.

30
Q

Preganglionic nerve and postganglionic nerve

A

Preganglionic nerve: Connect from CNS to a ganglion where they connect to a second group.

Postganglionic nerve: Connect the ganglion to the effector organ.

31
Q

Effects of the autonomic nervous system: HEART

A

Sympathetic NS: increase heart rate
Parasympathetic NS: decrease heart rate

32
Q

Effects of the autonomic nervous system: DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

Sympathetic NS: Decrease peristalsis (contraction + relaxtion of muscles)

Parasympathetic NS: increase perstalsis

33
Q

Effects of the autonomic nervous system: LIVER

A

Sympathetic NS: increase release of glucose

Parasympathetic NS: store glucose

34
Q

Effects of the autonomic nervous system: EYES

A

Sympathetic NS: dilate pupil

Parasympathetic NS: constrict pupil

35
Q

Effects of the autonomic nervous system: BLADDER

A

Sympathetic NS: contract sphincter

Parasympathetic: relax sphincter

36
Q

Effects of the autonomic nervous system: SKIN

A

Sympathetic: decrease blood flow

Parasympathetic: increase blood flow

37
Q

Effects of the autonomic nervous system: ADRENAL GLAND

A

Sympathetic: causes release of epinephrine

Parasympathetic: No effect

38
Q

Meninges

A

protective membranes that surround the brain + spinal cord
Outermembrane: dura mater
Middle membrane: arachnoid mater
Inner: pia mater

39
Q

Cerbrospinal fluid

A
  • circulates btwn pia + arachnoid matter & in central canal of spinal cord
  • shock absorber
  • deliver nutrient
  • remove waste
40
Q

3 things that protect our brain

A
  1. bone (skull + spinal cord)
  2. meninges (blood/brain barrier)
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
41
Q

Encephalization

A

evolutionary increase in complexity and size of brain.

42
Q

Spinal cord definition

A

carries sensory nerve messages from receptor to the brain and relay motor nerve messages from brain to effectors

43
Q

2 types of nerve tissue in spinal cord

A

1) gray matter: consists of nonmyelinated interneurons
2) white matter: myelinated nerve fibres from the sensory + motor neurons

44
Q

Dorsal & Ventral root

A

Dorsal root: brings sensory info into spinal cord (to the back).
- made up of sensory neurons.

Ventral root: carries motor info from spinal cord to the effectors (to the front)
- made up of motor neurons leaving the CNS and carrying signal to your tissues

45
Q

3 parts of the brain

A

1) HINDBRAIN: most primal part. basic control systems, similar to all species with a brain.

2) MIDBRAIN: more advanced, next part to develop. control + communication

3) FOREBRAIN: most advanced area & last to develop. highly advanced functions (senses, consciousness, thinking, speec emotions)

46
Q

Parts of the forebrain: (2)

A

Cerebrum: largest + most highly developed part of brain. Stores sensory info + initiate motor activity.

Cerebral cortex: outer layer of cerebrum. made of gray matter. has fissures to increase SA.

47
Q

Fissure

A

deep folds.
used as landmarks in so we can locate specific areas od brain.
central & lateral, longtidinal fissure.

48
Q

Association cortex is ____ and what are the parts?

A

Associate cortex is the lobes of the brain.

FRONTAL: voluntary movement. walking and talking. personality, motivation, [ ], social behaviour.

TEMPORAL: sensory info from ears/eyes, memory + interpretation of sensory info

PARITIAL: touch, temp, pain, memory + interpretation of emotion and speech

OCCIPITAL: sensory info associated w/ vision. interpret visual info

49
Q

Motor cortex

A

region of cerebral cortex involved in planning, control + execution of voluntary movement

50
Q

sensory cortex

A

section of cerebral cortex which is responsible for receiving + interpreting sensory info from diff parts of body

51
Q

3 cortex (CNS)

A

1) association cortex (tempora, partial, occipital, frontal)
2) motor cortex
3) sensory cortex

52
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Nerve tract that joins 2 cerebral hemispheres
- allows communication btwn 2 hemispheres

53
Q

Right brain vs Left Brain

A

right brain: visual patterns + spatial awareness
left brain: verbal skills

54
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station
- directs incoming sensory info to appropriate parts of cerebrum for interpretation

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • helps maintain homesostatis
  • direct connection btwn hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  • control system 3.0, sythesize + secrete hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormones released from the pituitary gland
  • controls body temp, hunger, aggression, fatigue etc
56
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

receive and interpret info about smell
one bulb in each hemisphere

57
Q

3 parts of the hindbrain? What do they do?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongota

cerebellum: largest section of hindbrain. control lumb movement, balance, muscle tone.

pons: the bridge. relay station, passes info from cerebellum to medulla

medulla oblongota: postereior region of hindbrain. the connection btwn PNS and CNS. control involuntary muscle action (breathing, heart rate). Coordinating centre for ANS

58
Q
A

Bio Nervous System (3 decks)

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